Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 17, 2009, 1-8 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF DENMARK AND GREENLAND MINISTRY OF CLIMATE AND ENERGY GEOLOGIC AL SURVEY OF DENMARK AND GREENLAND BULLETIN 17 • 2009 Review of Survey activities 2008 Edited by Ole Bennike, Adam A. Garde and W. Stuart Watt ROSA_2008:ROSA-2008 01/07/09 15:47 Side 1 Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 17 Keywords Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, survey organisations, current research, Denmark, Greenland. Cover photographs from left to right 1. Inspection of cores in Jameson Land, East Greenland. Photo: John Boserup. 2. Field work in West Greenland. Photo: Denis Schlatter. 3. Investigations and sampling of an outcrop at Conde, Bahia, Brazil. Photo: Peter Japsen. 4. Field experiments with remediation of contaminated soil in Vadsby, west of Copenhagen. Photo: Knud Erik S. Klint. Frontispiece: facing page Visit at the automatic weather station ‘Lower Nuuk’ on 30 July 2008 for data retrieval and maintenance. The station is located on the gla cier Qamanaarsuup Sermia near the margin of the Greenland ice sheet, east of Godthåbsfjord (64º29´N, 49°31´W). It collects weather informa- tion and data about the local ablation and was established in 2007 as part of the Promice project (www.promice.org). Photo: Søren Nielsen. Chief editor of this series: Adam A. Garde Editorial board of this series: John A. Korstgård, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Aarhus; Minik Rosing, Geological Museum, University of Copenhagen; Finn Surlyk, Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen Scientific editors: Ole Bennike, Adam A. Garde and W. Stuart Watt Editorial secretaries: Jane Holst and Esben W. Glendal Referees: (DK = Denmark; numbers refer to first page of reviewed article): Anonymous (29, 29, 33, 45, 49, 77, 77, 81); Lars Christiansen, DK (41); Finn Dalhoff, DK (13); Gregers Dam, DK (53); Edward F. Duke, USA (69); Ida Fabricius, DK (17); Henrik Friis, DK (25); Marie- José Gaillard, S (37); Ole Graversen, DK (81); Karen Hanghøj, USA (61); Bent Hasholt, DK (45); Jens Havskov, N (9); Ole Humlum, N (74); Paul Martin Holm, DK (61); Jens Konnerup-Madsen, DK (65); John A. Korstgård, DK (57); Nicolaj Krog Larsen, S (33); Poul-Henrik Larsen, DK (53); Christoph Mayer, G (74); Florence Mazier, S (37); Klaus Mosegaard, DK (9); John Myers, Australia (49); Allan Aasbjerg Nielsen, DK (69); Henrik Olsen, DK (41); Graham Pearson, UK (65); Asger Ken Pedersen, DK (57); Gunver Krarup Pedersen, DK (21); Jan Audun Rasmussen, DK (21); Martin Sønderholm, DK (25); Morten Gjetting Stage, DK (13); Ole V. Vejbæk, DK (17). Illustrations: Stefan Sølberg, with contributions from Benny M. Schark Lay-out and graphic production: Henrik Klinge Pedersen and Annabeth Andersen Printers: Schultz Grafisk, Albertslund, Denmark Manuscripts submitted: 23 January – 27 March 2009 Final versions approved: 25 May 2009 Printed: 8 July 2009 ISSN 1603-9769 (Review of Survey activities) ISSN 1604-8156 (Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin) ISBN 978-87-7871-250-9 Citation of the name of this series It is recommended that the name of this series is cited in full, viz. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin. If abbreviation of this volume is necessary, the following form is suggested: Geol. Surv. Den. Green. Bull. 17, 84 pp. Available from Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark Phone: +45 38 14 20 00, fax: +45 38 14 20 50, e-mail: geus@geus.dk © De Nationale Geologiske Undersøgelser for Danmark og Grønland (GEUS), 2009 For the full text of the GEUS copyright clause, please refer to www.geus.dk/publications/bull ROSA_2008:ROSA-2008 01/07/09 15:47 Side 2 ROSA_2008:ROSA-2008 01/07/09 15:47 Side 3 4 7 Review of Survey activities 2008 F.G. Christiansen 9 Earthquake in southern Sweden wakes up Denmark on 16 December 2008 P.H. Voss, T.B. Larsen, L. Ottemöller and S. Gregersen 13 The potential for large-scale, subsurface geological CO2 storage in Denmark P. Frykman, L.H. Nielsen, T. Vangkilde-Pedersen and K.L. Anthonsen 17 Increased oil recovery from Halfdan chalk by flooding with CO2-enriched water: a laboratory experiment D. Olsen 21 Ladinian palynofloras in the Norwegian– Danish Basin: a regional marker reflecting a climate change S. Lindström, H. Vosgerau, S. Piasecki, L.H. Nielsen, K. Dybkjær and M. Erlström 25 Fingerprinting sediments along the west coast of Jylland: interpreting provenance data C. Knudsen, T. Kokfelt, T. Aagaard, J. Bartholdy and M. Pejrup 29 Structural development of Maglevandsfald: a key to understanding the glaciotectonic architecture of Møns Klint, SE Denmark S.A.S. Pedersen and P. Gravesen 33 Fracture valleys in central Jylland – a neo- tectonic feature P.R. Jakobsen and S.A.S. Pedersen 37 Soil erosion and land-use change during the last six millennia recorded in lake sedi- ments of Gudme Sø, Fyn, Denmark P. Rasmussen and J. Olsen Thailand Laos PDR Ghana Uganda Tanzania Mozambique Vietna Greenland Kenya Spain Chile Germany The Netherlands Denmark Brazil Zambia Yemen Cambodia Mali Sudan Bahrain GEUS working areas 2008. Orange areas are covered in this volume. For further information on other working areas please refer to our website: www.geus.dk/international ROSA_2008:ROSA-2008 01/07/09 15:47 Side 4 5 41 Geophysical methods and data administra- tion in Danish groundwater mapping I. Møller, V.H. Søndergaard and F. Jørgensen 45 Water budget of Skærsø, a lake in south-east Jylland, Denmark: exchange between groundwater and lake water B. Nilsson, P. Engesgaard, J. Kidmose, S. Karan, M.C. Looms and M.C.S. Frandsen 49 Geological observations in the southern West Greenland basement from Ameralik to Frederikshåb Isblink in 2008 N. Keulen, A. Scherstén, J.C. Schumacher, T. Næraa and B.F. Windley 53 Shallow core drilling and petroleum geol- ogy related field work in East and North- East Greenland 2008 J.A. Bojesen-Koefoed, M. Bjerager and S. Piasecki 57 The bedrock geology under the Inland Ice: the next major challenge for Greenland mapping P.R. Dawes 61 Developing a 3-D model for the Skaergaard intrusion in East Greenland: constraints on structure, mineralisation and petrogenetic models T.F.D. Nielsen, S.D. Olsen and B.M. Stensgaard 65 Diamonds and lithospheric mantle proper- ties in the Neo proterozoic igneous province of southern West Greenland A. Steenfelt, S.M. Jensen, T.F.D. Nielsen, K.K. Sand and K. Secher 69 Using spectral mixture analysis of hyper- spectral remote sensing data to map lithol- ogy of the Sarfartoq carbona tite complex, southern West Greenland E. Bedini and T. Tukiainen 73 Glaciological investigations at the Malmbjerg mining prospect, central East Greenland M. Citterio, R. Mottram, S.H. Larsen and A. Ahlstrøm 77 Holocene climate variability in southern Greenland: results from the Galathea 3 expedition N. Nørgaard-Pedersen, N. Mikkelsen, M.D. Poulsen and A.S. Simonsen 81 Post-rift landscape development of north- east Brazil J.M. Bonow, P. Japsen, P.F. Green, P.R. Cobbold, A.J. Pedreira, R. Lilletveit and D. Chiossi Thailand Laos PDR Uganda Tanzania Mozambique Vietnam Kenya Phillipines mark Zambia Yemen Cambodia Sudan Bahrain ROSA_2008:ROSA-2008 01/07/09 15:47 Side 5 ROSA_2008:ROSA-2008 01/07/09 15:47 Side 6 7 Following a number of years with major changes of the scien- tific environment in Denmark and also within the manage- ment of the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), 2008 was a year of stability and consolidation, a sit- uation that will hopefully continue. Many new projects have been initiated and many previous projects have been com- pleted at a time with strong focus on GEUS’ activities politi- cally, commercially and from the media. This sixth annual issue of Review of Survey activities describes selected projects that GEUS and its partners carry out in Denmark, Greenland and internationally. Together with the previous five published issues (also available at www.geus.dk), it provides a good overview of the Survey’s many different types of research and advisory activities. It con- tains a total of 19 four-page papers: ten on Denmark, eight on Greenland and one on international work. Geology was on the lips of most of the Danish population an early morning in December 2008 when one of the strongest earthquakes recorded in Scandinavia woke up hun- dreds of thousands of people in southern Sweden and on Sjælland. One paper in this issue describes the background and details of the earthquake, including input from the pub- lic that contacted GEUS through its website. Reduction of the emission of CO2 is high on the political agenda in Denmark and internationally. One of the possibili- ties to reduce CO2 emission from large point sources is to use carbon capture and storage (CCS). The Danish subsurface has a high potential to store CO2, and structures such as the Vedsted structure in northern Jylland could be among the first dozen storage facilities utilised in Europe, and thereby become a key area for detailed research and monitoring for many years to come. The background for CCS and geological possibilities in Denmark are described in one paper. Oil and gas exploration and production are still very important for the economy of Denmark, and GEUS has a strong emphasis on research within this field. Two papers con- centrate on petroleum geology. One of them is based on lab- oratory flooding experiments and describes the possibility of increasing oil recovery from reservoirs in chalk using injection of CO2-enriched water; the other provides a detailed bios- tratigraphic correlation of the Late Triassic succession in the Norwegian–Danish Basin. Most surface features in Denmark have been formed by glacial and coastal processes during the Quaternary. Several papers in this issue describe such processes; one of them demonstrates the use of sophisticated analytical techniques such as computer-controlled, scanning electron microscopy of heavy minerals and laser ablation, inductively coupled mass spectro metry of zircon grains to describe erosion and re-depo- sition of sand along the west coast of Jylland. The structural development of the famous Møns Klint geosite is dealt with in one paper, and the occurrence of neotectonic fracture val- leys in central Jylland in another. A third paper describes soil erosion and land use change during the last six millennia as recorded in lake sediments from Gudme Sø on Fyn. Groundwater mapping and management have a very high priority in Denmark. One paper describes the many different geophysical methods that are used in hydrogeological map- ping, as well as the administration of the geophysical data that are archived in a major database hosted at GEUS. Another paper describes the exchange between lake water and ground- water of lake Skærsø in Jylland. In 2008 there was a high level of field activities in Green - land. The two largest campaigns in southern West Green land and eastern Greenland are described in individual papers. The West Greenland field work was a follow-up on earlier projects focused on updating previous maps and thereby creating a better understanding of the potential distribution of mineral occurrences. The field work in eastern Greenland is the start of a major oil industry sponsored programme that has been launched to support and promote petroleum exploration within the coming five-year period. It includes shallow core drilling. One paper addresses a question often raised by scientists and explorers: what is the bedrock geology under the Inland Ice that covers 81% of the total area of Greenland? Available Review of Survey activities 2008 Flemming G. Christiansen Deputy Director © GEUS, 2009. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 17, 7–8. Available at: www.geus.dk/publications/bull ROSA_2008:ROSA-2008 01/07/09 15:47 Side 7 geological and geophysical data are shortly reviewed and ideas for future studies presented. Another paper introduces a 3-D modelling of one of the best studied intrusions in the world, the Paleocene Skaergaard intrusion in East Greenland. Identification of significant platinum group and gold occur- rences in this intrusion has lead to detailed investigations and exploration drilling over many years. The last decade of dia- mond exploration in West Greenland has provided a wealth of data on the dykes of kimberlite and ultramafic lamprophyres that may host diamonds. One paper summarises new data on petrology and age distribution of the dykes that have impor- tant implications for future diamond exploration. In a large country like Greenland, use of remote sensing data is impor- tant and cost-effective in mapping and exploration. One paper presents an analysis of hyperspectral data from the Sarfartoq carbonatite complex in West Greenland. The paper illustrates that such data can be applied to mapping of indi- vidual rock types. The most recent processes and climate development in Greenland are described in two papers of which one stresses the importance of applied glaciology for the exploitation of the Malmbjerg molybdenum deposit in East Greenland, because the site of a possible future mine is located between two glaciers. Future access to the mining site and removal of ore and waste rock are highly dependent on the movement of the glaciers. The second paper addresses Holocene climate variation and marine history in South Greenland, based on a number of samples collected in Bredefjord and Narsaq Sund during the Galathea 3 expedition. A final paper on landscape development in Brazil employs the same methods of landscape mapping and apatite fission track analysis that were used to study the uplift history of the margins of Greenland and Scandinavia. 8 ROSA_2008:ROSA-2008 01/07/09 15:47 Side 8