









































An Evaluation of Food Insecurity 
in the D.C. Community

Daniel Ashat, Nicole Tepper, Caroline Pawlow

Volume Two
Edition Two
Spring 2022

 
GEORGETOWN SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH JOURNAL

78



Georgetown	Scientific	Research	Journal	

An Evaluation of Food Insecurity in the D.C. Community 

Daniel Ashat, Nicole Tepper, Caroline Pawlow 

Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.
E-mail: dma90@georgetown.edu
https://doi.org/10.48091/gsr.v2i2.49

Abstract
Having proper access to food is crucial to the growth and well-being of all individuals; however, not everyone 
has access to proper nutrition. Nutritious foods may be hard to come by in D.C., especially when considering 
factors like affordability, and access to grocery stores. D.C. has a series of food deserts, more prominent in 
the southeast side of the district. Inaccessibility to food within these deserts could be traced to factors beyond 
grocery stores proximity, including, but not limited to, household income, education, and race. Combating 
the complexity of food insecurity for residents of Washington, D.C. in this sense requires addressing topics 
beyond why food deserts arise in the first place. In this way, assessing the way individuals approach preparing 
and acquiring food as well as the broader economic and cultural factors surrounding which items they consume 
is rudimental to remediating systemic food insecurity. Efforts need to be made to address the prevalence of 
food deserts, namely in identifying the extent of the problem, learning to manage interventions and resources 
efficiently, and implementing novel community-based interventions such as the proposed mobile food pantry 
and medical clinic model.

Keywords: Food deserts, Health inequity, Social determinants, Nutrition

1. Introduction
In 2019, 10.5% of households were food

insecure.1 In D.C. alone, 1 out of 10 people are food 
insecure.2 A food desert is defined as, “a large 
proportion of households with low incomes, 
inadequate access to transportation, and a limited 
number of food retailers providing fresh produce 
and healthy groceries for affordable prices”.3 
According to the D.C. Policy Center, 11% of D.C. 
is in a food desert with 51% located in ward 8 and 
31% in ward 7.4 Proximity to grocery stores is a key 
risk factor for food insecurity. Grocery  stores may 
not have as large of a selling space (and thus 
diversity of product) as other supermarkets in 
wealthier areas, making the issue one not just of 
quantity, but also quality.5 D.C. Wards 7 and 8 only 

have 4 grocery stores in their entire 17.1 square mile 
area.6,7 Household income is also relatively low in 
Wards 7 and 8.4 Individuals living in such wards are 
predominantly below the poverty line, and thus they 
cannot afford to purchase healthy foods. Living at 
the poverty line essentially forces them to settle for 
unhealthy food/meal options; thus, a vital linkage 
exists between one’s economic standing and their 
nutritional/dietary choices. Dilemmas like these 
that affect those living in Washington’s most 
impoverished wards can have negative long-term 
effects on health and may predispose individuals to 
preventable diseases.8 

According to the 28th session of the United 
Nations, those experiencing food insecurity have 
elevated risks of chronic diseases like HIV/AIDS 

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Georgetown	Scientific	Research	Journal	

and diabetes.9 Food insecurity can lead to an 
increased number of Americans with type 2 diabetes 
(mellitus), cardiovascular disease, and mood 
disorders.10,11 Beyond these factors, a greater 
distance to grocery stores (the focal parameter 
defining food insecurity) is associated with higher 
obesity rates in such commuities.5,12,13 Speirs et al. 
found that 27% of children from households with 
food insecurity were overweight.8 Ensuring proper 
nutrition to the residents of D.C. is crucial to 
promoting total well-being. 

1.1 Understanding the Problem in the D.C. 
Community 

Food inaccessibility involves issues beyond 
access to grocery stores; it is exacerbated by factors 
including household income, education, and race. 
Combating the complexity of food insecurity for 
residents of Wards 7 and 8 requires addressing not 
only grocery store locations, but also the systemic 
problems that contribute to the food insecurity 
therein. 

Food deserts are defined by the “absence of 
supermarkets” within them, with low-income and 
minority families being more likely to live within 
one.14 Low-income communities have fewer chain 
supermarkets with quality produce than middle and 
upper-class neighborhoods. Ward 3 of D.C. has 
zero food deserts, and has a median household 
income of over $145,000, but Wards 7 and 8 have 
median household incomes at $40,963 and $36,397, 
respectively.15 Non-chain grocers––independent 
stores with markedly lower variety and quality of 
foods––are more prevalent in low-income 
neighborhoods.16 Such data indicates a significant 
correlation between food desert location and the 
socioeconomic status of neighborhoods. Residents 
of impoverished wards do not have the financial 
means to shop at healthier locations, nor the means 
to generate a sustainable basis for bringing such 
businesses into the community. This cyclic effect of 
families not having the capital to sustain healthful 

grocery shopping discourages stores with healthier 
products from opening in low-income areas, 
reducing access even further. 

Race is another contributing factor to health-
food scarcity. Lower quality food options are 
disproportionately present in minority communities 
given their reduced costs. For example, South Los 
Angeles neighborhoods with a higher proportion of 
African American residents contain fewer chain 
supermarkets and quality food options.17 Also, the 
obesity epidemic in New Orleans demonstrates how 
increased fast-food restaurant density is “correlated 
with median household income and percent of black 
residents.''18 In D.C., the most food-insecure wards 
house the greatest proportion of African American 
residents, with a majority of 92%, as well as the 
lowest median household incomes.15  

Education is also correlated to food insecure 
locations, as over half of Ward 7 and 8 residents’ 
highest educational attainment is a high school 
diploma.15 Lower education in minority 
communities leads to less economic mobility and 
capital to shop at chain supermarkets. Residents 
must rely on lower-quality foods, as these are the 
only foods their economic status has provided them 
experience with, effectively increasing concern 
regarding the total population’s health. In fact, 
education, race, and income are also interrelated and 
have historical roots in systemic 
racism/discrimination. Ultimately, combating food 
insecurity in D.C. depends on creating efficient 
resources, namely those tailored towards the 
individual needs of minority communities.  

2. D.C. Specific Resources, Programs, and Policies
available to address Food Insecurity & Public
Health Concerns

The Washington D.C. government has taken 
steps to increase food access among vulnerable 
populations. However, these efforts have fallen 
short. The FEED (Food, Environment, and 
Economic Development) D.C. Act was a 

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Georgetown	Scientific	Research	Journal	

governmental motion passed in 2010 aimed at 
leveling the number of healthy grocery stores across 
wards.19 The act has three goals: improve access to 
healthy foods in low-income areas, advance 
sustainable technology in food stores, and create 
jobs in regions with high unemployment. Creating 
economic incentives in the form of tax breaks allows 
full-service grocery stores to open in food-scarce 
neighborhoods. It also provides funding for the 
Healthy Food Retail Program, allowing small 
grocery marts to sell fresh produce and healthy 
merchandise.19 The FEED D.C. Act provides a 
strong setlist of goals, but insufficiencies in the 
program’s implementation and structure have 
limited the impact of its economic incentives. As 
stated in the D.C. Hunger website, “Only two 
grocery stores have received [tax] exemptions in the 
program in Ward 8, and no grocery store has 
received an exemption in Ward 7.”19  

The Healthy Schools Act (2010), aims to help 
students and families eat healthily, stay active, and 
create “healthy school communities.”19 The 
legislation delegates action items including, but not 
limited to, establishing free breakfast for all 
students, allowing breakfast in the classroom when 
appropriate, and eliminating co-payments for 
school lunches for low-income students. HSA 
increased the percentage of schools meeting its 
nutritional requirements from 90 percent in 2010 to 
99.5 percent in 2015.20 However, HSA fails in its 
lack of prioritization for increased healthy practices 
such as exercise among students. Physical education 
time in participating schools often do not reach the 
HSA requirements.20 Research demonstrates there 
to be “a relationship between sedentary lifestyle, 
obesity, and cognitive deficits beginning in 
childhood.”20 

2.1 Gaps in D.C. Policy 
While the FEED D.C. Act and Healthy 

Schools Act are steps taken in the right direction, 
there is still work to be done. Sustainable D.C., an 

environmentally conscious project, encourages an 
increase in community gardens via leasing public 
land to District residents.21 Community and school 
gardens introduce self-sustainable food sources for 
lower-income families. The current infrastructure 
for implementing such gardens, however, is lacking. 
It is recognized that “demand now outstrips the 
supply” for public space, and “residents wait years to 
get off the waitlist for their neighborhood 
garden.”21  

Initiatives and bills address the issues 
surrounding food deserts: the need for better food 
accessibility, healthier foods at a lower cost, and 
positive health practices. Preventative measures to 
avoid the advent of food deserts, however, are less 
understood. Current legislation does not provide 
economic stimulus to families in need of affordable 
food. They also fail to educate on proper dietary 
practices and the effect of educational background 
on diet-related health outcomes. These are just two 
examples in which policies have fallen short in 
combating a growing issue not only in D.C. but 
across the country. Cross analysis of the efforts 
other cities have taken to alleviate hunger can better 
contextualize the gaps in D.C.’s policies. 

3. Lessons Learned from other Jurisdictions
By analyzing the strengths of other programs,

reform in Washington D.C. can be tailored to 
promote better food access. The Boston REACH 
program, founded in 2010 by the Boston Public 
Health Commission, is funded by the Center for 
Disease and Control Prevention.22 REACH has 
helped over 2.9 million people get better access to 
food through increasing healthy food production in 
establishing community gardens and providing 
guidance to public health practitioners in creating 
partnerships within the food retail space.23 Further 
goals of the REACH program include 
implementing extracurricular exercise programs in 
schools within food insecure areas as well as 
pediatric weight management programs in lower-

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Georgetown	Scientific	Research	Journal	

income localities where obesity is known to be 
proportionally higher.  

“We Feed the Homeless Philly” is a 
Philadelphia-based grassroots project that prepares 
and distributes meals and care packages to the 
homeless and those in need.25 Additionally, the 
website, “Philly Food Finder,” maps out the 
locations of food pantries, shelters, and 
organizations categorized by type and target 
population. Residents can locate low-cost food 
markets using filters on the site’s map.26  

Another program that ensures sustained food 
access is the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance 
Program (also known as “SNAP”). The main goal 
of SNAP is to promote healthy eating by providing 
benefits to supplement the food budget of lower-
income families. SNAP assists over 40 million low-
income Americans every month, with nearly half of 
them being children.27 Participants receive 
assistance through the Electronic Benefit Transfer 
(or “EBT”) system to purchase groceries at over 
240,000 locations. By restricting the purchase of 
certain goods and adding taxes to unhealthy foods, 
SNAP has improved the health status of its 
participants. The program also addresses how policy 
framing can effectively reduce the stigma 
surrounding governmental assistance. SNAP has 
been successful in reducing food insecurity, as it is 
estimated to have reduced the probability of 
residents being food insecure by 30%. In 2017 
SNAP allowed 3.4 million people to move above 
the poverty line.28 Organizations have found ways to 
improve circumstances for food-insecure families, 
and D.C. can implement similar or new ideas to do 
the same. 

3.1 Recommendations to the D.C. Community 
 Recommendations to address food insecurity in 

Wards 7 and 8 should be considered: 1) 
Implementing more food pantries in minority 
communities, 2) Incorporating mobile pantries into 
mobile clinics, and 3) Providing instructions on the 

preparation and use of food. Food pantries can serve 
as a focal point to improve the diet and health of 
vulnerable populations.29 Evidence on food pantry-
based interventions shows improvements in 
nutrition and health literacy, food security, healthy 
food intake, diabetes control, and access to 
community resources.29 By introducing food 
pantries in minority community centers where 
people regularly gather––such as faith-based spaces, 
libraries, or recreational centers––food can be 
distributed more easily. Moreover, food pantries 
allow for consistent distribution, effectively 
removing some of the anxiety and uncertainty 
surrounding food inaccessibility.  

Communities may have barriers that make 
receiving food more difficult. For instance, seniors 
and rural residents that have limited mobility and 
transportation options may be unable to pick up 
food that is being offered. A solution to this 
problem involves our second recommendation; a 
mobile pantry. At a mobile pantry, truckloads of 
pre-boxed foods are distributed to different 
locations or presented on tables similar to farmer’s 
markets.30 Mobile pantry programs increase total 
food distribution by three times the normal amount 
in underserved areas.31 Particularly with produce 
that expires quickly, such programs can distribute 
the items in a timely, flexible, and cost-effective 
manner. Even higher equity levels can be achieved 
by a collaborative effort between pre-established 
mobile clinics and mobile pantries. If mobile clinics 
could incorporate food-distribution into their work, 
they could reach patients that are already familiar 
with the staff or process. It is easy to recognize how 
this may be a large task to ask of healthcare workers 
on top of their traditional duties. Thus, perhaps the 
mobile clinics could utilize volunteers or take on 
staff members that travel or are in collaboration with 
mobile clinics. 

Solving food inaccessibility needs to be thought 
of as a social responsibility, one that acknowledges 
individuals’ respective financial backgrounds, 

Georgetown	Scientific	Research	Journal	

4. Conclusions
Factors that go into food accessibility include

people’s understanding and interaction with food 
and the cultural circumstances surrounding the 
items they consume. These conditions should not 
be viewed in isolation but thought of as a 
community responsibility. Efforts need to be made 
to address the issue of food deserts with further 
emphasis on identifying the extent of the problem 
of food accessibility, learning to manage 
interventions and resources efficiently, and 
monitoring and improving access through joint 
community efforts.

cultures, and circumstances. People are unaware of 
how they should be preparing and eating the foods 
they receive. This unawareness can lead to waste, as 
products eventually go bad or are never used. 
Instructions should be distributed alongside food 
that clearly explains how the ingredients are to be 
used and prepared. This is an effort to “bridge the 
gap between food pantries and the kitchen table.”32 
Swacha (2018), describes how a group of students 
co-produced a cookbook for low-income, elderly, 
disabled users. The process represented an 
individual effort towards increasing nutritional 
literacy, demonstrating how understanding food 
preparation is a core aspect of food access. Providing 
people with easy-to-follow recipes and resources to 
learn more about their eating and cooking habits 
can help them establish a healthier diet.  

1.

2.

3.

4. D.C. Policy Center. (2019). Food access in 
D.C is deeply connected to poverty and 
transportation. https://www.dcpolicycenter.org/
publications/food-access-dc-deeply-connected-
poverty-transportation/

5. Ghosh-Dastidar, B., Cohen, D., Hunter, G., 
Zenk,
S. N., Huang, C., Beckman, R., & Dubowitz, 
T.(2014). Distance to store, food prices, and 
obesity in urban food deserts. American Journal 
of Preventive Medicine, 47(5), 587-595. 
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/
pii/S 0749379714003705

6. Census profile: Ward 7, D.C. (2018). Census 
Reporter.
https://censusreporter.org/
profiles/61000US11007-ward-7-dc/

7. Census profile: Ward 8, D.C. (2018). Census 
Reporter.
https://censusreporter.org/
profiles/61000US11008-ward-8-dc/

8. Speirs, K. E., Fiese, B. H., & STRONG Kids 
Research Team. (2016). The relationship 
between food insecurity and BMI for preschool 
children. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 
20(4), 925-933.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/
s10995-
15-1881-0

9. United Nations Sub-Committee on Nutrition.
(2000). Report of the Sub-Committee on 
Nutrition at its Twenty-Eighth Session.
https://www.unscn.org/files/
Annual_Sessions/28th 
_SCN_Session/28th_session_REPORT.pdf

10. Seligman, H. K., Bindman, A. B., Vittinghoff, 
E., Kanaya, A. M., & Kushel, M. B. (2007). 
Food insecurity is associated with diabetes 
mellitus: results from the National Health 
Examination and Nutrition Examination Survey 
(NHANES) 1999–2002. Journal of General 
Internal Medicine, 22(7), 1018-1023.

References 

1. United States Department of Agriculture. (2017). 
Food security and nutrition assistance.
https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/ag-and-
food-statistics-charting-the-essentials/food-
security-and-nutrition-assistance/

2. Capital Area Food Bank. (n.d.).
https://www.capitalareafoodbank.org/hunger-in-
our-region/

3. Dutko, P., Ver Ploeg, M., & Farrigan, T. (2012). 
Characteristics and Influential Factors of Food 
Deserts. United States Department of Agriculture. 
https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/45 
014/30940_err140.pd

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Georgetown	Scientific	Research	Journal	

4. Conclusions
Factors that go into food accessibility include

people’s understanding and interaction with food 
and the cultural circumstances surrounding the 
items they consume. These conditions should not 
be viewed in isolation but thought of as a 
community responsibility. Efforts need to be made 
to address the issue of food deserts with further 
emphasis on identifying the extent of the problem 
of food accessibility, learning to manage 
interventions and resources efficiently, and 
monitoring and improving access through joint 
community efforts.

cultures, and circumstances. People are unaware of 
how they should be preparing and eating the foods 
they receive. This unawareness can lead to waste, as 
products eventually go bad or are never used. 
Instructions should be distributed alongside food 
that clearly explains how the ingredients are to be 
used and prepared. This is an effort to “bridge the 
gap between food pantries and the kitchen table.”32 
Swacha (2018), describes how a group of students 
co-produced a cookbook for low-income, elderly, 
disabled users. The process represented an 
individual effort towards increasing nutritional 
literacy, demonstrating how understanding food 
preparation is a core aspect of food access. Providing 
people with easy-to-follow recipes and resources to 
learn more about their eating and cooking habits 
can help them establish a healthier diet.  

1.

2.

3.

4. D.C. Policy Center. (2019). Food access in 
D.C is deeply connected to poverty and 
transportation. https://www.dcpolicycenter.org/
publications/food-access-dc-deeply-connected-
poverty-transportation/

5. Ghosh-Dastidar, B., Cohen, D., Hunter, G., 
Zenk,
S. N., Huang, C., Beckman, R., & Dubowitz, 
T.(2014). Distance to store, food prices, and 
obesity in urban food deserts. American Journal 
of Preventive Medicine, 47(5), 587-595. 
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/
pii/S 0749379714003705

6. Census profile: Ward 7, D.C. (2018). Census 
Reporter.
https://censusreporter.org/
profiles/61000US11007-ward-7-dc/

7. Census profile: Ward 8, D.C. (2018). Census 
Reporter.
https://censusreporter.org/
profiles/61000US11008-ward-8-dc/

8. Speirs, K. E., Fiese, B. H., & STRONG Kids 
Research Team. (2016). The relationship 
between food insecurity and BMI for preschool 
children. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 
20(4), 925-933.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/
s10995-
15-1881-0

9. United Nations Sub-Committee on Nutrition.
(2000). Report of the Sub-Committee on 
Nutrition at its Twenty-Eighth Session.
https://www.unscn.org/files/
Annual_Sessions/28th 
_SCN_Session/28th_session_REPORT.pdf

10. Seligman, H. K., Bindman, A. B., Vittinghoff, 
E., Kanaya, A. M., & Kushel, M. B. (2007). 
Food insecurity is associated with diabetes 
mellitus: results from the National Health 
Examination and Nutrition Examination Survey 
(NHANES) 1999–2002. Journal of General 
Internal Medicine, 22(7), 1018-1023.

References 

1. United States Department of Agriculture. (2017). 
Food security and nutrition assistance.
https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/ag-and-
food-statistics-charting-the-essentials/food-
security-and-nutrition-assistance/

2. Capital Area Food Bank. (n.d.).
https://www.capitalareafoodbank.org/hunger-in-
our-region/

3. Dutko, P., Ver Ploeg, M., & Farrigan, T. (2012). 
Characteristics and Influential Factors of Food 
Deserts. United States Department of Agriculture. 
https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/45 
014/30940_err140.pd

83



Georgetown	Scientific	Research	Journal	

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs1160
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11. Vozoris, N. T., & Tarasuk, V. S. (2003).
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126.https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/133/1/120
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12. Bodor, J. N., Rice, J. C., Farley, T. A., Swalm, C.
M., & Rose, D. (2010). The association between
obesity and urban food environments. Journal of
Urban Health, 87(5), 771-781.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs1152
4-010-9460-6

13. Metallinos-Katsaras, E., Sherry, B., & Kallio, J.
(2009). Food insecurity is associated with
overweight in children younger than 5 years of age.
Journal of the American Dietetic Association,
109(10), 1790-1794.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S
0002822309012668

14. Walker, E.R., Keane, R.C., Burke, G.J. (2010).
Disparities and access to healthy food in the United
States: A review of food deserts literature. Health
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15. D.C. Health Matters, (2020). 2020 Demographics.
https://www.dchealthmatters.org/demographicdata
?id=131490§ionId=936#sectionPiece_69.

16. Powell, L.M., Slater, S., Mirtcheva, D., Bao, Y.,
Chaloupka F.J. (2007). Food store availability and
neighborhood characteristics in the United States.
Preventive Medicine, 44, 189-195,
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17. Lewis, L. B., Sloane, D. C., Nascimento, L. M.,
Diamant, A. L., Guinyard, J. J., Yancey, A. K., &
Flynn, G. (2005). African Americans’ Access to
Healthy Food Options in South Los Angeles
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18. Block, J. P., Scribner, R. A., & DeSalvo, K. B.
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19. D.C. Hunger. (n.d.). FEED D.C/ Act. D.C.
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20. Housman, P. (2016). The Healthy Schools Act,
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21. Sustainable D.C. (2019). Sustainable D.C. Plan 2.0
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22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/state-local-
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23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/state-local-
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24. Boston Public Health Commission. (2012).
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25. We Feed The Homeless Philly. (n.d.).
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26. A Guide to Food Access in Philadelphia. (2020).
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27. Bleich, S. N., Moran, A. J., Vercammen, K. A.,
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28. Haynes-Maslow, L., Hardison-Moody, A., Patton-
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Pitts, S. (2020). Examining rural food-insecure
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assistance program: A qualitative study. 
International Journal of Environmental Research 
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29. An, R., Wang, J., Liu, J., Shen, J., Loehmer, E., &
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30. Waite, T. (2019). What is the difference between a
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food-pantry 

31. Stauffer, J. M., Vanajakumari, M., Kumar, S., &
Mangapora, T. (2020). Achieving Equitable Food
Security: How Can Food Bank Mobile Pantries
Fill this Humanitarian Need. SSRN 3584450.
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id
=3584450

32. Swacha, K. Y. (2018). “Bridging the Gap between
Food Pantries and the Kitchen Table”: Teaching
Embodied Literacy in the Technical
Communication Classroom. Technical
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https://doi.org/10.1080/10572252.2018.1476589

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	Table of Contents
	Letter From the Editors
	Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake in the United States: Addressing Reasons for Vaccine Hesitancy th
	An Analysis of the Effects of Frequency and Type of Physical Activity on Self-Esteem in Adolescent M
	Addressing American Obesity: A Policy Proposal
	The Select Agent Regulations: Structure and Stricture
	An Evaluation of the Human Impact of Climatic Factors in Cook County, Illinois
	An Evaluation of Food Insecurity in the D.C. Community
	About the Authors
	Meet the Staff
	Acknowledgements




