







































69 

 
            Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2025, 69 - 78 

 

Original Research 

Urban Morphology and Development of Mae 

Hong Son Old City: A Geospatial Analysis for 

Sustainable Heritage Conservation 

Supharerk O-in1* 

1. Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts, Silpakorn University, Thailand 

 

 

 

DOI: 10.14710/geoplanning.12.1.69-78  

Abstract 

This study investigates the urban morphology and development of Mae Hong Son's old city through geospatial analysis 

to support sustainable heritage conservation. It focuses on spatiotemporal changes in urban expansion by utilizing 

aerial photographs, high-resolution satellite imagery, and geospatial techniques including Change Detection and Kernel 

Density Estimation (KDE), to analyze the city’s development patterns from 1971 to 2023. The results indicate that the 

built-up area increased significantly from 0.47 km² in 1971 to 9.71 km² in 2023, while the number of buildings grew from 

2,855 to 11,948 during the same period. These findings reveal significant physical transformations, primarily driven by 

economic growth and increased settlement in the early 20th century. Urban growth predominantly occurred in the northern 

part of the city, constrained by surrounding mountains and rivers. Despite modern urban development, Mae Hong Son has 

retained its unique identity through a combination of traditional wooden structures and contemporary architecture. The 

findings emphasize the need to balance modern urban expansion with the preservation of cultural heritage and offer insights 

for sustainable conservation planning in historic cities and it contributes to understand the historical urban dynamics of 

Mae Hong Son’s old city and provides recommendations for sustainable heritage conservation planning. 

Copyright © 2025  by Authors,  

Published by Universitas Diponegoro Publishing Group.  

This open access article is distributed under a  

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license 

 

1. Introduction  

The study of old cities has become increasingly important as these areas are characterized by unique local 

features, encompassing architecture, social structures, lifestyles, and historical and cultural elements. These 

factors have shaped old communities into historically and culturally significant places, evident in their distinctive 

urban landscapes that persist to the present day. However, the expansion of urban areas to accommodate 

population growth and economic activities has led to changes and sprawl of old city centers into peripheral areas. 

This has raised concerns about the potential impact on the cultural heritage of these communities. Thus, the 

study of urban morphology and the historical development of cities is critical to understanding changes in urban 

areas in terms of physical, economic, and social dimensions. Moreover, these changes reflect the interaction 

between local communities and external influences, such as economic development, transportation, and tourism 

policies. UNESCO (2011) emphasizes the importance of conserving historic cities through effective management 

and development strategies that maintain the unique identity of these urban areas. 

e-ISSN: 2355-6544 
 
Received:  13 January 2025;  
Revised:  15 May 2025;  
Accepted:  15 May 2025;  
Available Online: 14 May 2025; 
Published:  28 May 2025.  
 
Keywords:  
Urban morphology, Kernel Density 
Estimation, Cultural Heritage, Mae 
Hong Son 

 
*Corresponding author(s)  
email: oin_s@su.ac.th 

https://doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.12.1.69-78


O-in / Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning, Vol 12, No 1, 2025, 69 - 78 
DOI: 10.14710/geoplanning.12.1.69-78 

 

70 

Mae Hong Son is recognized as a historic city under the `Prime Minister's Office Regulation on 

Rattanakosin and Old Towns (2021) by the Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning 

(ONEP). Mae Hong Son has a long history, evolving from a trading outpost along the Mae Hong Son River to 

its current status as a significant urban center. Its heritage includes tangible and intangible elements such as 

ancient monuments, architectural styles, artistic works, traditional lifestyles, and cultural practices. 

This research explores the development and transformation of Mae Hong Son through historical 

documents, field surveys, and spatial analysis using Kernel Density Estimation within a Geographic Information 

System (GIS). The aim is to gain a deeper understanding of the city's urban development and the cultural and 

social dimensions associated with these changes. The findings will contribute to recommendations for 

sustainable conservation and development of Mae Hong Son as a historic city, ensuring its cultural identity is 

preserved for future generations. 

The importance of studying historical cities and urban morphology lies in the preservation of culture and 

history, particularly in maintaining local identity, which is often affected by urban and economic development. 

Research such as Urban Morphology and Conservation in China (Whitehand et al., 2011) (Xie et al., 2020) and 

Urban Morphology and Historical Urban Landscape Conservation and Management (Zhang & Li, 2022) 

highlights the critical role of urban morphology in managing historical urban areas through sustainable 

development strategies. Similarly, studies like Urban Morphological Analysis Framework for Conservation 

Planning and Management (Mohamed et al., 2018) emphasize the importance of using urban morphology as a 

tool for conservation planning and management. Spatial analysis techniques are widely applied in urban 

morphology studies to analyze urban forms. Examples include Urban Build-Up Building Change Detection 

Using Morphology Based on GIS (Moe & Sein, 2016) and Urban Road Change Detection Using Morphological 

Processing (Win, 2021), which employ change detection techniques to study urban morphological changes. 

Other research utilizes Kernel Density Estimation to analyze the distribution and transformation of urban 

structures and economic activities, as seen in studies by Zehul et al. (2021), and King et al. (2015). These 

techniques have been extensively used to study urban morphology across various regions. 

 Understanding urban morphology contributes to contextual insights into the development of historical 

cities, ultimately leading to urban conservation (Whitehand, 2015). For instance, studies on the conservation of 

Kiruna, Sweden (Jennie & Erik, 2020), and the preservation of urban and architectural heritage (Umar et al., 

2019) demonstrate the interplay between different factors and urban development impacts on historical areas. 

This review underscores the need for urban morphological studies that balance economic growth with cultural 

heritage preservation. It provides a foundation for investigating the urban morphology and development of Mae 

Hong Son to achieve a harmonious balance between economic development and the preservation of cultural 

identity. 

2. Data and Methods 

2.1. Study Area 

 Mae Hong Son (Figure 1), a province in the northern of Thailand, is notable for its unique geographical 

features, cultural diversity, and multi-ethnic population. Mae Hong Son’s old city is situated along the Mae Hong 

Son River, covering an area of approximately 6 square kilometers at an elevation of 250–400 meters above sea 

level. The city is located within a mountainous basin, flanked by two streams: the Mae Hong Son River to the 

south and the Bu Stream to the north. These streams converge at Ban Sop Pong before merging with the Pai 

River. 

Historically, the original city was oval-shaped and relatively compact, with initial settlements covering 

an area of about 0.4 square kilometers near the riverbank. Over time, the community expanded along roadways, 

resulting in urban growth. Nong Chong Kham, a central feature of the area, is located to the south of the early 

settlement. The city's diameter extended to about 1 kilometer, encompassing an area of approximately 1.5 square 

kilometers. Evidence indicates that the city's ancient moat was completed in 1885 (BE 2428). However, remnants 

https://doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.12.1.69-78


O-in / Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning, Vol 12, No 1, 2025, 69 - 78 
DOI: 10.14710/geoplanning.12.1.69-78 

 

71 

of the moat no longer exist today, with some sections transformed into drainage channels. This historical and 

geographical context underscores the significance of Mae Hong Son's old city as a cultural and historical 

landmark. 

 
Source: Author, 2025 

Figure 1. Study Area: The Ancient City of Mae Hong Son 

2.2. Data and Methodology  

In this study, the researchers utilized aerial photographs and high-resolution satellite imagery from 1971 

to 2023 within the WGS 1984 UTM Zone 47Q coordinate system. The data included black-and-white aerial 

photographs at a scale of 1:15,000 from the Royal Thai Survey Department in 1971 and 1984, color aerial 

photographs at a scale of 1:25,000 from the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives in 2002, and high-

resolution QuickBird satellite imagery from 2023. The selection of the time period was based on the availability 

of aerial photographic data and the major urban development periods of Mae Hong Son, with 1971 being the 

pre-urban expansion period prior to major infrastructure development in 1984, reflecting initial growth 

influenced by road expansion, 2002 corresponding to significant urban expansion under regional tourism 

initiatives, and 2023 being the latest development period for comparative analysis. The digitization process was 

performed to extract building structures and road networks from these images. These data were then analyzed 

to study the distribution and density patterns of built-up areas using Change Detection Techniques (Lu et al., 

2004; Coppin et al., 2004) and Kernel Density Analysis. These methods were employed to examine the spatial 

patterns and expansion dynamics of urban development over time. 

2.3. Change Detection and Kernel Density Estimation 

Change Detection is a process used to identify changes in data by comparing two distinct time periods. It 

is commonly applied in the context of satellite imagery or spatial data to analyze changes in landscapes, 

environments, or infrastructure (Picard, 1985; Ghaderpour & Vujadinovic, 2020). A widely used technique in 

this process is Classification Comparison, which involves comparing the classification results of imagery from 

two different time periods (Mas, 1999). 

Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) is a method for analyzing point pattern distributions, falling under the 

principles of quantitative geographic analysis (Maurizio et al., 2007). It is a non-parametric statistical technique 

used to estimate the Probability Density Function (PDF) of a random variable. The method aims to approximate 

https://doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.12.1.69-78


O-in / Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning, Vol 12, No 1, 2025, 69 - 78 
DOI: 10.14710/geoplanning.12.1.69-78 

 

72 

the PDF of a dataset based on existing sample data. Spatial data points are analyzed using Geographic 

Information Systems (GIS), and the results are typically presented as a raster grid. KDE was chosen over other 

spatial density methods (e.g., Ripley’s K-function or spatial autocorrelation indices like Moran’s I) due to its 

ability to produce continuous surface density maps that visually represent urban intensity. KDE is particularly 

effective for identifying urban cores, expansion zones, and development hotspots (Figure 2). Its flexibility in 

setting bandwidth and kernel function makes it suitable for analyzing urban forms in compact, topographically 

constrained cities. The principle of KDE involves calculating the radius for each data point and connecting it 

with other points using a specified bandwidth to determine density. This approach can improve the accuracy of 

predictive models. The density function (Equation 1) is expressed as follows (Hastie et al, 2001): 

𝑓 (𝑥) =  
1

𝑛ℎ
∑ 𝐾

𝑛

𝑖=1

(
𝑥 − 𝑥𝑖

ℎ
) … … … … … . (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 1) 

where: 𝑓 (𝑥) – the density of data at position 𝑥, 𝑛 – number of samples, ℎ– bandwidth, 𝐾 – kernel function, 𝑥𝑖 – 
sample data values 

 
Source: Author, 2025 

Figure 2. Conceptual Framework 

3. Result and Discussion 

 The study revealed that, based on historical aerial photographs and current satellite imagery, the city of 

Mae Hong Son has undergone urban expansion over time (Figure 3). The city has grown outward from its 

original center, which historically served as a trading hub for travelers. This area has since transformed into a 

residential zone, while still maintaining its historical significance. It continues to reflect the multicultural 

interactions of settlers, particularly the Tai Yai (Shan) community, who have preserved the city's history, 

architecture, and landscape. These characteristics provide a foundation for promoting cultural tourism in the 

region. Key historical sites include Sai Yut Market, the Old Market (Pok Kad Kao), the City Pillar Shrine, and 

Nong Chong Kham. These landmarks highlight the city's rich cultural heritage and its potential for sustainable 

tourism development. 

    
1971 1981 2002 2023 

Source: Author, 2025 

Figure 3. Aerial Photographs and High-Resolution Satellite Imagery from 1971 to 2023 

https://doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.12.1.69-78


O-in / Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning, Vol 12, No 1, 2025, 69 - 78 
DOI: 10.14710/geoplanning.12.1.69-78 

 

73 

 When examining the urban morphology, it was observed that between 1971 (Figure 4) and the present 

(Figure 5), the city has significantly expanded outward from its original center (Table 1). The most notable 

growth occurred in the northern area near the airfield, due to the flat terrain located within a valley. In contrast, 

expansion in other directions has been limited by natural barriers such as mountains and rivers, which have 

constrained urban development in those areas. 

Source: Author, 2025 

Figure 4. Aerial Photograph and Urban Morphology of Mae Hong Son City in 1971 

  

Source: Author, 2025 

Figure 5. Aerial Photograph and Urban Morphology of Mae Hong Son City in 2023 

Table 1. Comparison of the Number of Buildings and the Area Size of Mae Hong Son City 

 Before 1971 1971 1981 2002 2023 

Building 1,328 2,855 6,002 10,053 11,948 

Area (km2) 0.47 1.22 3.58 8.31 9.71 

Source: Author, 2025 

 When examining the building patterns, it was found that Mae Hong Son city has a concentration of 

buildings in the center of the community, particularly along main road, covering an area of approximately 0.45 

  

https://doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.12.1.69-78


O-in / Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning, Vol 12, No 1, 2025, 69 - 78 
DOI: 10.14710/geoplanning.12.1.69-78 

 

74 

square kilometers (Figure 6 and Table 2 & 3). By 1984, the city had expanded to the northern outskirts along 

the road to the north of Mae Hong Son Airport, and to the west along the road leading south. In 2002, the city 

continued its expansion northward, reaching the area north of Mae Hong Son Airport. By 2013, development 

had extended further south and west. In terms of building characteristics, the old city area of Mae Hong Son 

primarily consists of one to two storey buildings clustered in the city center along the main roads. Taller 

buildings, ranging from four to five storeys, are located near the hospital, situated to the east of the area. 

  
Source: Author, 2025 

Figure 6. Building Usage Types and Number of Floors of Buildings in Mae Hong Son City in 2023 

Table 2. Number of Floors of Buildings in Mae Hong Son City between 1971 – 2023 

Year 
Building floor 

1 2 3 4 5 6 Frequency Total 

1971 1,918 844 83 7 2 1 2,855 2,855 

1984 2,483 600 54 8 1 1 3,147 6,002 

2002 3,692 348 7 3 1  4,051 10,053 

2023 1,747 146 1 1   1,895 11,948 

Total 9,840 1,938 145 19 4 2 11,948  
Source: Author, 2025 

Table 3. Building Usage Types in Mae Hong Son City between 1971 – 2023 ty 

Building Use 
Building 

1971 1984 2002 2023 Total 
Residential 2,186 2,418 3,455 1,653 9,712 

Commercial 28 50 6 2 86 

Industrial 17 16 - 4 37 

Mixed use 2  2 - 4 

Public Utilities 543 580 383 93 1,599 

Public Facilities 37 47 23 1 108 

Cultural Heritage   1 1 2 

Agricultural 19 24 86 136 265 

Others 23 12 95 5 135 

Total 2,855 3,147 4,051 1895 11,948 

Source: Author, 2025 

When analyzed using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) to assess the distribution of buildings, it was 

found that between 1971 and 1984, the city expanded predominantly to the north and south (Figure 7). From 

https://doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.12.1.69-78


O-in / Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning, Vol 12, No 1, 2025, 69 - 78 
DOI: 10.14710/geoplanning.12.1.69-78 

 

75 

1984 to 2020, the expansion continued at an increased rate, with more buildings being constructed across a 

broader area. However, during the period from 2002 to 2023, the expansion slowed down considerably, and the 

city underwent minimal change compared to earlier periods. This suggests that urban development in Mae Hong 

Son became more stable, with limited growth and fewer new construction areas. This trend indicates a potential 

saturation of available land or a shift towards more sustainable urban planning strategies in the city. 

  
(a)  (b)  

  
(c) (d) 

Source: Author, 2025 

Figure 7. Comparison of Urban Expansion Analysis Using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) Technique. 

4. Discussion 

This analysis shows the changes in the urban morphology of Mae Hong Son City from the past to the 

present, utilizing data from aerial photographs and satellite imagery, along with analysis using Kernel Density 

Estimation and Change Detection techniques. This analysis results show the changes in morphological 

characteristics of Mae Hong Son City from the past to the present using data from aerial photographs and 

satellite images, along with analysis using Kernel Density Estimation and Change Detection techniques, which 

is consistent with the study by Guan et al. (2024) which examined three decades of urbanization in Qingdao City, 

China, as well as the research by Patel et al. (2024), which employed high-resolution satellite imagery to analyze 

land use changes in Ahmedabad City, India. The findings reveal that Mae Hong Son City has undergone 

significant physical changes and urban expansion from the 1970s to the present. In the past, urban growth 

primarily concentrated around the commercial center and gradually expanded into surrounding areas, 

https://doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.12.1.69-78


O-in / Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning, Vol 12, No 1, 2025, 69 - 78 
DOI: 10.14710/geoplanning.12.1.69-78 

 

76 

particularly to the north, due to geographic constraints such as surrounding mountains. The city's expansion is 

characterized by a combination of traditional buildings and modern architecture, while still maintaining the 

unique identity of Mae Hong Son City. This transformation reflects the interaction between urban development 

and external forces such as transportation, economy, and tourism.  

The results of this study align with previous research on ethnic settlement patterns (Teerarojanarat, 

2012), studies on the urban development of ancient cities in Grevana, Greece (Apostolou et al., 2024), and 

research on the settlement development of Batu, Indonesia (Witjaksono et al., 2023), all of which employed GIS 

and Remote Sensing techniques to study urban expansion. Additionally, this study is consistent with research 

on settlement distribution using Kernel Density analysis in Andean, Argentina (Lazzari et al., 2024), land-use 

classification within cities (Brandes, 2024), and spatial pattern analysis of rural towns such as Pingnan in Fujian, 

China (Chen et al., 2024). These studies highlight the significant contribution of this research in enhancing 

understanding of historical urban development and emphasize the importance of preserving the cultural and 

archaeological identity of the historic city of Mae Hong Son. The findings are in line with those of Li et al. (2023), 

who utilized GIS to delineate protection zones in response to increasing tourist pressure at the Wulingyuan 

World Heritage Site in China; Amato et al. (2017), who employed maps and aerial photographs to guide cultural 

heritage conservation amid urban expansion in Altamura, Italy; and Li et al. (2023), who used GIS-based 

planning to support the development and preservation of traditional villages in the Mentougou District of 

Beijing, China. The discussion of the results demonstrates that the findings of this study are consistent with 

numerous previous studies, reinforcing the role of Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies as an 

effective tool for supporting urban conservation research and planning. 

5. Conclusion 

The Kernel Density Estimation analysis further identifies the spatial distribution of buildings related to 

economic activities and residential areas, providing insights for sustainable preservation strategies for the 

historic city. One crucial consideration in conservation efforts is maintaining a balance between economic 

development and the preservation of the city's distinctive characteristics. Development policies should consider 

the cultural context and the needs of the local community to minimize the physical changes that could negatively 

impact the city's cultural heritage in the future. Further studies should investigate the impact of modern 

development on cultural and environmental values, as well as integrate Geographic Information System (GIS) 

technology in urban planning to support policy decisions aligned with sustainable development principles. This 

study underscores the need for careful planning to ensure that urban growth does not undermine the historical 

and cultural significance of Mae Hong Son City, while still accommodating the demands of modern development. 

6. References  

Amato, F., Martellozzo, F., Nolè, G., & Murgante, B. (2017). Preserving cultural heritage by supporting landscape planning 
with quantitative predictions of soil consumption. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 23, 44–54. [Crossref] 

Apostolou, G., Venieri, K., Mayoral, A., Dimaki, S., Garcia-Molsosa, A., Georgiadis, M., & Orengo, H. A. (2024). Long-term 

settlement dynamics in ancient Macedonia: A new multi-disciplinary survey from Grevena (NW Greece). Land, 

13(11), 1769. [Crossref] 

Brandes, G., Sieg, C., Sander, M., & Henze, R. (2024). Driving domain classification based on kernel density estimation of 

urban land use and road network scaling models. Urban Science, 8(2), 48. [Crossref]  

Chen, S., Wang, X., & Lin, Q. (2024). Spatial pattern characteristics and influencing factors of mountainous rural settlements 

in metropolitan fringe areas: A case study of Pingnan County, Fujian Province. Heliyon, 10(4), e26606. [Crossref] 

Coppin, P., Jonckheere, I., Nackaerts, K., Muys, B., & Lambin, E. (2004). Digital change detection methods in ecosystem 

monitoring: A review. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 25(9), 1565–1596. [Crossref] 

Ghaderpour, E., & Vujadinovic, T. (2020). Change detection within remotely sensed satellite image time series via spectral 

analysis. Remote Sensing, 12(23), 4001. [Crossref] 

Guan, Q., Chen, J., Guan, C., Li, H., Zhou, X. & Meng, T. (2024). The responses of ecosystem services in coastal cities to 

urbanization in 30 years: A case study of Qingdao City, China, Ocean and Coastal Management, 258, 107415. [Crossref] 

https://doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.12.1.69-78
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2015.12.009
https://doi.org/10.3390/land13111769
https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8020048
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26606
https://doi.org/10.1080/0143116031000101675
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12234001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107415


O-in / Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning, Vol 12, No 1, 2025, 69 - 78 
DOI: 10.14710/geoplanning.12.1.69-78 

 

77 

Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., & Friedman, J.H. (2001). The elements of statistical learning: Data mining, inference, and prediction. 

Springer. 

Jennie, S., & Erik, H. (2020). Urban conservation and urban morphology in Kiruna, Sweden. Urban Morphology, 24(2), 167-

183. [Crossref] 

King, T.L., Thornton, L.E., Bentley, R.J. & Kavanagh, A.M. (2015). The Use of Kernel Density Estimation to Examine 

Associations between Neighborhood Destination Intensity and Walking and Physical Activity. PLOS ONE, 10(9), 

e0137402. [Crossref] 

Lazzari, M., Oltean, I., Oyaneder Rodríguez, A., Scattolin, M.C., & Pereyra Domingorena, L. (2024). Andean landscape 

legacies: Comprehensive remote sensing mapping and GIS analysis of long-term settlement and land use for 

sustainable futures (NW Argentina). Remote Sensing, 16(20), 3795. [Crossref] 

Li, J., Stoffelen, A., Meijles, E., & Vanclay, F. (2023). Local people’s sense of place in heavily touristified protected areas: 

Contested place meanings around the Wulingyuan World Heritage Site, China. Landscape and Urban Planning, 237, 

104792. [Crossref] 

Li, M.R., Cao, Y., & Li, G.W. (2023). An approach to developing and protecting linear heritage tourism: The construction 

of cultural heritage corridor of traditional villages in Mentougou District using GIS. International Journal of 

Geoheritage and Parks. 11(4), 607-623. [Crossref] 

Li, X., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Urban Morphology and Historical Urban Landscape Conservation and Management. In 

Conserving and Managing Historical Urban Landscape. Springer. [Crossref]  

Lu, D., Mausel, P., Brondízio, E., & Moran, E. (2004). Change detection techniques. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 

25(12), 2365–2401. [Crossref]  

Mas, J. F. (1999). Monitoring land-cover changes: A comparison of change detection techniques. International Journal of 

Remote Sensing, 20(1), 139-152. [Crossref] 

Maurizio, G., Paul, L., & Phil, A. (2007). Kernel density estimation and percent volume contours in general practice 

catchment area analysis in urban areas. In Proceedings of the Geographical Information Science Research UK 15th Annual 

Conference (GISRUK), Maynooth, Ireland, 11th-13th April 2007. [Crossref] 

Moe, K.C., & Sein, M.M. (2016). Urban Build-Up Building Change Detection Using Morphology Based on GIS. In Zin, T., 

Lin, JW., Pan, JS., Tin, P., Yokota, M. (Eds.), Genetic and Evolutionary Computing. (GEC 2015) (vol. 388, pp263-272). 

Springer. [Crossref]  

Mohamed, S.A., Harun, N.Z. & Abdullah, A. (2018). Urban morphological analysis framework for conservation planning 

and management. Planning Malaysia, 16(1), 360-371. [Crossref] 

Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning. (2018). Announcement of Mae Hong Son Old City area. 

[Crossref] 

Patel, A., Vyas, D., Chaudhari, N., Patel, R., Patel, K., & Mehta, D. (2024). Novel approach for the LULC change detection 

using GIS & Google Earth Engine through spatiotemporal analysis to evaluate the urbanization growth of 

Ahmedabad city. Results in Engineering, 21, 101788. [Crossref] 

Picard, D. (1985). Testing and estimating change-points in time series. Advances in Applied Probability, 17(4), 841–867. 

[Crossref] 

Teerarojanarat, S. (2012). Using GIS for exploring Karen settlements: A case study of western and northern Thailand in 

the vicinity of the Thai-Burmese border. Manusya, Journal of Humanities, 15(2), Article 5. [Crossref] 

Umar, G.K., Yusuf, D.A., Ahmed, A., and Usman, A.M. (2019). The practice of Hausa traditional architecture: Towards 

conservation and restoration of spatial morphology and techniques. Scientific African, 5, e00142. [Crossref] 

UNESCO. (2011). Recommendation on the historic urban landscape. The General Conference 36th session, Paris, 25 October - 

10 November 2011, p. 50. 

Whitehand, J.W.R., Gu, K., Whitehand, S.M., & Zhang, J. (2011). Urban morphology and conservation in China. Cities, 

28(2), 171-185. [Crossref] 

Whitehand, J.W.R. (2015). Conservation, heritage and urban morphology. Urban Morphology, 19(2), 115-116. [Crossref] 

Win, E.P.S. (2021). Urban Road Change Detection using Morphological Processing. Qubahan Academic Journal, 1(1), 57-61. 

[Crossref] 

Witjaksono, A., Gai, A.M., & Maulida, R. R. (2023). Settlement development based on environmental carrying capacity in 

Batu City, Indonesia. Geography Environment Sustainability, 16(1), 64-72. [Crossref] 

https://doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.12.1.69-78
https://doi.org/10.51347/jum.v24i2.4094
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137402
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203795
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104792
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2023.11.002
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4222-8_2
https://doi.org/10.1080/0143116031000139863
https://doi.org/10.1080/014311699213659
https://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/~gisteac/proceedingsonline/GISRUK2007/PDF/5A3.pdf
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23207-2_26
https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v16i5.438
https://law.onep.go.th/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/law10.25.pdf
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.101788
doi:%20https://doi.org/10.2307/1427090
ttps://digital.car.chula.ac.th/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1120&context=manusya
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00142
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2010.12.001
https://doi.org/10.51347/jum.v19i2.5160
https://doi.org/10.48161/qaj.v1n1a29
https://doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2022-018


O-in / Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning, Vol 12, No 1, 2025, 69 - 78 
DOI: 10.14710/geoplanning.12.1.69-78 

 

78 

Xie, S., Gu, K., & Zhang, X. (2020). Urban conservation in China in an international context: Retrospect and prospects. 

Habitat International, 95, 102098. [Crossref] 

Zehui, L., Jiao, L., Zhang, B., Xu, G., & Liu, J. (2021). Understanding the pattern and mechanism of spatial concentration of 

urban land use, population and economic activities: a case study in Wuhan, China. Geo-spatial Information Science, 

24, 1-17. [Crossref] 

https://doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.12.1.69-78
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2019.102098
https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2021.1978276

