




































 | 41  
 

         Geoplanning 
Vol 4, No. 1, 2017, 41-52                                                                                                                                                          Journal of Geomatics and Planning 

                                                                                                 E-ISSN: 2355-6544 
http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/geoplanning 

doi: 10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.41-52 

THE DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING AND ITS APPLICATION FOR 
FLOATING FISH NET CULTURE 

D. Sutrisno a 

a Geospatial Information Agency (BIG), Cibinong, Indonesia 

Abstract: Marine spatial planning has become the crucial issues for an archipelagic 

state such as Indonesia. The global market demand on marine economic species has 
been initiated the exploitation of the marine species which will become the hindrance 
in maintaining the sustainable marine biodiversity. Besides that, the degradation of 
marine species will also become the problem for traditional fishermen. Therefore, a 
model has to be employed to spatially manage the coastal waters as the alternative 
for fishermen activities during closed seasons, such as floating fish net culture.  The 
aim of this study was to develop marine spatial planning model based on ecological 
approach in order to identify the potentiality of marine waters for marine culture 
such as floating fish net culture. The method for the model consisted of social 
assessment using the Delphi for developing the rule of marine planning for floating 
fish net culture and the spatial analysis technique for determining the model of 
marine spatial planning for floating fish net culture. The area of Kupang Bay waters, 
East Nusa Tenggara was used as the study area. The result indicated that the model 
can be used to sustainable marine spatial planning, especially for floating fish net 
culture. The model considered the aspects of potential area for marine culture, the 
management of zonation and transportation lanes, the conservation and protected 
area and the strategic area. Application in Kupang bay illustrated the aspect of 
technology input such as raceways since the majority of the area of Kupang Bay 
waters is classified as medium potential. Further research still needs to optimum the 
application of model to others marine area.  

  
Copyright © 2017 GJGP-UNDIP  

This open access article is distributed under a  
Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY-NC-SA) 4.0 International license. 

 

How to cite (APA 6th Style): 
Sutrisno, D. (2017). The development of marine spatial planning and its application for floating fish net culture. Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics 
and Planning, 4(1), 41-52. doi:10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.41-52 

 

1. INTRODUCTION 

 The development paradigm of fishery sub sector in Indonesia is currently focused on activities in 

captured fisheries of high economic species such as groupers, snappers etc. Groupers and snappers are 

types of demersal fish generally living in the coral reef environment.  The sustainable  potency  of  

Indonesia marine  fisheries  resources  reaches 6.4 million  tons  per  year,  including  demersal fish and 

coral fish for 1.36 million and 145 thousand tons, respectively (Mukuan et al., 2014). The global market 

demand of the mentioned species has threaten the sustainability of the coral reef associated species, and 

equally to the coral reefs due to the usage of destructive fishing gears such as bomb or poison for 

exploitation by the fishermen are usually. Considering the sustainability of the capture fisheries prospect, 

especially for high economic fish species, the need to open access for capture fisheries activities to 

cultivation becomes crucial. Wide-ranging cultivating activities are possible since Indonesia is supported by 

coastal waters with many closed and semi-closed coastal areas with relatively calm water conditions. This 

condition is significantly prospective for the development of marine culture, such as floating fish net 

culture. The world-wide intensive culture of floating net cages is indicated as one of the major methods for 

intense fish production in the tropical areas (Liao et al., 2004; Ouattara et al., 2003). 

Article Info: 
Received: 3 October 2016 
in revised form: 7 January 2017 
Accepted: 20 February 2017 
Available Online: 26 March 2017 
 

Keywords:  
Marine biodiversity, spatial planning, 
ecological and economic model, 
floating fish net culture 
 
 

Corresponding Author: 
Dewayany Sutrisno 
Geospatial Information Agency (BIG), 
Cibinong, Indonesia 
Email: dewayany@gmail.com  

OPEN ACCESS 

http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.41-52


 
Sutrisno / Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning, Vol 4, No. 1, 2017, 41-52 
doi: 10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.41-52 

42 | 
 

In Indonesia, the high economic fish product reaches only 15.45% of the floating fish net culture (Utama, 

2008). This fact indicates the opportunity of floating fish net culture to improve the national product of high 

economic species such as groupers, snappers etc. However, the floating fish net culture deals with several 

problems, such as seedlings, capital, infrastructure, technological aspect, deleterious effects on the water 

quality and lack of integrated spatial planning of the coastal area (De Silva & Phillips, 2007; Gorlach-Lira et 

al., 2013). Hence, marine spatial planning model should be beforehand used to determine the location of 

the floating fish net culture and its impact to the environment. The farmed fish are type of demersal fish 

such as groupers.  This can simply be done if the model is developed based on ecological aspects (Oladokun 

et al., 2013).  

There have been limited studies concerned on integrated spatial planning in coastal area. A few 

researchers focused on sea use management and marine fauna (Douvere, 2008; Douvere & Ehler, 2009; 

Gilliland & Laffoley, 2008; Hartoko & Kangkan, 2009; Hegland, Raakjær, & van Tatenhove, 2015; Murray & 

Salama, 2016). Therefore, this research intends to develop the integrated marine spatial planning model. 

The aim of this study was to develop marine spatial planning model based on ecological approach to 

identify the potentiality of marine waters for marine culture specifically floating fish net culture. 

2. DATA AND METHODS  

2.1. Study Area and General Method 

  By taking into account the eastern part of Indonesia having clear water and high visibility, the coastal 

waters of Kupang Bay - East Nusa Tenggara Province was selected as the study area. Kupang Bay is located 

in the western part of Kupang city, the capital of East Nusa Tenggara Province. This bay has the blue clear 

water rich on biodiversity such as coral reefs and its associated fishes. Regarding the marine culture 

activities, the oyster pearl culture based on floating nets cages has been developed in the southern part of 

the area (Figure 1).  

Figure 1. The Map of study Area (Modified from Google Earth) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.41-52


 
Sutrisno / Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning, Vol 4, No. 1, 2017, 41-52 

doi: 10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.41-52                                                              

 | 43  
 

The method for developing the marine spatial planning model for floating fish net culture was based on 
the multi criteria analysis, which combine social assessment and technical spatial analysis. The social 
assessment consists of Delphi survey to identify the contributing parameters to the marine spatial planning 
for floating fish net culture model. Meanwhile, the technical spatial analysis consists of development of 
formula, scoring and weighting based on the result of social assessment and union overlay method. Taken 
together, these results will finally contribute to the development of marine spatial planning model. A 
literature review was done prior to the Delphi survey in order to obtain the most reliable opinion consensus 
on a group of experts on those parameters. The model should be developed based on ecological approach 
and sustainable marine spatial planning. The steps of developing the marine spatial planning for fish net 
culture were described in Figure 2.  
 

Figure 2. Flowchart of the study 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2.2. Determining Marine Spatial Planning Model 

 Assessing the relevant contributing parameters to a model is the important part to be completed prior 
the model development. In this case, a literature review collecting parameters carrying significant impacts 
on marine spatial planning for floating fish net culture has been carried out. The literature study should 
consider physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the water as well as technical aspects, 
infrastructure and environment for the best living environment of a marine species (Affan, 2012). 

     The Delphi method was used to select the parameters, the rank of parameters in each influence on 
sustainability marine species life and the rank for weighting and scoring of each parameter.  Ten to fifteen 
marine management and spatial planning experts were participated in this survey as respondent. The 
method consisted of collecting each expert best opinion for the variables within a questionnaire and 
interview, coding the knowledge and the expert’s evaluation on the knowledge based system (Rosnelly & 
Utama, 2012). The survey was performed in three rounds. The first round aimed to identify the relevant 
parameters to the model. The second round aimed to rank the parameters due to the relevancy to achieve 
the optimal product. The third round aimed to rank the parameters for weighting and scoring (Figure 3).  
 
 
 
 
 

http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.41-52


 
Sutrisno / Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning, Vol 4, No. 1, 2017, 41-52 
doi: 10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.41-52 

44 | 
 

Figure 3. The Delphi Survey Steps 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The weighting and scoring were carried out using Sutrisno (2006) concept that ranks the parameters 
into three requirement classes. (a) Minimum requirement parameters: The parameters should be existed 
to establish perpetuity life of the object (marine species) of marine culture. The absence of these 
parameters may result in the failure of the marine culture activities. (b) Optimal pre-requirement of marine 
culture objects: These parameters are the secondary requirement to have an optimum life of the marine 
culture objects. Some of water qualities parameters may be included in this requirement. (c) Ideal/ 
supporting requirement of marine culture objects: These parameters need to be existed for the better 
product of the marine culture. Some water quality parameters such as phosphate and pH, security, distance 
marketing may become part of these aspects. The result of this step is the potential matrix for the marine 
spatial planning focusing on floating fish net culture.  

The result of the delphi analysis resulted in the eleven critical parameters to the spatial model of the 
floating fish net culture, i.e: Protection, Pollutant, Primary Productivity, Bathymetry, Sea Temperature, 
Salinity, Visibility, Seabed material, Dissolved oxygen, pH, and Phosphate. Nothing like land area, the 
criteria of assessing the suitability of the coastal waters for marine culture are dependable to management 
instead of substrate. Therefore, the rank of the parameters within a matrix should follow the management 
approach classifying the parameters into minimum, optimum and supporting requirements and can be 
expressed as: 

 

 ininininis zilpsff
x

,,,,                                                                                                                                       [1] 

 

Whereas marine spatial planning for floating fish net culture ( 
xsf  ) should be dependent on;  

a. s = supporting environment condition for marine culture, consist of i – n parameters such as; 
relatively calm waters area and pollutant free area. (a) Relatively calm waters:  Marine culture 
needs a closed or semi closed coastal area, a safety coastal area from the storm, wave, current and 
any natural destruction. The absence of this aspect may result in the destruction of the marine 
culture infrastructure. (b) Pollutant free area: The marine culture area should be free of polluted 
matters. The presence of this aspect may decrease the quantity and quality even the extinction of 
the object of marine culture. The pollutant data can be assessed from pollutant data (secondary 
data form other research), remote sensing analysis that indicates extreme sedimentation, oil spill 
and eutrophication or through the distance from the residential, river mouth, port, fabrics or others 
nearby.   

b. p = primary healthy living environment for the cultured, consist of i – n parameters such as clear 
water, primary productivity, water depth, etc. (a) Primary productivity: depending on the nature 
feeding, the primary productivity has to be considered as important since it may affect the 
mortality of the species’ object of the culture. (b) Clear water: The clearer the water, the healthier 
the environment available for marine culture. The clear water is indicated by the depth of visibility 
up to the bottom of the sea. (c) Depth: This aspect was importance due to the feeding and feces 
aspects. Because less depth may cause pollution from feeding activities as well as nearby area and 
even from the seabed itself. 

c. l = Supporting living environment for culture consist of i – n parameters such as water quality. 

Round 3 

http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.41-52


 
Sutrisno / Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning, Vol 4, No. 1, 2017, 41-52 

doi: 10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.41-52                                                              

 | 45  
 

d. i = Supporting facilities and infrastructure consist of i – n parameters such as transportation lanes, 
cold storage, and other infrastructure 

e. z = Determining national management zone for regency or province at i mile from coastal based 
point. 

(Si-n), (pi-n), I and z may be considered as minimum requirement parameters, (li-n) as optimum or supporting 
requirement parameters. Thus following the above rule, the rank of parameters for developing the 
potential waters for floating fish net culture simply consider point (a) to (c), while points (d) and (e) are 
required for the whole model of marine spatial planning approach (Table 1). The parameters are;  

a. Minimum requirement parameters 
• Protected area, such as bay, strait and other protected area. The spatial data of these 

parameters can be obtained from remote sensing and base map analysis. 
• Pollution: Under the assumption that no chemical pollutant exists in the area, the distance 

from ports, residential, river mouth and industrial areas can be assumed as the criteria for 
pollutant free and environmental management approach.  

• Primary productivity: Under the assumption that the feedings depend more on the nature, the 
primary productivity can be represented by the spatial chlorophyll distribution. In this study, 
the primary productivity was obtained from BIG. 

• Water depth: need to support the floating net infrastructure and sustainability of 
environmental. For this study, the water depth data was obtained from coastal environmental 
map (LPI) BIG.  The mapping of water depth using remote sensing data has its limitation since 
either Landsat TM, Landsat 8 Olie or SPOT 6 were simply able to map 18 to 25 meter of water 
depth (Arief et al., 2013; Setiawan, Osawa, & Nuarsa, 2014). Therefore, the bathymetry data 
from LPI map is more applicable.  

• Sea temperature: The life span of specific species depends on the sea water temperature. 
Accordingly, the spatial information of sea surface temperature is important for developing the 
model. 

• Salinity: maintaining the degree of water salinity is important for specific culture to be species. 
The fresh water impact may cause mortality as well as more saline water.  

• Nearby land use system: these parameters may affect the marine culture area due to the 
pollution or introduction of destructive objects such as diseases or germs. Therefore, the 
development of the model essentially requires the land use information. 

b. Optimal pre-requirement of marine culture objects: visibility and seabed material. 
c. Ideal/ supporting requirement of marine culture objects: phosphate and pH may become part of 

these aspects. The data can be obtained from field observation  

Table 1. Modeling matrix of potential area for floating fish net culture 

 

http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.41-52


 
Sutrisno / Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning, Vol 4, No. 1, 2017, 41-52 
doi: 10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.41-52 

46 | 
 

The result of the survey states the weighting criteria assessed based on the scale of 1 to 10, whereas the 
highest value is ten (10) and the lowest value is two (2). Meanwhile, the scoring method was assessed 
based on the scale of 1 to 20, whereas the highest value is twenty and the lowest values are two (2). The 
above matrix model modified the Bakosurtanal (2009), a suitability model to a potential area for floating 
fish net model, as shown as: 
 

2

)*(..)*( 11

1

nparnscoreParscore

i

BobBobBobBob
P






                                                                                    [2] 

Whereas P1-i is the potential area classes 1 to i, Bobscore is the weighed parameters, Bobpar is the scored for 
each parameters, i - n are the parameters for floating fish net model. So, the potential classes (P1 to N) can 
be classified as:  

P1 if weighting scored is ≥ a 
P2 if else weighting scored is among b – a  
P3 if weighting scored is among c – b  
and N or not any if weighting scored is  ≤ c  

Whereas and a= 1300, b = 1026 and c = 540, those were calculated from the potential matrix. 
 

2.3.  Mathematical Model Development 

a. Determining the potential area for floating fish net sub-model 

The mathematical model for determining spatial prospect for floating fish net culture was modified 
from Bakosurtanal (2009). Bakosurtanal model is a suitability model for floating fish net culture. 
Meanwhile, this study developed the potential model for floating fish net culture. The parameters for 
Bakosurtanal model are only water qualities, while this model employed environment and marine 
regulations on spatial planning. The Bakosurtanal model is explained as: 
 

nparpar

nparnkesparkes

score
BobBob

BobBobBobBob
Bob










1

11 )*()*(
                                                                                    [3] 

 
Whereas Bobscore is the suitability of coastal waters for floating fish net culture, Bobkes is the suitability 
weight, Bobpar is the scored for each parameters, i - n are the parameters for floating fish net model. The 
output of the model is classified into four classes according to its potential for floating fish net culture, 
there is high potential (P1), moderately potential (P2), low potential (P3) and not having any potential (N). 
Union overlay method were employed for the implementation of the model, while the query was using the 
mathematical model of potential area for floating fish net culture.  
 
b. Determining The Sea Lanes Area and Regulation sub-model 

Regulation on zonation and transportation lanes are the crucial issues that should be implemented in 
marine culture management as it is stated in the law No 1/2014 regarding the zonation for marine spatial 
planning. The marine spatial planning should act upon the rule of management zone, such as located four 
or twelve miles from the coastline based on lowest water level (LWL) as well as the transportation lanes. 
The sub-model simply excluded the management zone and transportation lanes from potential area for 
floating fish net sub-model and explained as:  
 

iniscore ZiBobFs                                                                                                                                                 [4] 

 
Whereas, FS is the floating fish net culture on zonation and lanes rules, Bobscore is the potential area for 

floating fish net culture, i-n are the transportation lanes and other infrastructure and Z is the national 
management zonation at i miles from coastal based points. Union overlay method were employed for this 
steps of assessment while the query was using the mathematical model of floating fish net culture on 
zonation and lanes rules 
 

http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.41-52


 
Sutrisno / Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning, Vol 4, No. 1, 2017, 41-52 

doi: 10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.41-52                                                              

 | 47  
 

c. Analyzing the conservation zone 

Implementation of the floating fish net culture should consider its aspect to the environment. These 
criteria have been embedded in the model matrix but quite often ignoring the coastal or upland land 
utilization. For the best result of the floating fish net culture, the coastal waters area must be free from the 
influences of ports, dense population, industries, intensive agriculture and the river mouth related to 
upstream activities.  Indeed, the numbers or the density of floating fish net per km square and distance 
from conservation or unique coastal ecosystem has also become part of conservation area assessment. Not 
any mathematical model was developed for this sub-model due to the complicated objects. Union overlay 
method was employed for this sub-model, following by query for ignoring the potential floating fish net 
culture area from nearby sensitive environment.  

2.4.  Data Sources 

   For the application of the model, the secondary spatial data were collected based on the requirement. 
These data were (a) base map from Geospatial Information Agency (BIG) (road, coast line, administrative 
boundary, river, annotation, and settlement); (b) water quality data such as dissolved oxygen, salinity, pH, 
phosphate, pollutants, seabed material and primary productivity from BIG (c) secondary remote sensing 
derived data such as land use from BIG and (d) socio-economic data derived from district statistical agency 
(BPS, 2008) and coastal zone plan (Bappeda NTT, 2007).  
 

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

3.1. Application of Floating Fish Net Culture Model 

Applying potential area for floating fish net model to the study area indicates that the majority of the 
waters in Kupang bay has medium prospect to be developed as floating fish net culture (Figure 4). The 
highest potential (P1) class individually covered the small area locates between the Semau Island the strait. 
This area has calm waters, free from pollutant, rich in primary productivity, and supported by suitable 
water depth, sea temperature and salinity.  Meanwhile, the majority of the sea waters of Kupang bay were 
considered as the moderately potential area (P2). This class has limitation in Protection (current) and 
primary productivity.  Since the primary productivity becomes the problem of these classes, the floating 
fish net planning should consider the intensive marine culture system that depends on nutritionally 
complete diet. The nutrition added to the system either fresh, wild, or form of dry pellet can be functional 
if the ecological aspect has been previously applied in the management system (Widiastuti, 2014). The 
small zone of low potential (P3) spreads nearby the coastal area indicat the depth problems beside primary 
productivity, protection and pollutant. Considering the depth, a vertical raceways culture system should be 
in consideration into the system since it has self-cleaning characteristic supported by medium to low 
current exchange rate (Beveridge, 2008; Black, 2001; Heard & Martin, 1979). Related to the depth, the 
sedimentation from deforestation, industrial effluents are often associated with unsatisfactory quality of 
water (Chapman, 1996) that should be considered as well. The input to reduce the impact such as the net 
infrastructure is definitely needed.   
 

The application of the model to the study area in Kupang bay was slightly different with Hartoko and 
Kangkan (2009).  Hartoko and Kangkan (2009) assessed the Kupang Bay coastal waters resulting into two 
classes’ i.e Highly Suitable-S1 and Moderately Suitable-S2. The limiting factors were dissolved oxygen (DO), 
water current, depth, and type of bottom substrate (Hartoko & Kangkan, 2009). Hartoko and Kangkan 
(2009) study differed with the study in this paper in the consideration of the suitability analysis developed 
using spatial interaction RGB model, a remote sensing raster model. As opposed, this study was developed 
based on potential/ prospect zone by considering management approach that not only considered the 
suitability, but correspondingly regulation, management and environment.  
 
3.2.  The Sea Lanes Area and Zonation Regulation Model 

 Sea lanes are assigned by the Law of The Republic of Indonesia No 1/2014 as important part of marine 
spatial planning (sub section 2.2-point d and e). Related to the marine spatial planning model for Floating 

http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.41-52


 
Sutrisno / Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning, Vol 4, No. 1, 2017, 41-52 
doi: 10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.41-52 

48 | 
 

fish net culture, the model for sea lane and zonation should exclude the lanes and limit the culture within 
the administrative zone for floating fish net culture area. The model can be modified into: 
 

))(( 11 ini ZAlPFs                                                                                                                                            [5] 

 
Whereas, FS is the floating fish net culture on zonation and lanes rules, P1-i is the potential area for floating 
fish net culture classes 1 to i, l is the transportation lanes and other infrastructure from 1 – n, A is the 
distance of exposure for study area from coastal points and Z is the national management zonation at i 
miles from coastal based points. Within the study area, there are two commercial ports, i.e. Tenau and 
balok, and Fisheries port namely as Oeba that should not include in the model.  
 

Figure 4. Floating fish net prospect spatial data (Own Analysis, 2016) 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3.3.  Analyze of The Conservation Zone 

        The environment assessment indicates the potential zone for floating net culture having minor 
problems regarding the environment condition. Marine spatial planning assigning the conservation area 
should be part of the planning (Law No 4/2014). It means that these areas should not be included in the 
spatial planning for floating fish net culture area. Therefore, the development of the culture should 
consider the distance from social economic activity and protected marine resources such as distance from 
the coral reefs area, ports, rivers and residential area (Figure 5). Applying these criteria to the marine 
spatial planning model for Floating fish net culture can be seen in Figure 6.  

In general, implementation of the model illustrates the less area available for floating fish net culture 
within the Kupang Bay. Marine spatial planning considers the marine culture, conservation, national 
strategic, and lanes areas as it has been explored in this study. In the case of Kupang bay, two classes (P2 
and P3) were defined to the development of the floating fish net culture. It means, more technology input 
is needed for developing the floating fish net culture. In this case due to the limitation in depth, primary 
productivity, protection and pollutant.                                                     

      Considering the numbers or the density of floating fish nets per km square and its relation to the 
sustainable product and environment is the critical object to discuss, especially in detail marine spatial 
planning considering the detail information of in site planning. The intensive floating fish net culture can 
lead to the eutrophication of water bodies and to the emergence of deleterious effects on the water 

http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.41-52


 
Sutrisno / Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning, Vol 4, No. 1, 2017, 41-52 

doi: 10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.41-52                                                              

 | 49  
 

quality, such as the blooms of toxic cyanobacteria harmful for wildlife and humans (Gorlach-Lira et al., 
2013). There are several works on the effect of fish culture in cages on water quality (see Jahani et al., 
2012; Mente et al., 2006; Ntengwe & Edema, 2008; Price et al., 2015; Price & Morris Jr, 2013; Schenone, 
Vackova, & Cirelli, 2011; Wu, 1995; Yin, Harrison, & Black, 2008). Therefore, the waters can be divided into 
single kilometers square sea boxes (1 km2) not including the transportation lanes. For marine culture, less 
than 40 % of the potential area can be developed as the floating fish net culture if the water area is 
designed for marine culture purposes. This limitation hopefully will decline the pollutant or disturbance to 
the environment. However, these numbers should be further analyzed since there is not any exact carrying 
capacities model to define the sea boxes concept in marine spatial planning. 
 

Figure 5. (a) Coral reefs condition and (b) environment consideration (Own Analysis, 2016) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

a 

b 

http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.41-52


 
Sutrisno / Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning, Vol 4, No. 1, 2017, 41-52 
doi: 10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.41-52 

50 | 
 

Figure 6. Enable Areas for Marine Spatial Planning for Floating Fish Net Culture (Own Analysis, 2016) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

4. CONCLUSION 

Marine spatial planning is the most important part of policy for obtaining sustainable marine 
development. The model of marine spatial planning for floating fish net culture has followed this policy . 
The model  was developed based on management approach considering the potential area for marine 
culture, in this case for floating fish net culture, the zonation management and lanes, the conservation and 
protective area and so does the strategic area. 

The application of the model to the study area, Kupang bay waters, indicates that the majority of the 
area was generally classified as medium potential. Several technological inputs should be added to the 
system to achieve the optimum result of sustainable floating fish net culture. The technological input 
should consider the artificial feedings due to the problem of primary productivity, relocation the marine 
culture or development of infrastructure technology due to the pollutant or water depth such as vertical 
raceways. Besides that, the coastal waters problems were varied from one to other location. This condition 
may not change the model of potential area for floating fish net culture, the model of zonation and lanes 
management and the model of conservation. But will change the constants and the rank of parameters 
within the model matrix. Therefore, a further study considering other area should be implemented using 
this model.  

 

5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

The author thanks to the Geospatial Information Agency that has provide us the base and thematic 
geospatial data information. The author thanks equally the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) and the 
regional governments that have provide the data for this study.  

6. REFERENCES 

Affan, J. M. (2012). Identifikasi lokasi untuk pengembangan budidaya keramba jaring apung (KJA) 
berdasarkan faktor lingkungan dan kualitas air di perairan pantai timur Bangka Tengah. DEPIK Jurnal 
Ilmu-Ilmu Perairan, Pesisir dan Perikanan, 1(1), 78-85. 

Arief, M., et al. (2013). Pengembangan Metode Pendugaan Kedalaman Perairan Dangkal Menggunakan 
Data Satelit Spot-4 Studi Kasus: Teluk Ratai, Kabupaten Pesawaran (Methode Development For 
Shallow Water Depth Bathymetric Estimation Using Spot-4 Satellite Data, A Case Study: Ratai Bay, 
Pesawaran District). Jurnal Penginderaan Jauh dan Pengolahan Data Citra Digital, 10(1), 1-14. 

Vegetation 

Urban Area 

P3 

P2 

http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.41-52


 
Sutrisno / Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning, Vol 4, No. 1, 2017, 41-52 

doi: 10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.41-52                                                              

 | 51  
 

Bakosurtanal. (2009). Kajian Potensi Sumberdaya Pesisir Kabupaten Boalemo. Jakarta. 
Bappeda NTT. (2007). Rencana Zonasi: Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. 
Beveridge, M. C. M. (2008). Cage Aquaculture. Wiley. [Google Books] 
Black, K. D. (2001). Environmental impacts of aquaculture. Sheffield Biological Sciences. 
BPS. (2008). Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara dalam Angka 2008. BPS Gorontalo. 
Chapman, E. D. (1996). Chapter 3 - Selection of water quality variables. 
De Silva, S. S., & Phillips, M. J. (2007). A review of cage aquaculture: Asia (excluding China). FAO Fisheries 

Technical Paper, 498, 21. 
Douvere, F. (2008). The importance of marine spatial planning in advancing ecosystem-based sea use 

management. Marine Policy, 32(5), 762–771. [CrossRef]  
Douvere, F., & Ehler, C. N. (2009). New perspectives on sea use management: Initial findings from European 

experience with marine spatial planning. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(1), 77–88. 
[CrossRef]  

Gilliland, P. M., & Laffoley, D. (2008). Key elements and steps in the process of developing ecosystem-based 
marine spatial planning. Marine Policy, 32(5), 787–796. [CrossRef]  

Gorlach-Lira, K., et al. (2013). The influence of fish culture in floating net cages on microbial indicators of 
water quality. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 73(3), 457–463. 

Hartoko, A., & Kangkan, A. L. (2009). Spatial modeling for mariculture site selection based on ecosystem 
parameters at Kupang Bay, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. International Journal of Remote Sensing 
and Earth Sciences (IJReSES), 6(1), 57-64 

Heard, W. R., & Martin, R. M. (1979). Floating horizontal and vertical raceways used in freshwater and 
estuarine culture of juvenile salmon, Oncorhynchus spp. Marine Fisheries Review, 41(3), 18–23. 

Hegland, T. J., Raakjær, J., & van Tatenhove, J. (2015). Implementing ecosystem-based marine management 
as a process of regionalisation: Some lessons from the Baltic Sea. Ocean & Coastal Management, 117, 
14–22. [CrossRef]   

Jahani, N., et al. (2012). The effect of marine fish cage culture on benthic communities using bopa index in 
ghazale creek. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 11(1), 78–88. 

Liao, I. C., et al. (2004). Cobia culture in Taiwan: current status and problems. Aquaculture, 237(1), 155–
165. 

Mente, E., Pierce, G. J., Santos, M. B., & Neofitou, C. (2006). Effect of feed and feeding in the culture of 
salmonids on the marine aquatic environment: a synthesis for European aquaculture. Aquaculture 
International, 14(5), 499–522. [CrossRef]   

Mukuan, E. M. R., So, S., Arfiati, D., & Ch. Kepel, R. (2014). Development Opportunity Of Floating Net Cage 
(Fnc) SystemTrevally (Caranx Spp.) Culture Business In Amurang District, South Minahasa Regency, 
North Sulawesi, Indonesia. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(9), 44–49. [CrossRef]  

Murray, A. G., & Salama, N. K. G. (2016). A simple model of the role of area management in the control of 
sea lice. Ecological Modelling, 337, 39–47. [CrossRef] 

Ntengwe, F. W., & Edema, M. O. (2008). Physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of water for 
fish production using small ponds. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 33(8–13), 701–
707. [CrossRef] 

Oladokun, O. S., Nik, W. B. W., & Kader, A. S. A. (2013). Study of properties of components for offshore 
aquaculture technology farming. Journal of Science and Engineering, 1(2), 155–161. 

Ouattara, N. I., et al. (2003). Aquaculture potential of the black-chinned tilapia, Sarotherodon melanotheron 
(Cichlidae). Comparative study of the effect of stocking density on growth performance of landlocked 
and natural populations under cage culture conditions in Lake Ayame (Côte d’Ivoire). Aquaculture 
Research, 34(13), 1223–1229. 

Price, C., et al. (2015). Marine cage culture and the environment: effects on water quality and primary 
production. Aquaculture Environment Interactions, 6(2), 151–174. 

Price, C. S., & Morris Jr, J. A. (2013). Marine cage culture and the environment: twenty-first century science 
informing a sustainable industry. 

Rosnelly, R., & Utama, U. P. (2012). Sistem Pakar: Konsep dan Teori. Penerbit Andi. 
Schenone, N. F., Vackova, L., & Cirelli, A. F. (2011). Fish-farming water quality and environmental concerns 

in Argentina: a regional approach. Aquaculture International, 19(5), 855–863. [CrossRef]  

http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.41-52
https://books.google.co.id/books?id=_YPD-urNAMsC
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2008.03.021
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.07.004
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2008.03.022
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.08.005
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-006-9051-4
https://doi.org/10.9790/487X-16914449
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.06.007
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2008.06.032
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-010-9404-x


 
Sutrisno / Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning, Vol 4, No. 1, 2017, 41-52 
doi: 10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.41-52 

52 | 
 

Setiawan, K. T., Osawa, T., & Nuarsa, I. W. (2014). Aplikasi algoritma Van Hengel dan Spitzer untuk ekstraksi 
informasi batimetri menggunakan data landsat. In Seminar Nasional Penginderaan Jauh (pp. 222–
230). 

Sutrisno, D. (2006). Marine Spatial Planning Analysis. Research Report. IPB Bogor. 
Utama, F. W. (2008). Analisis kelayakan usaha budidaya ikan kerapu macan di Pulau Panggang, Kabupaten 

Administratif Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta. PhD Thesis. 
Widiastuti, I. (2014). Small-scale Freshwater Aquaculture Practices in Indonesia: An application of 

Sustainable Livelihood Approach to Nile Tilapia Farmer in West Sumatera. PhD Thesis. Kagoshima 
University. 

Wu, R. S. S. (1995). The environmental impact of marine fish culture: Towards a sustainable future. Marine 
Pollution Bulletin, 31(4–12), 159–166. [CrossRef]  

Yin, K., Harrison, P. J., & Black, E. (2008). Risk Analysis of Coastal Aquaculture : Potential Effects on Algal 
Blooms. Assessment and Communication of Environmental Risks in Coastal Aquaculture, 76, 175–199. 

 

 

http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.4.1.41-52
https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(95)00100-2

