







































Policy Brief: Comparison and 
Recommendations for State 

COVID-19 Responses of New 
Mexico and Utah

Ariyand Aminpour

Volume One 
Edition One 
February 2021 

GEORGETOWN SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH JOURNAL

63



Georgetown Scientific Research Journal 

https://doi.org/10.48091/LYQC3557 

Policy Brief: Comparison and 

recommendations for state COVID-19 

responses of New Mexico and Utah 

Ariyand Aminpour 

Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 

E-mail: ama412@georgetown.edu

Abstract 

New Mexico has seen a steady increase in SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) cases, but compared to Utah, New 
Mexico has kept case numbers low due to important mitigation policies passed by Governor Michelle 
Grisham. The goals and priorities of each state’s governor contributed to the policies and severity of 
restrictions in each state.1, 2 Governor Grisham’s mask, mass gathering, and interstate quarantine policies 
are restrictions that she deems necessary in order to mitigate the spread and save lives.2 Governor Gary 
Herbert has valued economic recovery as opposed to virus mitigation, which is reflected in his lenient 
restrictions.2 In the immediate future, Governor Cox, Governor Herbert’s successor as of January, should 
enact the same mask, mass gathering, and interstate quarantine policies as New Mexico; both states should 
then reassess the list of states that people need to quarantine from, given that 21 states hit records for 7-
day average of COVID-19 cases, as of October 11, in order to get transmission under control.3 
Additionally, if COVID-19 transmission is slowed, mass gathering restrictions can be reassessed to allow 
for larger gatherings but should stay tightly restricted until that point. 

Keywords: COVID-19, Policies, New Mexico, Utah 

1. Background
The two states being compared are New

Mexico and Utah. These two states were chosen 
for comparison because they are two adjacent states 
in the U.S. with differing gubernatorial policy 
responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 
gubernatorial responses are important policy 
actions to observe and study, regarding the 
pandemic in the U.S. This is because there has 
been limited and fractured federal response to the 

pandemic, leaving much of the leadership to 
pandemic response in the hands of state 
governors.4 Governor Michelle Grisham of New 
Mexico has enforced stricter policies, such as a 
statewide mask mandate, in order to slow the 
spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in New Mexico.5 
Governor Gary Herbert had not enacted the same 
statewide level policies to slow the spread of the 
virus, enacting policies that affect only certain 
locations and counties.2, 6 Due to the differences 

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mailto:ama412@georgetown.eduAbstract
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between the two policy paths, the states have seen 
quite different results in terms of COVID-19 
mitigation.7 The differences in New Mexico and 
Utah’s gubernatorial policies regarding COVID-
19 demonstrate the various choices states are 
taking; the choice is either maximizing mitigation 
of the virus through statewide, strict measures or 
giving more freedoms to citizens, while slowing 
the virus’s spread to an extent and ensuring the 
economy is able to stay open. These two adjacent 
states are an example of these two policy strategies, 
and the comparison of the outcomes of these 
policies serve to show which plan is more beneficial 
to states and the subsequent effects the laws have 
on lowering daily cases. 
2. Comparison of Epidemiology, Policies, and
Outbreaks

Compared to Governor Herbert’s policies, 
Governor Grisham’s COVID-19 policies have 
been far more stringent. New Mexico’s stricter 
policies have translated into comparatively lower 
current and overall COVID-19 infections 
throughout the pandemic.7 Governor Grisham 
passed a statewide mask mandate on May 15, 
2020, requiring a face covering in public at all 
times except when eating, drinking, exercising, or 
advised otherwise by a physician.5 The strict 
statewide face covering mandate was instituted to 
slow the spread of COVID-19 following evidence 
that the disease can be transmitted through spit 
and water droplets. Face coverings create a cloth 
barrier between people, and in the case of 
coughing, sneezing, or spreading water particles 
while speaking, the covering would reduce 
transmission of the virus.8 A study measuring the 
effectiveness of U.S. mask mandates showed a 
significant decline in the growth rate of COVID-
19 cases after a public face covering mandate was 
issued, further demonstrating the importance of 
Governor Grisham’s decision.9 Conversely, 
Governor Herbert instituted a policy for 

mandatory use of face coverings within state 
buildings.6 This was later paired with a mask 
requirement in K-12 schools.10 Utah’s new 
Governor, Spencer Cox, who has replaced 
Governor Herbert, said in a recent debate that 
Utah had yet to enact a statewide mask mandate 
because it was unlikely to be followed and that “it 
doesn’t make that much of a difference”.11 Cox’s 
statement directly contradicts the findings in the 
previous study; these included that the growth rate 
of the virus continued to decline after a mask 
mandate was enacted and that U.S. states with 
statewide face covering mandates had a greater 
decline in the growth rate of COVID-19 
compared to states that did not sign the same 
mandates.9 
 Another difference in the choices made by the 
two governors is the capacity restrictions passed 
regarding mass gatherings. Suspension of mass 
gatherings is a mitigation strategy that helps early 
in pandemics when medical countermeasures may 
not be adequately researched and available for 
use.12 Governor Grisham has passed a policy on 
mass gatherings that limits an enclosed space 
gathering to 5 people; this law lasted from March 
23 to August 28, when it was increased to a limit 
of 10 people on August 29, 2020.13 Since large 
gatherings can facilitate transmission due to the 
lack of social distancing, this order was meant to 
limit such gatherings and slow the spread of 
COVID-19.12 In May, Governor Herbert passed a 
law that limited mass gatherings to 20 individuals, 
a policy that was soon replaced by a reopening plan 
in June 2020, prioritizing the reopening of 
businesses.2 Medical experts and epidemiologists 
were cut out of the process of drafting reopening 
guidelines, which led to policies that allowed 
indoor gatherings of 3,000 people and outdoor 
gatherings of 6,000 people.2, 14 Governor Herbert 
claimed that the relaxed COVID-19 mitigation 
policies on mass gatherings avoided enacting 
overly strict policies on less affected counties in 

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Utah. His decision led to a ranking system in 
which counties were rated by transmission risk 
(low, medium, and high), with the lowest tier 
counties being allowed gatherings of up to 3,000.2 
The choice to allow for such large mass gatherings 
most likely contributed to a rise in cases in Utah, 
which can be seen in the uptick of cases during the 
same time frame. Between June 1 and July 18, daily 
cases state-wide rose from 197 to 858.7 This is 
because mitigation of a pandemic level virus, like 
COVID-19, is impossible without stopping mass 
gatherings through policy choices.12 In 
comparison, with New Mexico’s more restrictive 
policies in place, daily cases state-wide only rose 
from 111 to 280 between June 1 and July 18.7 
 A third difference in gubernatorial policy is the 
differences in quarantine requirements for air 
travelers to each state. Air travel is a large source of 
importation of COVID-19 to new areas, especially 
through asymptomatic travelers.15 Governor 
Grisham passed a quarantine policy, on March 27, 
2020, which requires air travelers to New Mexico 
to self-quarantine for a minimum of 14 days.16 The 
policy was adapted to limit COVID-19 
transmission from individuals arriving from states 
with high transmission rates and daily case counts 
and prevent unnecessary deaths due to such 
spread.1 This mitigation strategy is fueled by CDC 
guidance indicating that air travel can lead to 
COVID-19 infection due to extended time spent 
in security lines and terminals, as well as the lack 
of social distancing on crowded flights.17 
Conversely, Governor Herbert passed a policy on 
April 8 dictating that any individuals, 18 years of 
age, arriving by air or road must fill out a 
declaration of entry form but does not require 
quarantine of individuals.18 The goal of this policy 
was to contact trace individuals coming to Utah 
who could possibly spread COVID-19. The aim 
was to allow citizens to enter Utah without forcing 
them to quarantine upon arrival, but this is a less 
effective policy measure than quarantining due to 

the fact that Utah does not have enough contact 
tracers to handle the current active case numbers in 
the state.19 There are currently 8.32 total contract 
tracers per 100,000 residents in the state of Utah.19 
 Governor Grisham’s three outlined policies 
enacted to slow COVID-19 were strict due to the 
fact that she believed policies requiring quarantine, 
masks, and mass gathering restrictions limited 
transmission pathways of the virus; she believed 
this was essential to save lives and reduce 
hospitalizations that were overwhelming state 
hospitals.1  
Governor Herbert chose not to make uniformly 
strict and statewide policy decisions, since some 
counties were less affected by the virus.2 However, 
the virus has not been and cannot be contained by 
county borders, so uniform policies are needed to 
ensure transmission does not continue to flare up 
in some parts of the state, with a possibility of 
spreading to the rest. Governor Herbert made 
policy decisions based on state hospitals’ capacities 
to handle cases, instead of effectiveness of 
mitigation strategies.2 Moreover, Governor 
Herbert also drafted policies based on the 
capabilities of state contact tracers, emphasizing 
that the policies were focused on the state’s 
capacity to respond to outbreaks, rather than 
mitigating transmission.2 Governor Herbert’s 
policy decisions, such as allowing up to 3,000 
individual mass gatherings inside, were aimed at 
aiding businesses that could not survive under 
lowered capacity limits.2 Since these laws were 
passed, Utah’s new unemployment claims fell by 
78% in early July, in comparison to the peak in 
claims that occurred in April.2 In July 2020, Utah’s 
unemployment rate was at 4.5%, after reaching 
10.4% in April.21 In comparison, New Mexico’s 
unemployment rate reached 12.7% in July 2020.21 
Utah’s policies have lowered the unemployment 
rate and prioritized economic recovery. However, 
this recovery has occurred at the expense of 
mitigating the virus.  

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 The effectiveness of Governor Grisham’s 
policies can be seen in the state’s case numbers; the 
outcome of New Mexico’s policies has led to lower 
case numbers, compared to Utah.7 New Mexico 
had 485 daily cases of COVID-19, as of October 
9, with a seven day average of 320 cases; Utah had 
1,332 daily cases, as of October 9, with a  seven day 
average of 1,162 cases.7  
3. Proposal for Future Coronavirus Policy
In the next month, Utah should echo the stricter 
policies of New Mexico and start by passing a 
statewide policy that makes facial coverings 
necessary in public, in order to be in accordance 
with CDC guidance.8 A mask mandate would be 
beneficial for lowering numbers in the state 
because evidence has found that a mandate can 
slow the growth rate of COVID-19, with the 
decline in cases increasing the longer the mandate 
is in place (Lyu and Wehby 2020). Additionally, 
Utah should require travelers coming from out of 
state to quarantine for 14 days because 21 states 
have reached their records for 7-day average of new 
COVID-19 cases, as of October 11.3 Travelers, 
especially those arriving via air travel, from outside 
the borders of Utah can possibly spread COVID-
19 through asymptomatic transmission, 
introducing the virus to new populations and parts 
of the state.15 Since cases are rising in states across 
the U.S., travelers from outside the borders of 
Utah pose a risk to Utah’s citizens; the need for a 
mandatory quarantine policy is further intensified 
because of Utah’s lacking contact tracing 
workforce.19 Moving forward, if states are able to 
get case counts under control, Utah and New 
Mexico should reassess the transmission risk of 
some states and make an updating list of states 
from which travelers are allowed to enter without 
quarantine, due to the low case count of the state 
from which travelers come. As mentioned, mass 
gathering restrictions are necessary to slow the 
spread of a pandemic, and therefore Utah should 

institute a statewide mass gathering restriction of 
10 people, similar to New Mexico.12 Mass 
gatherings have been shown to exacerbate the 
spread of COVID-19, as the virus transmits easily 
in crowds where social distancing of six feet apart 
is not followed or attainable.12 As time progresses, 
New Mexico and Utah can reassess case counts in 
their states, and if the virus has been controlled and 
spread mitigated through policy decisions, they 
could possibly increase the number of individuals 
per mass gathering.  
3. Conclusions
As shown, Governor Grisham’s mask, mass 
gathering, and interstate quarantine policies have 
contributed to the amount of COVID-19 cases in 
New Mexico being lower than that of Utah. 
Governor Herbert’s policies reflect the fact that the 
governor values economic recovery over virus 
mitigation.22 Utah’s governor should implement 
the same three policies outlined for New Mexico, 
in order to better mitigate the spread of COVID-
19. If instituted, both states can reassess the
strictness of their interstate quarantine, updating
the list of states that people need to quarantine
from; this should only occur if states can decrease
case numbers. With the hope of more research and
COVID-19 control, mass gatherings may be
reassessed and possibly relaxed depending on Utah
and New Mexico’s ability to slow the spread of
COVID-19.
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