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         Geoplanning 
Vol 4, No. 2, 2017, 213-224                                                                                                                                                          Journal of Geomatics and Planning 

                                                                                                 E-ISSN: 2355-6544 
http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/geoplanning 

doi: 10.14710/geoplanning.4.2.2.213-224 

SLUM REVITALIZING PLAN OF BAGHDADIYAH BY SPATIAL RE-MODELING 
CONFIGURATION 

H. M. Taki a,b  

a King Abdulaziz University, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 
b University of Indonesia, Department of Geography, Depok, Indonesia 
 

Abstract: Baghdadiyah is a neighborhood of Jeddah Downtown, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 

Inhabitants of this area come from multi-ethnic and mostly low-income residents. The high 
density of the area affects land use more concisely.  Consequently, the beauty of the city which 
was used to be historic sites of Jeddah is down-grading. This study proposed to revitalize city plan 
for a better quality of life. The aim of this study was to re-shape a slum area and to improve the 
spatial configuration of urban structure based on the recent condition. The method involved 
several approaches: recognizing a theoretical basic concept of the slum, applying spatial re-
configuration, analyzing the existing conditions and re-constructing new syntactical properties. 
The result of this study shared a new design of slum revitalizing plan for Baghdadiyah configuring 
dominated patterns of integration and connection. Adequate transport networks would reshape 
the city building profile. 

 
 
 
 

Copyright © 2017 GJGP-UNDIP  
This open access article is distributed under a  

Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY-NC-SA) 4.0 International license. 

 
How to site (APA 6th Style):  Taki, H.M. (2017). Slum revitalizing plan of Baghdadiyah by spatial re-modeling configuration, 4(2), 213-224. doi: 
10.14710/geoplanning.4.2.213-224 

 

1. INTRODUCTION 

Rapid urbanization is changing the structure of urban space by affecting the physical conditions of the 
environment. This process is particularly intense in the city namely the emergence of slums. Increasing 
slum area appears in all the developing countries almost every year and it becomes important that the 
government takes a step wise to intervene this case. Referring to the circumstances in the locality of the 
city, the slums based on (UN-Habitat, 2004) was defined as the area inner the city that is closely related to 
the perception of poverty as the common characteristics of ownership and tenure insecurity lack of access 
to basic services.  

Huchzermeyer (2011) described slum settlements as a widespread phenomenon that occurs in many 
countries and involves many aspects. Slums are not recognized and handled by public authorities with 
government policies as an integral part of a municipal management. This creates problems both socially 
and environmentally coupled with the unavailability of investments in these settlements (Taki et al., 2017). 
Hence, the importance of handling this problem especially in solving social problems, environment, and 
design needs an alternative responsive design strategy to provide social sustainability in the environment 
and the slum revitalizing plan is part of the solution to this problem (Gencer, 2013; James, 2012; Makinde, 
2012).  

Slum revitalizing plan according to (Lutafali & Khoja, 2011), refers to the physical development plans to 
improve or redevelop the conditions of informal housing areas. The revitalizing process revolves around 
understanding the role of the user which initiates transformation process in slum revitalizing areas. The 
slums of the residents are an important contributor to the development of the city by rendering their 
services to citizens and organization (Bhaskar & Chikarmane, 2012; Fox, 2014; Golubchikov & Badyina, 
2012). To bring these weak parts into the mainstream of society, it is essential to give them proper shelter. 

Article Info: 
Received: 4 Dec 2016 
in revised form: 2 Feb 2017 
Accepted: 24 Juny 2017 
Available Online: 3 Nov 2017 
 

Keywords:  
Slum revitalizing plan, spatial 
configuration, syntactical properties, 
spatial connectivity, integration 
 

Corresponding Author: 
Herika Muhamad Taki 
King Abdulaziz University,  
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 
Email: htaki0001@stu.kau.edu.sa  

OPEN ACCESS 

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http://doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.4.2.213-224
mailto:htaki0001@stu.kau.edu.sa


 
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The contributions of slum residents to the city's economy as industrial workers, workers on the 
construction site, the housekeeper, fabric-pickers, peddlers and various small-scale trade are indispensable. 

Baghdadiyah located in Jeddah Downtown, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as one of the slums areas where 
the predominant form of settlement was unplanned. It is considered as smaller fragments of the street 
network. This situation coupled with a high population density causes physical and social problems as well 
as it causes an impact to poor connections between the surrounding urban street network and interior 
layouts of an area. Referring to unplanned settlements project of Jeddah by Karimi et al. (2015), some 
problems appear in this area such as; (1) Degraded health, environmental, socio, physical, and economic 
circumstances;(2) Nonexistence of good maintenance; (3) Unlawful occupation of government and private 
land; (4) Unreliability from claiming area proprietorship; (5) Concentration of non-Saudi inhabitant; (6) 
Inner infrastructure (the lack connected with the neighboring areas). 

Some previous studies defined the slum (Isunju et al., 2011; Khalifa, 2011; Kohli et al., 2012), some 
studies to assess social dimension (Faye et al., 2011; King et al., 2013; H Taubenböck & Kraff, 2013) and 
others to improve the environmental aspect (Rapoport, 2016; Turley et al., 2013; Wells et al., 2016). Most 
researches use the social and economic approach as a basis to undertake the rehabilitation of slums areas. 
The examination using spatial configuration was rare. However, it can be done using the technique of space 
syntax developed by (Hillier et al., 1993).  The technique establishes causality between the configuration of 
space and natural movement. Each causality was established between the space configuration and 
behavior patterns implying the cause and effect. 

Study of the slum areas using the space syntax analysis conducted by (Hernbäck, 2012) examines the 
impact of urban form on co-presence in open space for informal settlements in Pune, India. The study was 
carried out to compare two distinct types of urban environments; one with slums. Officially unplanned area 
was gradually developed with an irregular road network and one area of slums more deliberately was 
planned with a more regular road grid. The measurement approaches utilized space syntax, organized 
observations, and correlations investigations. This study followed previous researches but carried out a 
different method. This study has remodeled slum area and compared the syntactical properties between a 
new model and existing condition to achieve sustainable solutions. 

 

2. DATA AND METHODS 
2.1.  Study Area and Data Source 

Bagdhadiyah is a neighborhood of Jeddah Downtown, located 21.54 latitude and 39.20 longitudes, 
positioned on the eastern coast and the largest port of the Red Sea (Figure 1). Jeddah has a population of 
2,867,446. It is an important commercial center as well as the main gateway to Mecca (Islamic holiest city). 
The secondary data were collected for implementation of slum revitalizing plan based on the requirement 
from project archives of private consultant in 2016. These data were (a) location data of study area, (b) 
transportation data such as street network; (c) spatial data such as building categories, and land use. 

2.2.  Method 
The method for developing the slum revitalizing plan for Baghdadiyah neighborhood was based on the 

space syntax technique, which combines integration and connectivity measurements. Integration 
assessment was performed to identify the design to-movement potential of a space. Meanwhile, the 
connectivity analysis was used for counting deep all line up and gets that property of the line. Taken 
together, these results ultimately contributed to the remodeling configuration. The literature review was 
conducted to gain consensus understanding on the discussion of the slum area. The model should be 
developed based on the environmental approach and sustainable spatial planning. The planning steps of 
slum revitalizing plan for Badgdadiyah were described in Figure 2. 

 
 
 

                              
 
 
 
 

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Figure 1. The map of study area (Modified from Google Earth) 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 2. Flowchart of the study 

 

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2.3 Spatial re-modeling configuration 
The relationship between the syntactical properties (integration) and movement (pedestrian & 

vehicular) as well as the land uses was largely corroborated in the literature of space syntax. It is adopted 
by the current research as the initial base assumption to establish a methodology to assess and develop the 
initial proposal of a contemporary design for Baghdadiyah. The most appropriate proposal is expected to 
attain integration of the urban axes and the new plan (Figure 2). 

Baghdadiyah plan which represents its alley ways network was drawn as a geometrically closed 
polygon layout in DWG format, imported to Syntax2D 1.2 in a DXF format, then all-line-axial-map is 
automatically generated. This map was reduced to a fewest-line-map which covers the spatial system with 
as few lines as possible to let any part of the system to be seen from a line and at the same time ensure the 
minimized depth between all pairs of lines. The minimal version of the fewest-line map was selected rather 
than the subset version. It gives more natural image that approximates what was done by syntax 
researchers. Finally, an analysis was run to calculate the values of syntactic properties. 

Two syntactical properties (integration and connectivity) were measured. The connectivity means to 
count deep all line up and obtain a property of the line that can be viewed in the system. It relates to many 
lines of intersection and located to the depth of the middle area. Connectivity measures the number of 
immediate neighbors that are directly connected to space. 

Integration is the fewer intervening lines which needs to be passed through to go from a line to every 
other line (Hillier et al., 1987). In a more recent meaning, integration measures the distance from each 
spatial element to all others in a system (up to a certain radius and given a definition of distance) and so 
corresponds to mathematical closeness. According to this measure, the spaces of any spatial system can be 
hierarchical starting the maximum integrated (red axial lines) to the maximum segregated one (blue axial 
lines) (Klarqvist, 1993). The literature of space syntax stated that integration represents the to-movement 
potential of a space, and choses the through-movement potential, and points out also that the two 
measures correspond to two basic elements in any trip: selecting a destination from an origin (integration). 
With the purpose of discourse the problem of the slum areas, an unconventional spatial analytic 
methodology was established to demonstrate the most essential routes of the road or street in each of the 
settlements (Taki et al., 2017). The isolated and intensified core of the settlement was identified by local 
accessibility analysis. Based on the analysis, a plan was decided upon to realign and link the smaller 
fragments to the larger structure of city-wide routes. 

 

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
3.1. Identifying physical condition of Baghdadiyah 

Baghdadiyah located on the east side of the red sea, is an area densely populated with a variety of 
backgrounds country. Most the dweller is middle class and poor. This area is surrounded by the main street 
transport; therefore, it is a strategic value of this area. Densely settlements are concentrated in the center 
of the area with smaller houses, while large houses are located on the sides of those areas. The streets 
network in this area is homocentric.  

There are two main streets that intersect in the middle of the area, and each of them has small street 
branches (Figure 3). This small street indicates a very dense concentration of buildings with extremely 
narrow spaces between buildings that lead to the formation of small and much-branched streets. Many 
buildings in Baghdadiyah are old, unfit and bad categories, as shown in Figure 4 with a dark red color. They 
are mostly located in the middle area with a pattern of small and split form features. Some of the site 
blocks consist of small and densely buildings that are not neatly arranged while surrounding site blocks are 
neatly constructed buildings. 

 

 
 
 
 
 
 

 

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Figure 3. The streets network of Baghdadiyah  

 
 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 4. The building categories of Baghdadiyah 

 
Overall land use at this location (Figure 5) was dominated residential areas (yellow color) with the 

location at the center of the area. Other land use such as commercial (red) was located along side of the 

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street, the open space and vacant, while warehousing, offices, and industry lied spread alongside the main 

street. The Figure 6 showed that many numbers of intervening lines or depth and the large numbers led to 

much space segregations, as shown on the identification of the circle. It shows the amount of space with 

categories slum. This location is a target and categorized as a slum area. Therefore, it needs serious 

attention to immediate revitalization. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 5. The land use of Baghdadiyah 

 

 

                                     

 

                              

 

 

                  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 6. The potential area to be revitalized in Baghdadiyah 

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3.2.   Spatial configuration analysis of existing condition 

Existing condition is the current physical form of the area consisting of the location structure among 
buildings and street network patterns. Understanding the existing condition is important to build the new 
or proposed model since it is expected to improve the quality of life. In this section, the syntactical 
properties (connectivity and integration) have been used as an analysis using space syntax technique. 

The connectivity analysis of Baghdadiyah shown in Figure 7 revealed that the number of lines was 
directly joined with it. The connectivity was related to many lines of intersection and was located to the 
depth of the middle area. The red color representing lines or roads with good connectivity was only visible 
in the middle. As opposed, the other of the lines had blue color which means poor category of connectivity. 
The category of lines color was blue, green, yellow and red. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 
 

 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 7. The connectivity of Baghdadiyah (Own Analysis, 2016) 

 

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Global image integration in Figure 8 showed that good integration is shown as a red line. By contrast, 
dominant blue color stated the poor area. The integration of poorly visible especially the area of the center 
where many lines are formed caused considerable depths and increase segregation in the system. Many 
blue lines on the edge, green and yellow lines dominated the whole area. 

From the analysis of connectivity (Figure 7) and integration (Figure 8) of the existing area by deep or 
shallow in each line from other lines, it can be discussed that this area is categorized as a slum and soon 
need to be revitalized, especially in the central of the area. The enormous numbers of lines with dense and 
short distance were the evidence. 

 

 

 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

                                         
 
 

Figure 8. The integration of Baghdadiyah (Own Analysis, 2016) 

3.3.   A New Model for Slum Revitalizing plan of Badgdadiyah 

 The new model is a proposed design to replace the current condition. The new model is designed with 
the aim of reducing the very tight spacing between buildings as well as facilitating the movement of 
transport traffic by creating simpler street network patterns but is expected to enlarge the value of 
connectivity and integration. The focus of the revitalizing area is that the detected location has a low 
syntactical properties value and is proven by green and blue color lines in the result of space syntax 
technique. 

Connectivity of new model is taken by line and network improvement and presented in the system. It 
is expected to increase the connectivity of new space. In the Figure 9, the reduction in the blue color as a 

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 Connectivity0

20

1 7 13 19 25 31 37 43 49 55

Connectivity

sign of poor connectivity appeared. On the contrary, closer to the red color, a sign of improvement 
especially overall connectivity area can be observed. Analysis of integration of the new models is expected 
to add shallow from the lines and on the other hand, can reduce the deep of all line. In Figure 10, there is 
an addition of red color lines in the middle of the street intersection, while the blue and green lines are 
reduced. This result marked improvement in terms of integration.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 9. The connectivity of new model of Baghdadiyah (Own Analysis, 2016) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Figure 10. The integration of new model of Baghdadiyah (Own Analysis, 2016) 

3.4.  The comparative analysis of syntactical property between existing and a new model. 

The final analysis step of this study is to obtain a full comparison between the existing condition 
(actual) and the new model (proposed).  A comparative analysis was conducted by looking at the syntactical 
properties. In Table 1, a valuable difference in connectivity and integration based on average, maximum, 
minimum and standard deviation was shown. 

 
Table 1. The syntactical property between existing (actual) and new model (Own Analysis, 2016). 

Syntatical Property Average Maximun Minimum SD 

Actual Proposed Actual Proposed Actual Proposed Actual Proposed 

Connectivity 4,189 4,441 9 12 1 1 1,790 2,299 

Integration 68,353 86,453 242,405 211,939 15,868 9.5 43,036 42,686 

 
A comparative analysis above states that there are differences of connectivity average between existing 

(4,189) and proposed model (4,441). It means that connectivity of the new model was better than the 
existing condition. The analysis of integration shows the actual average (68,453) and the new model 

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(86,453) in syntactical property. This means that the existing is narrower than the new model. In addition, 
this analysis is expected to make it more accessible. 

Previous research that has specifically studied the slum area using space syntax techniques was 
performed by (Hernbäck, 2012). His research aimed to find the most significant physical differences 
between study areas that were proved to be the hierarchical nature of the street network. A clearer 
hierarchy in an unplanned area implies the space in which women are generally located at lower levels of 
public function. The regular street grid of the planned area resulted in a more equitable distribution of 
public functions. In this way, the built environment in unplanned areas reflects and reproduces gender 
relations in the use of public space. 

Meanwhile, the result of this research showed the difference of synthetic properties between existing 
condition and new model where the syntactical properties value of new model was better than the existing 
condition. It indicated the expressive profit achieved through intervention slum revitalizing plan, in terms of 
integration and connectivity urban framework with buildings and streets. Moreover, the proposed street in 
the new model should correspondingly improve the interaction between buildings, which will be more 
connected, especially in areas where there was an economic and social gap. The recommendation of this 
study is that, this elaborated proposal for Baghdadiyah is not only to offer a relation between the buildings 
and streets with urban fabric but also to take this opportunity to reduce most of the city's problems, to 
bring the city back as a key element of space articulation. 

 

4. CONCLUSION 
The existing spatial configuration of Baghdadiyah is dominated by segregation because the depth of 

each line. In this spatial configuration, it is indicated by the presence of the slum area and the need to 
obtain immediate attention for revitalizing the area. The results of the comparative analysis showed the 
new model having more connectivity compared to the existing condition since the shallow is decreased and 
the deep is reduced. Also, the new model is dominated by integration. Since the integration value is 
increased, the deep among lines is reduced. Finally, a new model performs better than the existing 
condition. In addition, the new model is highly potential to be proposed to revitalize the slum area. 

The intended benefits of this study are to eliminate the degradation quality of environmental, physical, 
social, health, and economic conditions, to improve attractive physical territory and the value of land, to 
guarantee the security of the land tenure, to prevent the fragmentation of non-Saudi inhabitants, to add 
inner infrastructure and to connect to the neighboring areas. 

 

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