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         Geoplanning 
Vol 4, No. 2, 2017, 225-232                                                                                                                                                            Journal of Geomatics and Planning 

                                                                                                 E-ISSN: 2355-6544 
http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/geoplanning 

doi: 10.14710/geoplanning.4.2.225-232 

SUBAK LAND INFORMATION SYSTEM BASED ON REMOTE SENSING AND 
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM IN DENPASAR CITY 

I. Lanyaa, N. N. Subadiyasaa, J. Hutauruka 

a Study Program Agroecotechnology, Faculty of Agicultural, Udayana University, Indonesia 

 

Abstract: Subak in this paper is a unit of agricultural area, with names, have palemahan 

(paddy field resource), pawongan (human resources/farmers), and paddy field farming systems. 
Subak as local genious Bali, constructed since the 7th century, until now Subak system still exist 
in Denpasar. UNESCO, in 2011, rewarded Subak as a world cultural heritage. Ironically, not one 
district/city, and the Province of Bali has maps spatially Subak, they only have statistical data. 
The development era of technology and communications requires the ease and speed of getting 
data and the latest information with a high degree of spatial accuracy. The answer requires data 
base information based on information and communication technology (ICT). Worldview 
satellite imagery coverage of Denpasar in 2015, and ArcGIS 10.3 software used for mapping land 
and extensive rice fields of Subak (spatial data). Secondary data consists of land resources (LR), 
the primary data includes the name pekaseh delineation and area subak, human resources (HR) 
and agricultural activities were used as attribute data. Denpasar City has 41 Subak in 2015, 
Subak area on the analysis of satellite imagery (2008.6 ha) was smaller (520.4 ha) than the 
Central Statistics Agency (CSA, Denpasar 2529 ha), with r2 = 0.8967. Soil fertility moderate, land 
suitability agro-ecosystem very suitable (S1) for rice field and suitable (S2) for second crops and 
horticulture lowlands, required land cultivation and fertilization, suitable to crop needs. HR 
status of farmers as cultivators 72% and Landowners 28%. Subak paddy crop rotation pattern 
Denpasar City is paddy-paddy/palawija–palawija/paddy. The data base is composed of a map 
Subak Subak (spatial data), the data LR, HR and agricultural activities (attributes data). 

 Copyright © 2017 GJGP-UNDIP  

This open access article is distributed under a  

Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY-NC-SA) 4.0 International license. 

 How to site (APA 6th Style):  Lanya, I., Subadiyasa, N. N., Hutauruk, J. (2017). Subak Land Information System Based On Remote Sensing And 

Geographic Information System In Denpasar City. Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning, 4(2), 225-232. doi: 

10.14710/geoplanning.4.2.225-232. 

1. INTRODUCTION 

Planning, implementing, and evaluating of regional development in all fields require data and the most 
recent update, correct, and accurately, to suit the purpose and on target. The available data is generally a 
correlation table between multiple names with the component area of Land resources (LR), human 
resources (HR) and development activities are ongoing (Fang et al., 2015). Era of technology and 
communications would require the unit area based geospatial development, supplemented by data and 
basic information resource of the potential area. 

Similarly, for the development of Agriculture requires a data base, in the form of spatial data (units of 
land development) and attribute data that consists of data of LR, farmers HR and farming activities are 
carried out in every area of development (Andersen et al., 1993). Results of research  conducted by Lanya et 
al.(2014), produced maps of land zoning Subak (protected, buffer and can be converted), using high 
resolution satellite imagery (Ikonos, Quick bread, Worldview, Landsat 8 and software GIS (Arc GIS), high 
accuracy ( 98.5%), and can be obtained exact geographical location resulting from the analysis of satellite 
imagery (Goodchild, 1987). Further commented that the submission of information resource potential of 
agriculture based on remote sensing and GIS facilitate in establishing zoning Subak of rice field protection 
area of agricultural land in sustainable food. 

Embryo of permanent agriculture in Bali was done by the Subak system; Bench terraces on sloping land 
on the volcanic landform, water resources derived from springs and orographic precipitation. Limited 
sources of water for agriculture of rice field, carried out through the equitable distribution of water, use 

OPEN ACCESS 

Article Info: 
Received: 04 Oct 2016 
in revised form: 10 Oct 2016 
Accepted: 26 Juny 2017 
Available Online:  30 April 2018 
 

Keywords:  
the Subak, spatial data, Land 
resources, human resources 
 

Corresponding Author: 
Indayati Lanya 
Study Program of 

Agroecotechnology, Faculty of 

Agicultural, Udayana University, 

Indonesia 

Email: indahnet@yahoo.co.id  

  

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mailto:indahnet@yahoo.co.id


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efficiently and planned water supply. Traditional water management systems are known to farming Subak 
systems. According to various sources, water control system built at the initiation of settled agriculture, is 
no longer moving, there is also mention the Subak was built in the 7th century. In the Regional Regulation 
(Perda Bali Province No.02/PD/DPRD/1972) Subak defined as traditional law community that have the 
characteristics of socio-agrarian-religious, a farmer association that manages the irrigation water in paddy 
fields.  Ironically, prior to 2015 there has been no study on spatial limits Subak region. Subak Institutions in 
Bali receive incentives from the provincial and regency / municipality, with goal to preserve the natural and 
agrarian culture. Subak is perfect to implement the philosophy of Tri Hita Karana, there pawongan (Subak 
members/farmers), there palemahan (paddy field), and there Parahyangan (Pura). Subak in this paper is a 
unit of agricultural area, with names, have palemahan (paddy field resource), pawongan (human 
resources/farmers), and paddy field farming systems. For it does not discuss of Subak as water traditional 
setting organizations (Subak irrigation system). 

Tri Hita Karana (human, natural/environmental and parahyangan) is the philosophy of the Balinese 
people, who always keep the balance of the relationship between society and nature, society and God. 
Symbolized by the parahyangan (Pura Subak) a place to pray, palemahan (paddy field), and members of 
Subak (Pawongan). Religious values and limited water resources are intelligently done by managing 
irrigation systems and irrigation agencies which are designated as socio-religious character. The main 
function is the management of irrigation water for the production of food crops, particularly rice and pulses 
(Windia, 2006). The existence of Subak as traditional institutions/organizations of indigenous Bali in 
agriculture is still exis. Subak as Bali local genious established by the United Nations Organization (UNESCO) 
as   world cultural heritage. Subak system still exist in Denpasar, so that Denpasar entry into the World 
Cultural Heritage City. 

Subak in Denpasar has an important role, both as a counterbalance the urban ecosystem, as well as 
primary agricultural resources in the success of development food security programs. Along with the 
information disclosure and communication, as well as the preservation of the Subak in Bali, GIS software 
can then be used as a medium to represent data and information on Subak into a computerized system. 

Mapping rice area by means of satellite imagery and GIS have been conducted throughout Indonesia 
(Pertanian, 2012). The result was a map of paddy fields in Bali Province 985 ha is smaller than the CSA, Bali 
in the same year. While the results of the mapping paddy field by using technology, region, and in same 
year conducted by the National Land Agency, Data obtained by the difference paddy fields area with the 
data of the CSA only 113 ha. Similar research applications of remote sensing and GIS (Geographic 
Information System) for mapping rice fields in Bali has a 98.5% accuracy rate (I Lanya et al., 2014). The third 
that research used to calculate the area of paddy fields in Bali province associated with the balance of food. 
Map (spatial data) are not yet equipped with data and information on land resources (LR) and human 
resources (HR) as well as the agricultural activities of each unit map (polygon paddy fields management 
unit) as a data base (attributes) that are needed for agricultural development. For the land resource 
information system, GIS-based needs to be built to integrate spatial data and attribute data of agricultural 
resources (LR, HR), in order to facilitate the search for data and information easily and quickly (Rodo et al., 
2017) 

In this era of globalization, the development of agriculture requires a data base management unit of 
land, such as Subak in Bali region. Data base of spatial (map of Subak) need to be integrated with attribute 
data Subak resources through information and communication technology (ICT). Subak as agricultural land 
resources should be preserved and recorded by computer-based potential to provide added value to the 
data base of Subak. Data base of paddy fields of Subak is data and land information that controls plant 
growth. In outline, the data include: soil, water, farmers, and agricultural activity. These data are used to 
facilitate in implementation of smart people, smart environment, and smart agrarian economy. Subak 
region needs to be mapped spatially and supplemented by data paddy fields resources (LR, HR, as well as 
farming systems conducted by farmers) in the region by means of remote sensing and GIS, to get high 
accuracy and   easily accessible data. 

Land Resources Information System (LRIS) is one form of geographic information systems, where the 
data of agricultural land resources is a kind of sub-component data and geographic information. LRIS 
components and works the same way with com-component and how GIS is public unless the objects to be 

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examined are data and information on agricultural land resources (Sulaeman et al., 2015). Similarly, LRIS is 
as agricultural land resources-based computers, used for data provision, manage, process, storage and 
security, product manufacturing information relating to the LR and HR Subak paddy fields, as well as 
generate geographic referenced information. 

 

2. DATA AND METHODS 
2.1. Geographical area of Denpasar City 

Denpasar city is at 08035'31 "- 08044'49" south latitude and between 115010'23 "- 115016'27" east 
longitude. Bordering Badung Regency in North and West, Gianyar and Badung Strait to the east, the total 
area is 127.78 km2.  Denpasar city is composed of four sub-districts (North, East, South, and West), 43 
Villages/urban villages with 404 banjar/hamlets (Figure 1). 

 

 

Figure 1. Map of Village Administrative Denpasar, (Bappeda, 2011) 

Data from the BPS (2015), Denpasar City had 42 Subak, scattered in four districts, West Denpasar eight 
Subak, East Denpasar 14 Subak, South Denpasar 10 Subak, and North Denpasar 10 Subak. 

2.2.  Materials and research tool 
The research material consists of: Satellite Imagery Worldview (WV) Denpasar 2015, maps support as 

secondary data (maps appearance of the earth and soil types), land suitability agro-ecosystem, soil fertility, 
statistical data  CBS and data from the Dinas Pertanian Kota Denpasar (2014). Software Quantum GIS (QGIS) 
is used for: 1) mapping of boundary and rice area of Subak (spatial data) from the analysis of satellite 
imagery and field survey, 2) integrating the spatial data with the data of land resources (LR) consists of soil, 
water, vegetation, human resources (HR) and agricultural activities, and 3) presenting the spatial and 
attribute data in Subak land resources information system  based  on GIS. 

2.3. Research methods 
The research method used: (1) literature through secondary data collection, (2) the analysis of satellite 

imagery WV 2015, through a digitization polygon paddy field on the screen to get a subak tentative map, (3) 
The field survey to obtain information boundaries of Subak, HR primary data, and agricultural activities, (4) 

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create a land use map of Subak paddy field  and non-agricultural land, (5) develop a data base of spatial and 
attribute data, (6) establish land information system of Subak. Point 2.4, 5 and 6 were done by using QGIS 
software. Beginning with the equation of the reference coordinate system used WGS 84 s/UTM Grid, 
created a polygon vector data (shp) with features add layers, Satellite Imagery Wordview 2015 Visual 
Interpretation and digitized on screen polygon layer of area Subak. This research used calculating fitur in 
QuantumGis to calculate the area of the subak area, join attribute and spatial data of Subak in QuantumGis, 
and make a layout map to add features composer, minimap menu was used to create edge of information 
maps. 

 

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
Delimitation and delineation of boundaries of Subak through a digitization screen on satellite imagery 

WV (tentative map), equipped with field measurements and observations, as well as interviews with the 
chairman/Kelian Subak a produce of Subak map (Figure 2).  Figure 2 shows that the Denpasar city still has 
41 Subak area of 2,008.6 ha, it is smaller (520.4 ha) than data from Denpasar CBS (2,529 ha), with the 
regression equation y = 0.7677 x +1.5887 with R2 = 0.8967. The value of R2 = 0.8967 means that there is a 
very real correlation between the area of Subak from the analysis of satellite imagery with data from CBS 
with 89.67% confidence level. Geographic locations spread across four districts. The smallest area was (1. 
25 ha) Srogsogan Subak in West Denpasar and the largest was (152 ha) in Subak Temaga, East Denpasar 
District. 

 

Figure 2. The Map of Subak in Denpasar City (analysis, 2015) 

Differences of Subak paddy field from different sources are common, because it used different 

method. As the CSA in the study area (Denpasar) found a number of Subak mapping results by means of 

satellite imagery and GIS, which have been checking field, acquiring data 41 of Subak. Subak difference 

Peraupan East with an area of 15 ha is still listed in the statistical data. Subak existing condition in the field 

does not have paddy field since 1998 (the interview with Pekaseh). The word Subak paddy field mapping by 

using a remote sensing and GIS technology will obtain data and information more quickly, accurately, 

current/recent and its existence could be traced geographically/spatially, the data and information were 

more quickly and accurately obtained, when compared with the conventional data from this terrestrial 

survey. 

Research done by Hutauruk et al. (2016) on Land resources information system (LRIS) of Subak paddy 
fields based remote sensing and GIS in Denpasar was able to provide information on potential LR, HR, 
agricultural activity in the 41 polygon of area Subak, quickly and easily identified and accessed. The same 
study in Badung produce 119 polygons of area Subak (Lanya & Subadiyasa, 2016). These results assist local 

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governments in planning and implementing the agricultural development in the city of Denpasar City and 
Badung Regency.  

CSA data and the Department of Agriculture data were generally larger than the data results of 

mapping of by means of remote sensing and GIS technologies (Lanya et al., 2014). The subak paddy field 

area data as a baseline in agricultural development planning focuses on food security. The subak paddy field 

area affects the calculation of food availability in the region of Bali. Standard Information acreage of 

agricultural land which was greater than the real conditions will impact negatively on the self-sufficiency in 

rice. To get standard extensive data of high-quality paddy fields, the subak paddy field mapping required 

based remote sensing and GIS as spatial data and the need to put in regulations related to protect 

agricultural land and the national and regional food security. 

The interpretation of satellite imagery and field observations were found in many buildings in the the 

Subak paddy field, and in the area of green open space (GOS), such as building houses, roads and housing 

conducted by the developer (Figure 3). The tendency of such violations the subak extends throughout the 

region, especially in South Denpasar bordering the tourism center of Kuta and Sanur. Paddy fields in the 

South Denpasar are very vulnerable to sense of urgency space for urban development and tourism support 

facilities. This is caused by the allocation of space in the Spatial Plan (SP) Denpasar City years 2011-2031, i.e. 

paddy field was allocated to non-agricultural land.  

 

 

 
 

Figure 3. Satellite Image QuickBird   Denpasar City 2013 (Bappeda , Kota Denpasar) 

 
Information potential of NR, HR, and farming systems in the Subak paddy fields can be presented in 

table form (Table 1) and a map base on GIS (Figure 4). The subak Map (Figure 2) from the digitized satellite 
imagery as a spatial database integrated with Table 1 (examples Subak Kerdung) as a data attribute by using 
GIS technology to produce Figure 4.  

Subak resource consists of land resource (subak area, munduk, plant type,  water source, land 
suitability, soil type, soil drainage, soil texture, fer-abillity, fertilizer status ), human resource (pekaseh 
name, farmer total, farmer status, member total, land owner) and agricultural activities (crop index, 
fertilizer types, fertilizer dos, production, irrigation type, crop type, seed source, pest and marketing). 

The era of globalization, it will select information from Figure 4, because it is easily accessible, more 
communicative and based on information and communication technology (ICT). To find the desired 
information The subak potential, with the help of program GIS, fairly choose/click Subak spatial data  
locations are on the system, will perform a number of information  NR,  HR and agricultural activities that 
have been  have developed as Subak selected attribute data. 

 

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Table 1. Data base of SDL , SDM and agricultural activities in Subak Kerdung in South Denpasar 
Subak Name Village Subak 

Area From 
Pekaseh 

Subak 
Area From 
CSA 

Munduk  Plant Type  Water Source  Land 
Suitability  

Soil Type  

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

Kerdung Pedungan 215 215 M.Siran, 
M.Kerdung, 
M.Buyuk, 
M.Nyalin, 
M.Timbul, 
M.Abasan, 
M.Babakan, 
M.Pitik 

Paddy, Soy, 
Cucumber, 
Spinach, 
Kale  

1. Tukad 
Badung, 
Bendung 
Mertagangga, 
irigasi 
Mertagangga 2. 
Tukad Badung, 
Bendung 
Batannyuh  

Paddy, Soy, 
Corn, Chille, 
all vegetable 
except onion 
and spice, 
ginger, 
turmeric, 
Fruit as 
Melon, 
Sunflower, 

Typic 
Tropaquepts, 
isohipertermik  

Table 1 ( Advanced)  
Soil Drinase  Soil 

Texture  
Fert.Ability  Fertilizer 

Status  
Pekaseh 
Name  

Farmer 
Total  

Farmer Status Member 
Total 

Land Owner  

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 
Hampered, rather 
HamperedTerhambat-
agak terhambat  

Smooth-
Rather 
Smooth 

CCgh-LLgh  Medium I Wayan 
Tama  

200  Owner = 20, 
Cultivator = 180 

200  Personal = 
215 ha  

 
Table 1 ( Advanced) 

Crop Index  Fertilizer 
Type 

Fertilizer 
Dos 

Production Irrigation 
Type 

Crop Type Seed Source  Pest Marketing 

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 
245  Urea, 

NPK 
Phonska 

Urea 200 
kg/ ha, 
NPK 
Phonska 
200 Kg/ ha 

Paddyin 
dry 
season= 
10 ton/ ha. 
paddy in 
wet 
season = 
8,5 ton. 
soy 2 ton/ 
ha, 

Sekun der, 
Tersier 

Paddy-
Paddy-
Palawija 

Paddy and 
Vegetable Seed 
From 
PT.PertaniBenih 

wereng,Snail, 
bird, rat 

Paddy sale to 
PT.Pertani, PT 
UPB Munggu, 
and 
Middleman 

 

 
Figure 4. Display aplication of Subak paddy field Information System.  Example Subak Kerdung 

 

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Generally NR Denpasar City is classified as good: moderate soil fertility, are suitable (S1) for paddy rice 
irrigated and suitable for horticultural crops and lowland. Needed input is the cultivation HR in general 
(72%) as peasants, landowners and only 28%. Crop rotation pattern in North Denpasar is paddy-grains, East 
Denpasar is paddy-paddy-grains, South Denpasar is paddy-paddy-crops, and West Denpasar is paddy--
paddy crops/horticulture of land, irrigation, and fertilization in accordance with the needs of the plant to 
increase production of food crops. 

The results provide information to the farming community that Denpasar already has paddy field 
information system Subak-based remote sensing and GIS technology.  This system can aid in the 
development of technology-based, with the aim to provide solutions to various problems to enhance 
community welfare. As planning (e-planning), implementation (e-governance), monitoring and evaluation 
(e-Monev) agricultural development, as well as easy to give information on potential land resources, human 
resources, and agricultural activities in each Subak to Denpasar smart Cityin managing the   natural, 
cultural, and environmental.     

Resources Subak displayed using GIS was more easily and accurately, compared to the provision and 
performance statistics.  GIS can integrate data attribute/of Subak resource database with spatial 
data/geographical position of the region of Subak, also makes it easy to calculate the area of raw paddy 
fields in the region of Subak. The data of land resources, human resources and agricultural activities in the 
region of Subak can be displayed and updated easily. During this time the data separate agricultural land 
resources and the only form of statistical data, so it is very difficult to obtain information on the resource 
potential of Subak easily, quickly and accurately. Research and Development of Land Resources (RDLR) 
develop Land Resources Information System, which is abbreviated SISULTAN in 2013, and develop in 2014 
and it can be accessed via www.sisultan. Litbang.pertanian.go.id. Geospatial data presented in this system 
only (i) the rainy region, which presents the class of rainfall and its distribution. This data is sourced from 
climate resource map scale of 1: 1,000,000 published by the Research Institute for Agro-climate and 
Hydrology in 2000; and (i) spatial structure of agriculture (Sulaeman et al., 2015). 

 

4. CONCLUSION 
Delineation polygon of Subak paddy fields on the image of the Wordview 2015 and field surveys in 

Denpasar amounted to 41 Subak of Subak 42 CSA data. Remote sensing technology can provide spatial data 
more accurate than the CSA data. 

Data base of Subak paddy fields cover land resources (subak area, munduk, plant type,  water source, 
land suitability, soil type, soil drainase, soil texture, fert-abillity, fertilizer status ), human resource (pekaseh 
name, farmer total, farmer status, member total, land owner) and agricultural activities (crop index, 
fertilizer types, fertilizer dos, production, irrigation type, crop type, seed source, pest and marketing), it can 
be integrated with a map of Subak, and can be called up easily and quickly to acquire a data base of 
agriculture in each name of Subak computer-based GIS software.  

Land resources information system (LRIS) of Subak paddy fields can be used as a tool for local 
governments in formulating policies, take decisions or carry out activities related to agricultural 
development based on local wisdom. 

 
5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

We extend our thanks to Mr. Minister RistekDikti, especially Mr. Director of Research and Community 
Services Directorate General for Strengthening Research and Development of the Ministry of Research 
Technology and Higher Education, who has given the fund for this study on the National Priorities Research 
SKIM, Masterplan for the Acceleration and expansion of Indonesia's Economic Development (MP3EI 
PEMPRINAS) 2011-2015. Research Title: Land Resource Information System for Regional Development 
Planning Destination Sarbagita Regional Agro in Bali Province. 

Thanks To the Rector of Udayana University, who has provided the opportunity to conduct research 
and support in this publication. Similarly, to Mr. Chairman Institute for Research and Community Services 
and to Mr. Dean of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Udayana we say thank you, who provide the 
opportunity to conduct the research. We do thank to the Research Executive Team and those who influence 
helped this research. 

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