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         Geoplanning 
Vol 6, No. 1, 2019, 31-42                                                                                                                                                            Journal of Geomatics and Planning 

                                                                                                 E-ISSN: 2355-6544 
http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/geoplanning 

doi: 10.14710/geoplanning.6.1.31-42  

Assessing Landscape Pattern Relationship with Dengue 
Incidence in Peninsular Malaysia 
N. Mohamad a, W. Y. W. Ibrahim b,  A. N. M. Ludin         a 

a Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. 
b Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 
 

Abstract: Dengue is the most common urban disease that is most prevalent in tropical areas. 

WHO 2009 stated that these diseases has grown a public health concern due to the risk of 
dengue infection that has increased dramatically between 50 and 100 million cases every year. 
This issue was very corresponded with landscape and environment changes. The objective of this 
paper is to discuss how landscape patterns in relation to dengue incidence.  Open website; 
idengue were highly contributed in this study to locate the most risky area for dengue fever 
incidence at the township level. Geographic information system (GIS) was used to demonstrate 
the spatial patterns of all dengue cases in Johor Bahru and Geoprocessing was used to measure 
the boundary of risk according to the distribution of dengue outbreak. After that, to analyze the 
spatial landscape pattern, satellite images were used.  Spatial descriptive analysis shows non-
strata housing, open space, road, planned commercial, strata housing and drainage system 
network is the most prevalence land use activity for dengue incidence in Iskandar Region. The 
finding shows the common landscape composition that relates to dengue cases. In conclusion, 
the future development of land use should be considered on landscape pattern towards rapid 
urbanization. 
 

 Copyright © 2019 GJGP-UNDIP  
This open access article is distributed under a  

Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY-NC-SA) 4.0 International license. 

 
How to Cite (APA 6 th Style):  
Nuramalina, M., Ibrahim, W.Y.W., & Ludin, A. N. M. (2019). Assessing Landscape Pattern Relationship with Dengue Incidence in Peninsular 

Malaysia. Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning, 6(1), 31-42. doi:10.14710/geoplanning.6.1.31-42. 

 

1. INTRODUCTION 

Dengue fever is the most important vector-borne disease (Aedes mosquitoes) in tropical areas. The 
disease has grown a public health concern due to the risk of dengue infection that has increased 
dramatically between 50 and 100 million cases every year (Nathan et al., 2009). It is predictable that 
dengue cases can be one of the serious vectors borne disease in Asian region especially in Malaysia if there 
is no vector effective control and action are taken. These bad scenarios are getting worse usually during 
monsoon seasons where there was in the spell of wet weather (Pang & Loh, 2016). It has a complex 
relationship with environmental factors that influence the transmission of dengue infections such as the 
environment, climate and weather, human behaviour and immunity among the human population (Cheong 
et al., 2014; Xiang et al., 2017).  United Nation Development Programme 2018 goals are to achieve the 
target whereby 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and 
combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases. According to Pang et al. (2017) 
the risk of dengue is now higher due to the urbanization and globalization process. Instead increasing the 
dengue immunity, decreasing the mosquito population is very important. Mosquito population and habitat 
rely on the urban landscape pattern. 

The relationship between urban landscape and dengue incidences is apparent where the landscape 
structure composition in urban areas prominently influenced the dengue incidences (Cheong et al., 2014). 
Colonization of new habitat can be demolished by the process of land use changes. Land use changes can 
extend or reduce of the new habitat. In fact, land use and landscape changes can modify the composition 
of the mosquitoes because vector species rely on their new habitat preferences (Patz & Norris, 2004). Land 
use and land cover change now recognized as an important driver of disease.  For emerging or re-emerging 

Article Info: 
Received: 27 Aug 2018 
in revised form: 15 March 2019 
Accepted: 30 April 2019 
Available Online:  30 August 2019 
 

Keywords:  
Landscape pattern, Dengue 
incidence, Geographic Information 
System 
 

Corresponding Author: 
Nuramalina Binti Mohamad 
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia  
Email: nuramalina.mohamad1211 
@gmail.com  

OPEN ACCESS 

https://doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.6.1.31-42
https://doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.6.1.31-42
https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Universidade_Federal_de_Uberlandia_UFU
mailto:nuramalina.mohamad1211@gmail.com
mailto:nuramalina.mohamad1211@gmail.com


 
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infectious diseases, landscape change offers context and serves as a likely proximate driver of risk 
particularly when considering vector-borne or zoonotic diseases (Messina et al., 2015). The transformation 
process of landscape significantly related to the dengue incidences where the composition of land use 
types and land covers are the factors associated with mosquito ecology. In relation with scenario, the aim 
of this study is to shows landscape pattern that affected dengue incidence with the four important factors 
which is socio-economic, environment, human behaviour and land use and land cover. 
 

2. DATA AND METHODS 

2.1. Study Area 
Located strategically in the heart of Asia at southernmost tip in peninsular Malaysia. World busiest 

shipping routes and possesses an abundance of natural and human resources. Iskandar Region 
Development (Figure 1) were expected 3 million people in 2025 and now it is home to 1.6 million people. It 
was selected because undergoing rapid urbanization. Iskandar Malaysia region is a comprehensive 
development region that covers 221,634.1 hectares (2,216.3 square km) of land area at the most southern 
part of Johor consisting the whole of Johor Bahru district and some areas in Pontian district. However, this 
study only focuses on 6 district which is Tebrau, Bandar Johor Bahru, Jelutong, Pulai, Tanjong Kupang and 
Sg. Tiram. By taking Johor Bahru as a study area undergoing rapid urbanization process, that will 
significantly change the future landscape scenario. The final result will determine the most risk land use and 
factors for dengue cases based on the condition of landscape composition and land use type configuration 
in the urbanization process of Johor Bahru. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 1.  Key plan of Iskandar Malaysia 
 

2.2. Methods 
Several stages were involved in the study such as database development, database analysis and 

synthesis. Figure 2 shows the framework of the study that describes sequence of the process in this 
research. The first stage of this research is clarifying the relationship of dengue incidence with landscape 
pattern through literature review. After that, dengue incidence data was extract from the website idengue. 
Dengue cases from March, April and May 2018. After that longitude & latitude of the location were 
geocode by using ArcGIS. A pair of coordinates represents a points of dengue incidence. The location of the 
cases was plot to the map as well as the number of cases by using the method of kernel density through 
ArcGIS application. After that, land use data 2016 were layered to figure out the cluster area. 

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Figure 2. Research Framework 

Dengue cases were classify by zone and analysed by the cluster area within 500m as dengue cluster area 
is the area where two or more dengue cases occur within the 200 meter radius area of the index case 
within 14 days from the date of notification of the index case (Figure 3). There are 6 zone were classify 
within this area whereby this zone will analyse more detail. Meanwhile, there are several categories of land 
uses activity classified such as non-strata housing, open space, planned commercial, schools, mosque, 
police station, drainage, pump house and etc (Figure 4). After that the cluster area were overlay with land 
use map and intersect within 500 m to more focus on spatial landscape area. 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 3. Dengue incidence in the study area 

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Figure 4. Type of land use within the study area 

 

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

3.1. The Prevalence of Land Use Activity 

a. Zone A 

Zone A is located at Pulai district where there have 9 cases from March until May. Table 1 shows the 
exact location and the number of cases. Graph shows non strata housing is the highest percentage with 
35.04 % follow by planned commercial with 12.62 % and bushes 9.49 % (Figure 5). This result consequence 
with the theory by Whitehorn & Farrar (2010) Aedes aegypti prefer in urban context and high population 
density area. There several type of housing pattern in this zone and most dominated with terrace house; 
single storey. Besides, another type that also popular at this zone is Apartment type of housing which is 
Apartment Meranti and Apartment Melawis at Taman Universiti. This zone A is the centre for local people at 
Pulai district to buy their groceries, and for outsider for sightseeing since this area are located with 
commercial area which is U Mall, Skudai, Aeon Taman U, Taman Rekreasi Majlis Pebandaran Johor Bahru, 
Gunung Pulai and other commercial shop houses where correlated with the result whereby the second 
most highest percentage is planned commercial area. 

Moreover, bushes can be categorized as the highest prevalence of land use activity for dengue 
incidence. There are many reasons on how the certain location can be a bushes spot area it is either the 
owner of the land did not maintain well or the land is the abundance area that belongs to government or 
any other developer or agencies. These bushes can cause the water flow stop and the water stagnant will 
develop into breeding site for Aedes mosquitoes. Recently, studies show that dengue vectors have been 
captured in vegetated areas and it can be found in bushes area (Hayden et al., 2010; Vezzani et al., 2005). 
However, drainage and open space got the highest percentage of land use activity in this cluster area. This 
type of land use activity was related with this research because Aedes mosquitoes will survive. Drainage 
system mostly depends on the water stream line which is natural source. This is another favourable dengue 
breeding site (Uribe et al., 2008). Open space such as field, Recreation Park and riverside can be categorized 
as public space. 

 

 

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Figure 5. The percentage of land use activity in Zone A 

 

Table 1. Land use map of Zone A 

Zone A Taman Universiti Satellite image Land use map 

Zone A 

Zone A (Pulai Districs) Cases 

Taman Pulai Utama, Jalan Pulai 
7-18 1 
Taman Pulai Indah, Jalan Pulai 
Indah 1 
Taman Pulai Utama, Flat Taman 
Pulai Utama 3 
Taman Universiti, Apartment 
Meranti 1 
Taman Universiti, Apartment 
Melawis 1 
Taman Universiti, Kebangsaan 
Jalan 1-29 1 

Taman Universiti, Jalan 
Pendidikan 1 

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

 

b. Zone B 

Location of zone 2 were at Taman Mutiara Rini and Taman Damai Jaya (Table 2). Taman Mutiara Rini is 
the most crucial area for cluster area dengue cases. Graph shows that approximately 26.01% of land use 
activity in cluster dengue area is pump house (water supply), 24.45% is non-strata housing and followed by 
bushes 16.37% (Figure 6). Pump house water supply is the main highest percentage in this zone. The result 
from this zone is very closely related to the recent studies by Cheong et al. (2014) that water element got 
the second highest percentage at the study area, Subang Selangor. Non strata housing is the second highest 
percentage because this zone is mainly used for residential area. Housing type for this cluster zone mostly 
were terrace house with double and single storey. However, there are certain location of housing area by 
terrace low cost house and apartment.  

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Bushes and open space quite high in this zone because some land was belonging to other parties and 
they did not maintain well and become abundance land. Bushes land use activity is causes by excessive 
expansion of bush at the expense of other plant species, especially grasses. There are major causes of 
bushes encroachment (de Klerk, 2004), this is because the grass layer is over utilised, and loses the 
competitive advantage and can no longer use water and nutrients effectively. This results in a higher water 
and nutrient infiltration rate into the subsoil. Such a scenario will benefit trees and bushes and allow them 
to dominate. Bush will impact negatively or positively on biodiversity at certain context. A large number of 
mammals, bird species, reptiles and anthropoids are associated with the bush thickening in that area. 
However, if there are right densities of bush with mix of trees and shrubs there will produce more 
favourable sub habitat that resulting greater variety of herbaceous species which is good for ecological 
cycle. Local should aware on the routine of the removal of bushes because it will affect another plant to 
grow healthy (de Klerk, 2004). In South Africa Land cover data 2010, there were identified bushes as 
untransformed areas whereby the percentage woody thickening which is less than 20% (Stafford et al., 
2017). Besides, the attitude of the local people does not really like to maintain the surround landscape. 
They let the bushes grow and did not realized it can give a negative impact.   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 6. The percentage of land use activity in Zone B 

 

Table 2. The land use map of zone B 

Zone B Taman Mutiara Rini Sattelite image Land use map 

Zone B 
Zone 2 Cases 

Jalan Bakti 23, Mutiara Rini 4 

Taman Mutiara Rini, Jalan 
Utama 8-17 

3 

Taman Mutiara Rini, 
Pangsapuri Jasa 

4 

Taman Damai Jaya, Jalan 
Makmur 

4 

 

  

 

 

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c.  Zone C 

The first influenced land use activity for dengue cases in zone C are open space 5.8% followed by non-strata 
housing 5.0% and bare earth 3.7% (Figure 7). There are located near to Sungai Sekudai with total 3 dengue 
cases from March to May (refer Table 3).  Sungai Sekudai is one of the potential natural resource for Johor 
Bahru that need to develop to become as one of recreation area. However, now this area become bare land 
and not develop that can cause negative impact for health and environment to the context area. 

\ 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 7. The percentage of land use activity in Zone C 

 

Table 3. The land use map of zone C 
 

Zone C (Bandar JB District) Satellite image Land use map 

Zone C 
Zone C Cases 

Taman Tampoi Indah 2, 
Apartment Sri Kenari 

1 

Taman Tampoi Indah 2, 
Apartment Park Avenue 

1 

Lily and Jasmine Apartment, 
Jalan titiwangsa Utama 

1 

 

 
 

 

 

d. Zone D 

The highest percentage of this zone are planned commercial with 15.21% followed by non-strata housing 
11.67% and open space 8.14% (Table 4). This zone located at the centre of Johor Bahru town. Johor Bahru is 
the crowded place and act as focal point for outsider and visitors to stay at nearest hotel. Nowadays, travel 
played an important factor to the distribution of dengue virus and it is associated with the Pucallpa 
outbreak during 2012. Non strata housing is the second highest percentage in this zone. Mostly time of 
housing in this area was flat and apartment at Flat Stulang Laut, Jalan Stulang. This type of housing which is 
flat and apartment are with high population density. Besides, people prefer to live and stay at this area 
because this zone are very accessible to others places and facilities. Apart from that, open space also is the 

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highest percentage in this zone. Since this is busiest area, there a lot of transportation network and traffic. 
This is related with the theory by Wen et al. (2012) that human and movement of individuals could 
potentially increase the distribution of dengue infections as it can go beyond the dispersal range of 
mosquito population and can causes large scale outbreaks. Recent studies show that human settlements 
also one of the spots of land use activity where there found Aedes mosquitoes breed in water filled 
containers (Nyamah et al., 2010). 

Table 4. The land use map of zone D 

Zone D Satellite image Land use map 

 
Zone D Cases 

Bangunan Sultan 
Iskandar 

2 

Jalan Segget JB 1 

Flat Stulang Laut, 
Taman Stulang 
Laut 

3 

 

 
  
 

 

e. Zone E 

The highest percentage of land use activity in zone E is road network 29.33%, non-strata housing 27.53% 
and open space 6.67% (Figure 8). This Zone E are located at Taman Puteri Wangsa (Table 5), Jalan Lading 
with 4 cases from March until May. Road network is the highest percentage because this housing area 
locate near to the major road network; Jalan Puteri. Housing pattern in this area mostly are low cost house; 
terrace with single storey and terrace with double storey. Apart, there are open space of an abundance and 
did no maintained well and filled with bushes. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 8. The percentage of land use activity in Zone E 

 

 

 

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Table 5. The land use map of zone E 

Zone E satellite image Land use map 

 

Zone E Cases 

Taman Puteri 
Wangsa, Jalan 
Lading 

4 

 

 

  

 

f. Zone F 

The highest percentage of land use activity in this area are open space with 42.71% follow by road 39.58% 
and non-strata housing 13.13% (See Figure 9). This zone located at Jalan Sejambak (Plentong District). 
Mostly type of housing in this zone are terrace-double storey houses (Table 6). The composition of house is 
closer from another house and it is surround with open space where mostly filled with bushes. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 9. The percentage of land use activity in Zone F 

 

Table 6. The land use map of zone E 

Zone F satellite image Land use map 

Zone F Cases 

Taman Bukit 
Dahlia, Jalan 
Sejambak 

3 

 

 
 

 

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3.2. Spatial Descriptive Analysis  

After calculate and considering of all type of land use activity, there is 6 type of land use activity which is 
the most risk for dengue incidence in Iskandar Region, Johor Bahru; (1) Non-strata housing, (2) Open space, 
(3) Road, (4) Planned commercial, (5) Strata housing and (6) Drainage system network. From all analysis 
zone A, B, C, D, E and F the most commonness land use activity is non-strata housing, open space, road, 
planned commercial, strata housing and drainage system network. There are several similarities of 
characteristic from all zone whereby most of land use for all zone are in urban context with high population 
density. According to Wu et al. (2009) the rapid growth of environment could lead to the increasing of 
dengue incidence. This is much related with this area where most of the dengue cases are happen in urban 
area. Housing is crucial area in this study whereby the pattern of the housing and the outdoor environment 
increased the possibilities of dengue transmission to other people. However, non-built up area such as open 
space, road and drainage network is part of the land use activity also acts as determinant of dengue 
mosquito’s presence. All of this land use needs more attention for future planning since this is the most risk 
land use activity in Iskandar Region. Unplanned urbanization causes the development of breeding site and 
increasing the potential of Aedes mosquitoes to disperse. 

Different context of housing has different type of landscape composition (Table 7). Most of the houses 
tend to have their own green space in front of their houses especially for terrace house. These cultures are 
related with recent studies by Rohani et al. (2011) whereby Malays prefers to have green element at their 
living spaces. Apart, well defined of landscape structure can boost the quality of neighbourhood context 
and provide a conducive living space in residential area (Shahli et al., 2014). However, this culture could lead 
to negative impact to the neighbourhood if they did not maintain well because most of the research has 
been prove that Aedes mosquitoes were trap at vegetated areas. Entomological studied prove that dengue 
vectors mostly found in vegetated areas, such as orchards, rubber plantation also in brackish water (Hayden 
et al., 2010; Vanwambeke et al., 2007; Vezzani et al., 2005). Besides, open spaces at this context mostly are 
abundance and filled with lot of bushes. This can support the Aedes mosquitoes breeding activities because 
some of the leaves can collect clean water and becomes a breeding site for them. This result was closely 
related with recent studies in Putrajaya where the residents aware that the risk of the potential breeding 
site at green space (Dickinson & Hobbs, 2017). These land use activity; open space did not correspond with 
the theories by (Tyrväinen et al., 2007) where green space can improve the interaction and healthy lifestyle 
to the surrounds. 

Table 7. Spatial descriptive in all zone 

No. Total percentage all zone % Total hectare all zone m2 No of Existency Zone 

1 Non-strata housing 117% Non-strata housing 310.25 Non-strata housing 6 Zone 

2 Open Space 84% Pump houses 178.79 Open space 6 zone 

3 Road 80% Bushes 176.56 Drainage system network 5 

4 Planned Commercial 33% Open space 175.04 Road 5 

5 Bushes 30% Planned commercial 80.61 Planned commercial 5 

6 Pump House (water supply) 26% Road 69.41 Strata housing 5 

7 Strata Housing 20% Strata Housing 65.92 Electrical substation 5 

8 Drainage System Network 14% Drainage System Network 49.65 Mosque 5 

9 Secondary school 10% River 23.98 Water tank 4 

 
 
Other than that, road is very significant in urban planning design. According to Khormi and Kumar 

(2011). High qualities of neighbourhood which is have a wider street have a low risk of dengue infection 
while low qualities of neighbourhood which is have narrower street more potential for dengue infection. 
Major roadways are part of determinants to studies the existence of dengue (Mahabir et al., 2012). In 
contrast, the major motorways may form major barriers to the flying mosquitoes because the volume of 
traffic is greater on these roads and especially during blood feeding periods for mosquitoes (early morning 

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and later evening) since these usually coincide with journeys to and from work (Mahabir et al., 2012). 
By 2020, the forecast number of households increasing at a faster rate than the growth of population. 

This statement related with this site studies where most of the cluster zone with dengue cases are at low 
cost housing area (terrace and flat). UN Habitat 2003 forecast where the number of people living in this 
settlement is expected to increase to 2 billion by 2030. This fact should synchronize to strategies on how to 
improve living condition for poor and average people. UN Habitat, 2003 revealed the attributes and the 
condition of low-cost housing that relate with this research; lack of basic services, substandard housing or 
illegal and inadequate building structures, overcrowding and high density, unhealthy living condition and 
hazardous locations and poverty. 

However there are strong reason why flat or apartment type of house become one of risk type land use 
activity for dengue cases, this is because multi-layer type of house lead increasing the shaded area of the 
context thus this could be a potential temperature for Aedes mosquitoes breeding where the ideal 
temperature for Aedes mosquitoes breeding is between 20-30 Celcius (Tun-Lin et al., 2000). According to 
Nazri et al. (2009) temperature and humidity of the environment are the core factors to influence the Aedes 
mosquito’s performance; maturation, replication and their survival time. However, temperature can be one 
of the reasons for terrace house pattern. This is because from analyse of satellite image the house sizes are 
smaller and the houses are closer together. The closer of the house, the higher of shaded area. Landscape 
composition of the context area will affect the rate of dengue incidence in certain area. In short, the main 
character of dengue cases in landscape composition is housing (low cost house), green and open space, 
drainage system network, commercial area and road. All of this land use needs more attention for future 
planning since this is the most risk land use activity in Iskandar Region. 

 

4. CONCLUSIONS 

The future development of land use especially for residential and open space should be considered on 
landscape pattern towards rapid urbanization. This study shows that, the transmission of dengue cases is 
likely more on housing area; low cost house which is terrace and flat, commercial area, open space, road 
and drainage system network. All of this land use activity is the highest prevalence at dengue cluster area in 
Iskandar Region, Johor Bahru. However, others factor such as households waste, indoor environments of 
the housing must be considered.  

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