ggj: A Pathfinder

This is a computer-generated pathfinder created against the Distant Reader study called ggj.

Each Distant Reader study carrel is composed of many individual items. Each item is bibliographically described with author, title, date, summary, and keyword values. Below is a list of the items' most signficant keywords as well as lists of the items themselves. Purpusing the content of this pathfinder provides the student, researcher, or scholar with one way to get their heads around the scope of the carrel. The keywords include:

Georgian; Data; Population; Tourism; River; Tbilisi; Development; Region; Area; Geography; Analysis; Change; Territory; National; Soil; World; Air; Temperature; Wind; Respondents; Massif; Countries; Model; Landscapes; Precipitation; Andesite

Depending on how this pathfinder was created, many of the bibliographic sections will include elaborations on the meaning(s) of the given keywords. These elaborations were generated by feeding the items' summaries to a large langauge model and asking the model to address the question, "What is X?", where "X" is the keyword. The result will be a few sentences of elaboration. Be forewarned. The elaborations are often plausible, but they should not be take as truth. Instead, they should be taken as points for consideration.

• 3D Model and Structural-Kinematic Evolution of the Pre-Jurassic Crystalline Basement of the Western Georgia by Basheleishvili, Levan; Beridze, Giorgi (2023) - Thus, the initiation and development of meridional structures in the Colkheti depression show that the structural plan was rearranged at least twice, and this was associated with the region's main tectonic phases of deformation. Keywords: Georgia, crystalline basement, structural geology, 3D model Introduction Figure 1. Keywords: basement; crystalline; deposits; depression; georgian; meridional; trough
• Administrative-territorial Organisation of Georgia in the 20th and 21st Centuries by Tavadze, Givi (2023) - Conclusion The administrative-territorial organisation of modern Georgia was based on Russian imperial laws. First of all, the authors of the book wrote about three autonomous units established in 1921-1922: “SSR Abkhazia allied to SSR Georgia,” which in 1931 has been transformed into “the Abkhazian ASSR,” “Adjaristan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” and “South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast.” Keywords: district; georgian; municipalities; region; republic; tbilisi; uezd
• Geodeterminism: Truth or Illusion? by Ratiani, Tinatin (2023) - The paper is about geographical determinism (geodeterminism), allegedly a foundation of geopolitics. Historical roots of geodeterminism It should be noted that geographical determinism has deep roots. Keywords: countries; determinism; environment; gdp; geodeterminism; geography; geopolitics; georgian; world
• The toponym "Batumi" – Etymology by Akhvlediani, Nargiz (2023) - [7] and [8]. 1 PhD in Philology, Chief Researcher, Department of Folklore, Dialectology and Emigrant Literature of Niko Berdzenishvili Institute, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University, Georgia, Batumi, nargiz.akhvlediani@bsu.edu.ge mailto:nargiz.akhvlediani@bsu.edu.ge Akhvlediani. Some researchers share the opinion that early Batumi was located at the mouth of the Koroli River. Keywords: batumi; century; city; etymology; georgian; history; kaukhchishvili; toponym
• Aya/Kolkheti - to the History of Synonymous Toponyms by Akhvlediani, Nargiz; Chotalishvili, Lela; Jorbenadze, Nino; Gagua, Iamze (2023) - Keywords: Aia, Colchis, Toponym, Argonauts Introduction Toponyms (place names) are living memories that contain information about local cultures and languages. It should be noted here that other ancient toponyms and names associated with the legend of the Argonauts show a connection with the Georgian linguistic world, which should echo the results of a specific Mycenaean expedition, which was actually carried out; contacts that the Mycenaean world was supposed to have with the Georgian world of the eastern Black Sea region; and the realities that were supposed to be related to the intended purpose of the Argonauts' expedition. Keywords: aya; city; colchis; georgian; greek; sources
• THE NATURAL RESOURCES POTENTIAL AND PECULARITIES OF THEIR EXPLOITATION IN MOUTAINOUS REGIONS (THE CASE OF KVEMO RACHA, GEORGIA) by Elene Salukvadze; Tamila Chaladze; Ketevan Gogidze (2021) - Here the landscapes of river-side forests (#2), low mountain forests (#5, #6, #7 landscapes) and middle mountain forests (#8, #9, #10, #11) are met. The data on mineral resources, climate and agro-climate, soil and forest resources are given in the table and diagrams. Keywords: ambrolauri; beech; forests; georgian; karst; kvemo; landscapes; meadows; mountains; racha; relief; river
• Linguistic-Historical Study of the Toponym Ureki by Akhvlediani, Nargiz (2024) - With the development of critical studies of place names, it has become clear that they can gain knowledge not only about natural factors, such as ethnopedology (the natural science of soils and landscapes) and plant coverage but also about anthropological factors. Toponymy is a branch of onomastics that studies the meaning and structure of geographical names (village, city, river, etc.) and their geographical distribution. Keywords: akhvlediani; batumi; georgian; land; place; tbilisi; toponym; ureki
• Phytotoponyms- Chronicler of Local Flora by Khotcholava-Matchavariani, Nana; Tchelidze, David (2024) - Zelkova trees live for centuries. Zelkova tree. Keywords: dzelkva; georgian; phytotoponyms; plant; students; tree; zelkova
• 100 BIRTH ANNIVERSARY OF GARSEVAN KURDGELAIDZE RESTLESS PERSON AND RESEARCHER by Koba Kharadze (2021) - Garsevan Kurdghelaidze in oceanological expedition on ship “Monsoon” (Atlantic Ocean) Kharadze K. One of Garsevan Kurdghelaidze’s deeds As true naturalist Garsevan Kurdghelaidze was the person of poetic soul. Experiences scientist Garsevan Kurdghelaidze leaded Georgian glaciologists expedition and during years diligently worked on glaciers and rivers. Keywords: garsevan; georgian; kurdghelaidze
• Occupied Territories of Sachkhere Municipality by Kekenadze, Valeri (2024) - This lack of population must have been the reason why Ossetians moved here in the 18th-19th centuries and created Ossetian villages, which subsequently became the basis for the administrative classification of this territory as the administrative district of South Ossetia, and not to the Sachkhere municipality, while the territory is geographically it is an integral part of Sachkhere. The village is completely Ossetian; Khakhieti - only 108 inhabitants, 59 men, 49 women (Ossetian village); Perev - only 36 inhabitants, 15 men, 21 women (Ossetian village); Kvemo Kardzmani - only 140 inhabitants, 70 men, 70 women (the village is entirely represented by the Georgian population); Zemo Kardzmani - total 103 inhabitants, 45 men, 58 women (Ossetian village); Shua Kardzmani - only 71 residents, 33 men, 38 women (Ossetian village); Tbet - only 72 inhabitants, 31 men, 41 women.(the village is completely populated by Georgians), (Sinaguri village council); Hamfalgom - a total of 49 inhabitants, 19 men, 30 women (Ossetian village), (Tsoni village council). Keywords: georgian; inhabitants; ossetians; population; sachkhere; territory; total; village; women
• Prospects of Tourism Development in Zemo Racha and Their Reflection Among the Local Society by Nadareishvili, Nana; Tutberidze, Mzia; Khomeriki, Giorgi; Dzhvarsheishvili, Sofiko; Kvirkvelia, Nana; Tchania, Eleonora; Tavadze, Givi (2025) - Tourism development here began in the thirties of the 20th century, when the Shovi resort began operating here (Tutberidze, 2021). In recent decades, one of the most real ways to retain the local population is tourism development, job creation in the tourism and hospitality industry and providing employment for local people. Keywords: activities; development; georgian; municipality; nadareishvili; percent; racha; region; research; resort; respondents; tourism; tourism development
• Political Geography of Sachkhere Municipality by Kekenadze, Valeri (2025) - Kekenadze 2025 5(3) 89 J. Nadiradze pointed to the Modinakhe necropolis and noted that, from the beginning of the late antique period, the center of Argveti principality (,,სამთავრო“ - samtavro) was supposed to be located on the right bank of the Kvirili River, while the residence of the rulers of this country, as well as the necropolis, were supposed to be located on the territory of Sachkhere. Results Argveti principality (,,სამთავრო“ - samtavro). Keywords: argveti; century; georgian; imereti; kartli; king; municipality; principality; sachkhere; territory
• Farming according to the Grand Defter of Gurjistan Vilayet of 1595 by Nikolaishvili, Dali ; Sartania, Davit ; Ujmajuridze, Avtandil (2022) - Gurjistan Vilayet Petre Liva Didi Artaani Liva Agricultural taxes Non-agricultural taxes 8.8 % 5.0 % 13.4 % Figure 2. Georgian Geographical journal 2022, Vol.2 (1) 1-9 Farming according to the Grand Defter of Gurjistan Vilayet of 1595 Dali Nikolaishvili1*, Davit Sartania2, Avtandil Ujmajuridze3 Keywords: akçe; georgian; gurjistan; liva; tax; taxes; vilayet
• Environmental and Anthropogenic Factors in the Development of Geodynamical Processes in Racha by Elene Salukvadze (2022) - Surface washing-off (with soil erosion) is widely distributed here. Washing soil off arable lands Municipality Arable lands completely (Thousand ha) Relief inclination Washing soil off arable lands in year t/ha Degree of soil erosion Metric t/ha Low Medium High Ambrolauri 2.7 15-200 5-10 1.0 0.8 0.3 Oni 1.4 250> 5-10; 20-25 0.7 0.5 0.1 On the territory of Racha, in Ambrolauri Municipality, from moderately slanting slopes (15-20°), 5- 10 t/ha soil is washed off annually, while in Oni Municipality, 20-25 t/ha soil is washed off on extremely slanting (over 25°) slopes [11]. Keywords: cover; erosion; forest; georgian; processes; racha; relief; slopes; soil; territory
• Impact of short-term geomagnetic activity on the variability of meteorological parameters by Marika Tatishvili; Nana Bolashvili; Ana Palavandishvili (2022) - Geomagnetic Storm effects are delayed effects due to a cloud of particles ejected from the Sun. Accordingly, Earth magnetic field is influenced by this reverse. Keywords: activity; atmosphere; earth; georgian; magnetic; storms; sun; weather; wind

• Two Years of Pandemic (Georgian Perspectives) by Tsitsagi, Mariam; Dzhvarsheishvili, Sofiko; Kvirkvelia, Nana; Shakhnazarovi, Aleksandre (2023) - Both Males Females Both Males Females Both Males Females 0-14 541 310 231 537 304 233 -0.7% -1.9% 0.9% 15-24 277 208 69 311 236 75 12.3% 13.5% 8.7% 25-44 1,701 1,328 373 1,961 1,466 495 15.3% 10.4% 32.7% 45-64 9,439 6,829 2,610 11,967 8,101 3,866 26.8% 18.6% 48.1% 65-84 24,468 12,122 12,346 32,214 15,798 16,416 31.7% 30.3% 33.0% 85+ 10,233 3,222 7,011 12,916 4,251 8,665 26.2% 31.9% 23.6% Total 46,659 24,019 22,640 59,906 30,156 29,750 28.4% 25.6% 31.4% Economics The two years of the pandemic triggered health and economic problems in Georgia and throughout the world. The most visits were made from Poland: 30,988 (+189.9%), Germany 21,194 (+127%), and France, 10,646 (+103.9%). Keywords: age; areas; covid-19; data; georgia; increase; journal; national; number; pandemic; rate; tbilisi; total; visitors; visits; year
• German Toponyms in Georgia by Tsitsagi, Mariam; Kekenadze, Valeri (2023) - These toponyms are German settlements in Georgia. German settlements in Georgia German Settlement Year [14] Municipality (current day) Keywords: data; gardabani; georgia; german; settlements; tbilisi; toponyms
• Mapping and Analysis of Anthrax Cases in Humans and Animals by Chichinadze, Tamar; Gulashvili, Zaza; Suknidze, Nikoloz; Malania, Lile; Bolashvili, Nana (2023) - The digital map of soils has the following defined parameters: soil texture, soil organic matter content (%), soil pH, mean soil pH, average base saturation (mg/100gr soil), average calcium carbonate concentration (%), average calcium sulphate concentration, soil salinity (EC in microelements/cm), Fe in soil %, Cu in soil mg/kg, Mn in soil mg/kg, Zn in soil mg/kg, Al in soil (%), Ti in soil (%), Ni in soil (%), and Al Thirty-four types of soil in Georgia, where the data are given for soil type, humus, and Chichinadze et al. The basis of the soil map is the National Atlas of Georgia soil maps [6], published in 2012 and 2018 (Figure 1). Keywords: anthrax; average; data; figure; georgia; soil
• A Brief Overview of Joint Research of Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography M. Nodia Institute of Geophysics, and Georgian Technical University, Institute of Hydrometeorology over the Past 10 Years by Bolashvili, Nana; Ghlonti, Nugzar; Tsintsadze, Tengiz; Varamashvili, Nodar (2023) - Various bioclimatic characteristics of the village of Mukhuri and the Martvili Canyon (Western Georgia) were studied. The data about air equivalent-effective temperature (EET) and content of light ions in air in the Martvili Canyon environments (Western Georgia) in [5] are represented. Keywords: bolashvili; cave; change; climate; data; georgia; institute; journal; river; study
• The Performance of RegCM4.7.1 over Georgia’s Territory Using Two Different Configurations by Elizbarashvili, Mariam; Seperteladze, Zurab; Mikuchadze, George (2023) - The intra-annual course of monthly minimum air temperature is in good agreement with each other according to observational data and model data. As we can see, the intra-annual movement of average monthly precipitation mainly differs from each other according to observational data and model data. Keywords: air; data; data emanuel; emanuel; model; observational; temperature
• Analysis of Forest Cover Changes in the Dharchula Alpine Ecosystem, Western Himalayas, India: in the context of the governance of protected areas by Singh, Bhanwar Vishvendra Raj; Mishra, Ravi; Yadav, Shailesh (2023) - Forest areas in India range from temperate to coniferous, evergreen to shrub and deciduous forests, and from tropical forests to cool temperate forests [3]. This study seeks to examine changes in the LULC of Dharchula utilising multitemporal satellite data, e.g., Landsat 2 and Sentinel 2b for 1975 and 2020, respectively, to assess the understanding of forest changes at Dhar Chula Tehsil. Keywords: analysis; area; change; cover; data; forest; image; index; india; journal; land; ndvi; research; study; use; value; vegetation; wildlife
• ECONOMIC POLICY OF GEORGIA IN THE FACE OF CHALENGES RELATED TO GLOBAL PANDEMIC by Sofiko Dzhvarsheishvili; Ucha Gogrichiani (2021) - Unemployment rate in Georgia % Source: Created by the authors based on data from National Statistics Office of Georgia www.geostat.ge The unemployment rate in Georgia is higher for men than for women. COVID-19 in Georgia live blog. Keywords: authors; data; economy; georgia; journal; national; office; pandemic; statistics; tbilisi; world
• Mapping of Erosion by Wind with RS Data and GIS (case study of Dedoplistskaro Municipality, Georgia) by Tsitsagi, Mariam; Matchavariani, Lia; Tsitsagi, Avtandil (2024) - The implementation of erosion control measures such as contour ploughing, terracing, and windbreaks can help prevent soil erosion and preserve valuable topsoil. Agrosilvopastoralism and the cultivation of windbreaks contribute to the formation of vegetative barriers that protect fields from strong winds and prevent soil erosion. Keywords: area; data; erosion; factor; georgia; land; research; soil; study; wind
• Hydrological Modeling in Studies of Mountain River Basins of Central Asia by Kalashnikova, Olga; Niyazov, Jafar; Nurbatsina, Aliya (2024) - Hydrological model HBV light 2.0 were used for runoff model calibration for the upper Naryn (Naryn town) and Gunt river basins. Also were used hydrological model HBV3-ETH9 for runoff model calibration for the Kyzyl-Suu and Chatkal river basins. Keywords: basin; calibration; central; data; hbv; hydrological; kalashnikova; model; modeling; naryn; river; runoff; streamflow; values; water
• Supervised Machine Learning in Drought Evaluation by Palavandishvili, Ana (2024) - By analyzing stations data and satellite sources, it was determined that using the regression method of Machine Learning, it is sufficient to evaluate 1960- 2000 period data for learning and 2001-2022 period data for training. Figure 1 shows a list of stations with insufficient data and whose data were not subjected to statistical analysis A comparison of CHIRPS and station data was made, for which the systematic error (BIAS) was calculated, which refers to the estimation of the difference between the monthly totals of precipitation measured from the satellite and the ground station. Keywords: analysis; data; drought; learning; machine; palavandishvili; precipitation; station
• Demographic Situation in Modern Abkhazia - Fact or fiction? by Meladze, Giorgi (2025) - On July 12, 2021, the Parliament of occupied Abkhazia adopted the law “On the demographic policy of the Republic of Abkhazia” in the 1st reading. Source: Abkhazia in numbers 2005, 2011, 2016, 019; Abkhazian statistical yearbook, 2023; National Statistics Office of Georgia Conclusion - Officially published statistical and demographic information about occupied Abkhazia does not reflect reality. Keywords: abkhazia; data; georgia; mortality; number; population; rate; republic; russian
• The Scale of the Expected Largest Maximum High Water Discharges on the Rivers of Eastern Georgia by Basilashvili, Tsisana; Basilashvili, Khatuna; Janelidze, Magda (2025) - Methods and Materials To estimate the expected changes in maximum river discharges, probability theory provision curves were applied to determine the scale of anticipated largest flash flood discharges (Ukleba, 1967; Luchsheva, 1976). Correlation analysis was performed to establish relationships among maximum river discharges, followed by the formation of descending ranks of multi-year data and the determination of their corresponding exceedance probabilities, in accordance with the methodology proposed by Basilashvili (1977), implemented using computer software tools. Keywords: basilashvili; data; discharges; georgia; maximum; river
• Integrating GIS and Kernel Density Estimation for Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment of Potential Onshore Pipeline Failures by Babakhanov, Aslan E.; Imrani, Zaur T. (2025) - Table 4: Aggregated risk score for each location Location Earth-quake Risk Land-slide Risk Flood Risk Mudflow Risk Aggregated Risk A 5.6 4.2 7.3 6.4 23.5 B 7.1 2.3 8.5 5.6 23.5 C 3.4 6.7 6.2 4.5 20.8 D 6.9 4.8 8.1 5.3 25.1 E 4.3 3.5 7.8 6.7 22.3 This table clearly shows both the individual and aggregated risk scores. Although summing the individual risk values for all-natural disasters can yield an overall, aggregated risk score, this approach assumes complete independence among events, which is not always accurate. Keywords: area; assessment; cell; data; density; disasters; distance; earthquakes; hazard; imrani; kde; kernel; pipeline; risk; risk scores; scores; values
• Demographic Issues of Social-Economic Development of Eastern Georgia: Population as a Demographic Potential by Giorgi Khomeriki; Giorgi Meladze; Nana Nadareishvili; Mzia Tutberidze; Nana Kvirkvelia; Sofiko Dzhvarsheishvili; Givi Tavadze; Marina Bokeria (2022) - Dynamics of population number During the last 31 years (1990-2021), the total population of eastern Georgia has decreased by 27.0%, which is 4.3 percent lower than the nationwide indicator. The study of the demographic potential of Georgia is a long-term task of the authors, the first geographical object of which is the study area of the present article - eastern Georgia and, in particular, the regions of Kakheti, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Kvemo Kartli (not including Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia, but including self- governing city Rustavi) and Shida Kartli. Keywords: cent; data; eastern; georgia; kakheti; kartli; kvemo; labour; mtskheta; population; rate; regions

• Rural Depopulation in Georgia: Regional and Municipal Levels of Analysis by Shakhnazarovi, Aleksandre (2023) - The unit/level of analysis of rural population decline could be the rural settlements (a settlement or a group of settlements as a unit of analysis) in conjunction with the altitude distribution of the population. At the same time, the population decline is a more significant and pressing challenge in rural areas, particularly in Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Imereti, and Samtskhe-Javakheti regions, where the depopulation rate is approximately two Shakhnazarovi A. Georgian Geographical Journal 2023, Vol.3 (1) times higher compared to the mean/national pace of rural population decline. Keywords: analysis; decline; georgia; population; regions; settlements; svaneti
• Low Fertility - the Challenge of Demographic Security of Georgia by Meladze, Giorgi (2023) - For the calculation of total fertility rates, differentiated by the order of birth of children by the mother, we have used a matrix that has the following form: F15-19 = 1F15-19 + 2F15-19 + 3F15-19 + . . . Dynamics of age-specific birth rates, total fertility rates and net reproduction rates in Georgia in 2014- 2022 (Source: National Statistics Office of Georgia) Keywords: age; birth; fertility; georgia; number; population; rate
• Territorial organisation’s originalities of the population of Ajara by Putkaradze, Merab (2023) - In particular, mountainous Ajara has decreased, and the coastal regions have increased tendencies of population density. As of population density according to hypsometric steps, the highest average density (351 people per 1 sq. km) is at 0-200 m elevation above sea level. Keywords: ajara; density; population
• Place Branding: Assessing Local Stakeholders’ Participation in the Tskaltubo Spa Resort “Branding” Process by Shakhnazarovi, Aleksandre; Tutberidze, Mzia; Khomeriki, Giorgi (2023) - In this process, a Tskaltubo market and technical feasibility study was conducted, and the vision for Tskaltubo development was formed, along with the elaboration of the general and development plans of the city and the introduction of the investment project “New Life of Tskaltubo. In the scope of the research, relevant documents aimed at Tskaltubo development were studied, such as the general and development plans of the city, the investment project “New Life of Tskaltubo,, etc. Keywords: branding; business; city; development; local; place; plan; population; process; resort; tourism; tskaltubo
• A HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF JEWISH SETLLEMENT IN GEORGIA (THE CAUCASUS) by Revaz Gachechiladze (2021) - Keywords: Jews of Georgia, Georgian Jews, settlement pattern, Population Census of 1926. The term Georgian Jews (commonly known as uria in Georgia before the 20th century, and later as kartveli ebraeli) describes a distinctive subgroup of the people of Judaic faith with Georgian vernacular while the term Jews of Georgia concerns the Jews of all the subgroups residing in this country. Keywords: ashkenazi; census; century; georgia; jewish; jews; number; percent; population; population census; russian; soviet; tbilisi; ussr
• THE GEORGIAN RESORTS AS A BASIS FOR WELLNESS TOURISM DEVELOPMENT by Mzia Tutberidze (2021) - Tutberidze M. The overabundance of terms (treatment tourism, health tourism, resort tourism, sanatorium-resort tourism, clinical tourism, medical tourism) interferes with customer and management's clear understanding of the existing types of tourism. Keywords: Georgia, health tourism, medical tourism, wellness tourism, resort, resort area. Keywords: georgia; health; infrastructure; population; resorts; tourism; treatment; wellness
• Differences in Socio-economic Transformations of Rural Communities in Russian Multi-ethnic Regions by Imangulov, Linar (2024) - Ethnic rural communities, in addition to differences in the variants of socio-economic transformation (inertial - modernization), differ in the prevailing stage of transformation of rural communities. Differentiation is due to the different involvement of ethnic rural communities in urbanization processes and processes of social modernization. Keywords: areas; communities; district; example; people; population; russian; settlement; stage; transformation
• Demographic Crisis in the Mountainous Adjara: Challenges and the Solutions by Putkaradze, Merab; Putkaradze, Landa (2025) - It is obvious, that regional population was increased by 1549 persons in a way of migration, that constitutes an unprecedented occurrence regarding mountainous regions. Georgian Geographical Journal Demographic Crisis in the Mountainous Adjara: Challenges and the Solutions Merab Putkaradze1,* , Landa Putkaradze2 1 Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Healthcare, Professor of the department of Geography 2 Tbilisi Ivane Javakhishvili State University, Faculty of Social Sciences * Corresponding author: merab.putkaradze@bsu.edu.ge Introduction The tendency of population decline in mountainous regions represents a global trend, shaped by a range of social and economic challenges, while also bearing distinct regional characteristics. Keywords: adjara; development; population; putkaradze; region; years
• Svaneti at a Crossroads: Socio-Economic Challenges and Opportunities for Regional Development by kvirkvelia, Nana; Tsitsagi, Mariam; Salukvadze, Elene; Chaladze, Tamila (2025) - Pays land tax (%) Use of machinery and fertilizers in the study area Use of machinery in agriculture (%) Use of fertilizers in agriculture (%) Kvirkvelia et al. 2025 5(3) 70 Keywords: development; economic; education; kvirkvelia; land; lentekhi; mestia; mountain; population; region; respondents; socio; svaneti; tourism; use
• Tbilisi Through Time by Mariam Tsitsagi; Nino Kharebava; Dali Nikolaishvili; Ia Kupatadze; Lela Gadrani (2022) - Title Year Scale 1 Plan of Tbilisi by Vakhushti 1735 1:500 000 5000m 2 Plan of Tbilisi 1800 3 New Plan of Tbilisi 1828 4 Plan of Tbilisi 1844 1:4100 41.3m 5 Plan of Tbilisi city and surroundings 1867 1:8400 84.3m 6 Plan of Tbilisi city and surroundings 1887 1:11 300 113.7m 7 Plan of Tbilisi 1902 1:4100 41.3m 8 Plan of Tbilisi 1913 1:8400 84.3m 9 Plan of Tbilisi 1924 1:6000 60m 10 Plan of Tbilisi (Scheme) 1934 1:8000 80m 11 Through analysis of historical materials, city plans, and old maps, layers of Tbilisi urban sprawl were created using ArcMap 10.8. Keywords: area; cities; city; development; georgia; period; plan; population; sprawl; tbilisi; time

• Changes in Hotel Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Post-pandemic Periods in Georgia by Bokeria, Marine; Tutberidze, Mzia (2023) - Keywords: COVID-19, pandemic, post-pandemic period, tourism, hotel industry. Hotel industry during the pandemic and post-pandemic period The spread of COVID-19 and travel restrictions in most countries worldwide have hit the world tourism industry (tourism's contribution to global GDP decreased by 22.5%). Keywords: georgia; hotels; industry; number; pandemic; tourism
• Development Potential of MICE Tourism in Georgia: A Case Study of Tbilisi and Batumi by Bokeria, Marina; Tchania, Eleonora (2023) - Colliers International Georgia [8] Gogsadze, G., Pavliashvili, N., Tsitsagi, M., Kvirkvelia, N. (2022). MICE Market in Georgia (By Colliers Georgia) Keywords: batumi; georgia; hotel; mice; national; sector; tbilisi; tourism
• The Importance of the Transdisciplinary Approach for Sustainable Tourism Development by Sharia, Mariam; Sitchinava, Tatiana (2023) - Transdisciplinary research empowers us to recognize and tackle pertinent issues with active involvement from experts across various fields, thereby generating recommendations for sustainable development. The research questions for systematic review were as follows: what is and how to conduct transdisciplinary research? Keywords: approach; challenges; development; disciplines; knowledge; research; review; science; study; tourism
• IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON TOURISM IN GEORGIA-AN OVERVIEW by Nana Kvirkvelia; Mariam Tsitsagi (2021) - Consequently, the necessity has led to changes, especially in the direction of domestic tourism. The development of domestic tourism, of course, is not associated with large revenues, but it will allow the country to develop sustainable tourism and more or less maintain the stability of the population involved in the tourism segment, and in fact, its existence depends on tourism. Keywords: covid-19; georgia; hotels; period; restrictions; tourism; travel; visitors; world
• Holiday Climate Index in Kvemo Kartli (Georgia) by Amiranashvili, Avtandil; Bolashvili, Nana; Kartvelishvili, Liana; Liparteliani, Guliko; Tsirgvava, Gvantsa (2024) - Coefficients of regression equation of the intra-annual motion of HCI monthly mean values for 8 points of Kvemo Kartli Equation of regress., coefficients HCI = a·X9+b·X8+c·X7+d·X6+e·X5+f·X4+g·X3+h·X2+i·X+j, (X-Month) a b c d e f Intra-annual distribution types of HCI monthly mean values at 8 locations in Kvemo Kartli Location Distribution type First extremum (Max) Second extremum Amiranashvili et al. 2024 4(1) 40 Bolnisi Bimodal May Sep Gardabani Bimodal Keywords: amiranashvili; climate; climate index; georgia; hci; index; kartli; kartvelishvili; kvemo; mean; tourism; values
• Examining the Impact of Natural Disasters on Tourism in Highland Destinations: Insights from Shovi by Sitchinava, Tatiana; Sharia, Mariam (2025) - These pioneering studies provided the foundation for subsequent frameworks and practices in tourism disaster management. Towards a framework for tourism disaster management. Keywords: crisis; destinations; disaster; georgia; highland; infrastructure; management; recovery; research; resilience; respondents; safety; security; shovi; survey; tourism; tourists
• Evaluation of Tourist-recreational Resources in the Background of Climate Change in Georgia by Kartvelishvili, Liana; Amiranashvili, Avtandil; Megrelidze, Lika; Kurdashvili, Lashari (2025) - This framework enables a more nuanced assessment of tourism climates, providing a robust basis for both seasonal and annual planning in the tourism sector. This diversity makes Georgia particularly suitable for assessing the spatial and temporal distribution of tourism climates. Keywords: change; climate; georgia; hci; resources; tourism
• Possibilities and Prospects for the Development of Family wine tourism in Georgia by Vatsadze, Ineza; Khechikashvili, Maia; Aladashvili, Manana (2025) - Keywords: wine tourism, viticulture-winemaking, wine tourism product, family farms Today, wine tourism is on the rise and is the fastest growing segment of tourism worldwide. Keywords: development; family; georgia; production; tourism; wine; wine tourism; wineries
• Recreational Landscapes and Load Norms in the Coastal Zone of Adjara by Phagava, Nazibrola; Kamadadze, Tsira; Chichileishvili, Khatuna; Ananidze, Maia; Chagalidze, Melano (2025) - Pagava N., Kamadadze T., Chichileishvili Kh., Ananidze M., - Prospects of tourism development in mountainous Adjara and the landscape basis of its development. These precedents underscore the urgency of quantitatively understanding load capacities across different terrain and usage regimes for coastal Adjara, particularly as tourism continues to expand. Keywords: adjara; development; hectare; load; people; region; tourism

• ASSESING THE IMPACT OF ANTROPOGENIC FACTOR ON THE ECOSYSTEMS OF THE PALIASTOMI LAKE REGION by Zurab Janelidze; Nino Chikhradze; Giorgi Janelidze (2021) - 1. Location of the Paliastomi Lake region The insignificant population density, together with the low level of means of production, led to the weak impact of anthropogenic factors on the physical- geographical landscape of the Paliastomi region. Due to its distinctive natural conditions, the Paliastomi Lake area has never been densely populated by humans, although small early settlements date back to the Bronze Age. Keywords: canal; city; maltakva; paliastomi lake; poti; river; water
• Analysis of Spontaneous Exodynamic Processes in the Dghviora River Basin Taking into Consideration the Perspectives of the Shovi-Glola (Georgia) Tourist Agglomeration by Gongadze, Merab; Lominadze, George; Khomeriki, George; Kavlashvili, George (2024) - In the center of the image, you can see the result of the shifting of the bed of river Dghviora to the east, which saved the settled part of village Glola from the danger of a catastrophic mudflow. The material coming from Dghviora river, and its parallel valleys flows into the Chanchakhi valley and forms a large withdrawal cone at the confluence, on which the village of Glola is built. Keywords: chanchakhi; dghviora; dghviora river; georgia; glola; processes; river
• The Natural Resource Potential of landscapes in the Lechkhumi Region (Tsageri Municipality) by Salukvadze, Elene; Chaladze, Tamila (2024) - Lechkhumi region landscapes have natural and socioeconomic environmental influences. Geo-informative system of Lechkhumi landscapes has been created by GIS technology. Keywords: beech; depression; forests; landscape; lechkhumi; massif; mountain; municipality; region; river; slopes; soils; tsageri; tskhenistskali
• Development History of the Migaria Massif Karst Terrain by Lezhava, Zaza; Tsikarishvili, Kukuri; Bolashvili, Nana; Tolordava, Tamari; Avkopashvili, Irakli; Gaprindashvili, George; Kumladze, Roman; Nosenko, Andrei; Chikhradze, Nino; Asanidze, Lasha (2024) - studies and analysis of available literary sources, the history of karst terrain development was restored on the Migaria limestone massif. Based on the mentioned materials, it can be said that the karstification on the Migaria limestone massif took place throughout the Pliocene and partially in the Upper Miocene, and therefore, the beginning of the formation of the karst terrain can be considered the entire Pliocene and possibly the Upper Miocene as well. Keywords: asanidze; georgia; karst; lezhava; massif; migaria; river
• Impact of River Flow Regulation on Deltas in the Black Sea Basin by Starodubtsev, Vladimir; Kodua, Manoni; Ladyka, Maryna; Bogdanets, Vyacheslav (2025) - It is the regulation of river flow and intensive economic activity in their basins that lead to significant changes in the natural environment of river deltas. The study aimed to analyse the impacts of flow regulation and economic activity on river deltas in the Black Sea Basin (Rioni, Chorokhi, Kizilirmak, Dnieper, Dniester, and Danube). Keywords: area; black; changes; delta; dnieper; erosion; flow; river; river delta; sea; sediment; starodubtsev; water
• Main Geographical Factors of Settlement Patterns and Natural Resource Use in Mountain Region: The Kvemo (Lower) Svaneti (Lentekhi Municipality) Case by Salukvadze, Elene; Chaladze, Tamila (2025) - 28.3% of Kvemo Svaneti villages are situated from 540 m to 1000 m above sea level, 55% are between 1040 and 1500 m, and 16.7% are between 1560 and 1970 m. By their natural conditions, Kvemo Svaneti landscapes are especially fit for livestock farming, crop farming, and recreational tourism. The Structure of Lentekhi Municipality land resources in % (2022) Keywords: forest; kvemo; landscape; lentekhi; lentekhi municipality; level; mountain; municipality; region; river; sea; svaneti; villages
• Exodynamic Processes in Upper Racha by Gongadze, Merab; Lominadze, George; Khomeriki, Giorgi; Kavlashvili, Giorgi; Suknidze, Nikoloz; Talakhadze, Gela (2025) - Quaternary sediments—including eluvial, deluvial, colluvial, alluvial, proluvial, and fluvioglacial deposits—form a significant component of the surface cover, influencing hydrological dynamics and slope processes (fig. 1). Georgian Geographical Journal Exodynamic Processes in Upper Racha Merab Gongadze1 , George Lominadze1,* , Giorgi Khomeriki1 , Giorgi Kavlashvili1 , Nikoloz Suknidze1 , Gela Talakhadze1 1 Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia * Keywords: erosion; gongadze; processes; racha; relief; river; shovi; slope; upper
• The History of Mudflow Processes Research in Georgia (on the example of Kakheti) by Nanobashvili, Tinatin (2025) - The first descriptive accounts of mudflow processes along the Georgian Military Highway were published in 1891 in the Proceedings of the Russian Geographical Society. DOI: https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GGJ Abstract Georgia, as a mountainous country, provides favourable conditions for the development of mudflow processes. Keywords: classification; georgia; hazard; kakheti; kdef; mudflow; processes; research; risk; river; tsereteli

• Some Results of the Analysis of Number of Days with Strong Wind in Various Regions of Georgia in 2019-2022 by Beglarashvili, Nazibrola; Pipia, Mikheil; Jamrishvili, Nino; Janelidze, Inga (2023) - Average number of days with strong winds in some regions of Georgia in 2019-2022 Region Month Annual I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Akhaltsikhe 0 0 0.5 0 1.3 0.3 1 0 0.3 0 0 0 2.4 Ambrolauri 0 0 1.3 0.8 0.3 1 1 0.3 0 0 0 0.3 5 Bakuriani 16 14.5 5.8 8.8 6.5 10.5 7.8 8.3 2.8 4.5 5.5 8.5 99.5 Bolnisi 0.5 2 0.8 0.8 0 0 0.5 0 0.8 0 0.3 0 5.7 Gori 2.3 2.8 3 3.5 5.8 3 2.5 2.3 1.5 0.8 1.3 1.3 50.8 Mount-Sabueti 1.5 2.5 6.8 2 2.8 2.8 1.8 3.3 3.3 4.8 3 4 38.6 Photi 5.3 2 1.8 1.8 1.8 0.8 0.3 0.8 0.5 3.5 3.8 4.3 24.9 Kobuleti 6.3 5 4.3 2.8 4.5 2 1.8 1.5 3.8 4.3 3.5 3.3 43.1 Kutaisi 8.5 6.5 9.3 5.8 5.8 4.3 3 6.5 5.8 9.8 11.5 12.5 89.3 Sachkhere 0.5 0 0.8 1 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0 0 0 0 3.9 Tbilisi 4.8 5 6 4.8 6.8 3.5 4.8 1.3 2.5 3 3.5 1.3 47.3 Zugdidi 1 0.5 0.5 0 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 0.8 1.5 0.5 8.1 Out of the 12 districts listed in Table 1, strong winds (≥15 m/s), when their number on average does not exceed 10 days per year, are observed only in 5 districts (Akhaltsikhe, Ambrolauri, Bolnisi, Sachkhere, Zugdidi), while in 7 districts (Bakuriani, Gori, Mount-Sabueti, Poti, Kobuleti, Kutaisi, Tbilisi), the average annual number of days of strong wind is more than 24 days, which is a very noteworthy fact. The study period in various locations of Georgia has allowed for the identification of the focal points of strong wind production, as well as the analysis of the dynamics and trends of strong winds. Keywords: average; climate; days; georgia; number; tbilisi; winds
• Geographical Area of Meskheti According to the Ottoman Records of the XVI-XIX Centuries by Nikolaishvili, Dali; Sartania, Davit; Meskhishvili, Nikoloz; Arsenashvili, Ana (2024) - A field-expeditional research was also conducted within the borders of modern Georgia (Adjara, Samtskhe-Javakheti) and the Republic of Turkey (Artvini and Artaan provinces). Such is the wester,e largest part of Georgia); 2) They were conquered for a certain period of time, but they could not keep i,t and today it is within the borders of modern Georgia. Keywords: area; defters; georgia; gurjistan; meskheti; ottoman; tbilisi; territory; vilayet
• Cartographic Heritage of the Institute of Geography by Liparteliani, Guliko (2025) - The active process of construction of Georgian geographical maps has begun after the famous anthropologist Aleksandre Javakhishvili (1875-1973) and the experienced topographer-cartographer Sergi Tshkakaia (1880-1966) returned to Georgia from Russia. Atlas maps were drawn up and prepared for publication under the leadership of A. Aslanikashvili in the Cartography Department of the Institute. Keywords: atlas; cartographic; geography; georgia; institute; javakhishvili; maps; tbilisi

• Analysis of Formation, development and Contemporary Morphodynamic Processes of Batumi Cape by Russo, Grigol; Lominadze, George; Kavlashvili, Giorgi (2023) - Coastline changes (Batumi cape) Russo et al. “Saknapirdacva” Batumi (2003), Morphodynamics and development forecast Batumi cape. Keywords: area; batumi; cape; coastal; development; sea; zone
• Risks of Sustainable Environmental Management for the Purpose of Developing Regional Tourism (on the Example of the Lankaran Natural Region) by Tarikhazer, Stara; Kuchinskaya, Irina; Karimova, Elina (2024) - Landslide processes in the region under study are the most common but are also the most complex, long-lasting and multifactorial. The high-quality functioning of the territory is unrealistic without taking into account the factors and patterns of manifestation of landslide processes, the dynamics and forecast of their development. Keywords: area; development; landscapes; landslide; lankaran; mountains; precipitation; processes; region; talysh; tarikhazer
• Protected Areas Policy and Geopolitics in Georgia: Convergence of Ecological Governance and Spatial Strategy by Chichinadze, Tamar; Tsiklauri, Khatuna (2025) - Funding for protected area management continues to rely heavily on international donor assistance, which undermines long-term sustainability. Such activities highlight the growing convergence between traditional protected area management and geopark initiatives, highlighting their common principles, complementary goals, and potential for integrated conservation and sustainable development. Keywords: areas; conservation; development; environmental; europe; geoparks; georgia; governance; management; policy

• Administrative-Territorial Organisation of the States in the Caucasus Region in the 20th Century and the Beginning of the 21st Century by Tavadze, Givi (2025) - Keywords: North Caucasus, Central, Caucasus, South Caucasus, Region, Province mailto:givi.tavadze@tsu.com https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4475-5355 Tavadze. The region is divided into two political-geographic parts: “North Caucasus” and “South Caucasus”. Keywords: administrative; armenia; azerbaijan; caucasus; caucasus region; districts; empire; georgia; region; republic; russian; south; soviet; state; türkiye
• GIS Served Car Travel Times to Maternity Hospitals in the Kvemo Kartli Region, Georgia by Elizbarashvili, Mariam; Elizbarashvili, Shalva; Kvirkvelia, Bela; Elizbarashvili, Elizbar; Khuntselia, Tamar; Chikhradze, Nino (2025) - By studying car travel time to maternity hospitals and identifying underserved areas, interventions can be targeted to improve healthcare access, reduce inequalities, and contribute to achieving SDGs related to health and sustainable development. Abstract This study aimed to evaluate car travel times to maternity hospitals in the Kvemo Kartli region of Georgia, with the objective of identifying underserved areas and informing priority interventions to reduce spatial inequalities in access to maternal healthcare services. Keywords: access; car; hospitals; kartli; kvemo; maternity; region; travel; women

• PROTECTED AREAS AND NATURAL LANDSCAPES – AN ESSENTIAL FACTOR FOR SUSTANABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ECOTURISM IN MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS by Elene Salukvadze (2021) - Ecotourism, especially in association with protected natural territories, contributes to nature protection. Georgian Geographical journal 2021, Vol.1 (1) 54-62 PROTECTED AREAS AND NATURAL LANDSCAPES – AN ESSENTIAL FACTOR FOR SUSTANABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ECOTURISM IN MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS Keywords: area; ecotourism; forests; georgia; national; oak; park; pontine; species; territory; tree
• The Experimental Research of Ablation of Adishi Glacier Tongue by Tamaz Karalashvili; Nana Bolashvili; Vakhtang Geladze; Guram Imnadze (2022) - For the calculation of glacier surface ablation, the accuracy of the measurement of the glacier tongue and the areas of its characteristic zones is of great importance in terms of the reliability of the final results. Adishi glacier surface ablation data by photogrammetric and stake methods Zones Photogrammetric method Stake method Area, m2 Total volume, m3 Avg. melting, m Area, m2 Total volume, m3 Avg. melting, m I 106287 179643 1.69 95930 149144 1.55 II 139179 201834 1.45 129728 184137 1.42 III 135791 174735 1.29 126213 155044 1.23 IV 321229 349666 1.09 294607 292827 0.99 Sum 702487 905879 646479 781152 The July surface ablation volumes calculated using two methods by zones are shown in Fig.5. Keywords: ablation; adishi; area; glacier; glacier tongue; ice; melting; method; surface; tongue

• Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography by board, Editorial (2023) - Over the period of its 90-year activity from 1933 to 2023, the Institute conducted extensive scientific research that focused on complex geographical studies of mountainous regions, including those in Georgia and the Caucasus. The scientific activity of the Institute was dedicated to the physical-geographical and economic-geographical study of Georgia and publications of papers. Keywords: atlas; geographical; geography; georgia; institute; prize; research; russian; sciences
• Management of the Health and Safety of Medical Personnel Considering Geographic Characteristics by Ratiani, Nino; Gugeshashvili, Sophio (2023) - Keywords: Health geography, laboratory health and safety Introduction Medical geography, as a branch of integral geography, explores the impact of various components of the environment on human health and diseases. Health geography views health from a holistic perspective encompassing society and space, and it conceptualises the role of place, location, and geography in health, well-being, and disease Keywords: analysis; blood; determination; geography; health; medical
• Modern Approaches and Their Importance in the Teaching-Learning Process of Geography by Kvirkvelia, Nana (2023) - Student assessment allows us to understand how students have mastered the learning material and what their strengths and weaknesses are. Forms of Assessment Students’ Choice (%); b-Participation in Extracurricular Activities Number of Students in Percentages Nonformal education is important in the teaching-learning process of geography. Keywords: geography; learning; process; students; teacher; teaching
• Effect of Physical and Human Geographical Features on the Results of Elections-Comparative analysis of Different Countries by Makharadze, Ivane (2025) - Specialists analysing election results state by state and county by county on electoral maps and they conclude major tendencies. Then, election results and tendencies in general, are transferred into Geographical space. Keywords: areas; election; electoral; geography; georgia; results; states
• Using Digital Technologies in the Geography Lesson by Bliadze, Maia; Sekhniashvili, Manana (2025) - Additionally, not all students have access to personal computers or laptops at home, creating disparities in opportunities for digital learning. Moreover, the use of digital technologies supports teachers in assessing students’ knowledge and skills, organizing and consolidating learning outcomes, managing classroom time more efficiently, and presenting instructional content in a vivid and engaging manner. Keywords: digital; education; geography; learning; resources; students; technologies
• Vazha Neidze-Geographer, Chess Composer and International Referee (1937-2020) by Mzia Tutberidze; Marina Bokeria (2022) - Under the leadership and active participation of Dr Neidze, the Department of Human Geography worked on current economic-geographic issues of Georgia: geographical problems of the development of its regions, touristic potential, demographic problems, etc. In this Atlas, a map of the geography of sports compiled by Dr Neidze had been published for the first time. Keywords: chess; geography; georgia; neidze

• Assessment of the Stability of Some Landslide Bodies in Georgia Using a Numerical-analytical Approach by Japaridze, Levan; Chikhradze, Nikoloz; Akhvlediani, Tamaz; Gobedzhishvili, Tamaz (2024) - This has been termed the shear strength reduction factor and its use in combination with the finite element method has been described as a new era in landslide stability analysis (Stability Modelling with SLOPE/W, 2012). This was called the Shear Strength Reduction Factor and its use in conjunction with the Finite Element Technique method new era in the theory of landslide stability calculation (Rocscience, 2004). Keywords: analysis; creep; factor; landslide; method; plastic; rock; slope; stability; strength
• Spatial Thinking in Primary Geography Education: A Design-Based Intervention in Georgia by Ratiani, Manana; Madzgharashvili, Maia (2025) - Starting from the fourth intervention, students began working on spatial problems where their chosen locations were based on strong argumentation and alternative comparison. Conceptual Framework Developing effective instructional design requires robust theoretical foundations, especially when cultivating complex skills such as spatial thinking. Keywords: analysis; design; intervention; learning; problem; research; skills; students; tasks; thinking

• Artificial Change of Toponymy as a Tool of Propaganda of Soviet Ideology by Khotcholava-Matchavariani, Nana; Jorbenadze, Nino; Rekhviashvi, Ketevan; Chotalishvili, Lela (2023) - The history of independent Georgia stopped for several decades. On the one hand stood an enormous empire; on the other hand, small Georgia and Europe had only moral and verbal support. Keywords: abkhazia; change; georgia; leselidze; soviet; toponym
• Assessment of the Climate Change Impact on the Characteristic Parameters of Freezing in Georgia by Regions by Kapanadze, Naili; Tatishvili, Marika; Mkurnalidze, Irine; Palavandishvili, Ana (2025) - It should also be noted that during the second study period (2007–2022), compared to the earlier period (1951–1965), the average dates of spring frosts tend to occur earlier, while autumn frosts occur later. Specifically, at the Tsalka station in Kvemo Kartli and the Gori station in Shida Kartli, the second period records later average dates of spring frosts and earlier dates of autumn frosts compared to the earlier period. Keywords: change; climate; frost; georgia; kapanadze; period; regions
• Impact of Global Warming on Zero Degree Isotherm of Near Surface Temperature by Kukuri Tavartkiladze; Nana Bolashvili (2022) - For example, the representation of temperature change in time by dynamic norm compared to the static norm reduces the standard error by about 5% in the case study (Fig. 1). These polynomials give the least standard errors when describing temperature changes compared to other polynomials. Keywords: change; degree; half; isotherm; temperature; year

• Blizzard Cases in Georgia from 2014 to 2018 by Mikheil Pipia; Nazibrola Beglarishvili; Lizi Ezieshvili (2022) - As a result of the study of blizzard cases, we have compiled a table (Table 1), which shows the number of days of a blizzard in 2014-2018 by regions and relevant municipalities in Georgia. Blizzards cases (even one case) were observed in only five regions of Georgia, including the capital of Georgia - Tbilisi (1 day). Keywords: blizzard; georgia; regions; territory

• International Mobility as a Perspective for Young Graduates from Georgia: Analysing Employability for the German Job Market by Stülb, Magdalena; Dzhvarsheishvili, Sofiko (2023) - Keywords: Youth Unemployment in Georgia, employability, skills and competences, social and cultural fit of skills expectations, international labour market, access to the German labour market Introduction For many years, the authors have been conducting joint projects as university lecturers with Georgian and German students, aiming to impart skills that provide them with an advantage in the global job market [1]. Results: Employability skills of Georgian graduates – Self-assessment of intercultural and international competences Against the background of the question of how graduates from Georgia meet the skills expectations of labour markets in countries with severe skills shortages, the authors conducted two empirical studies. Keywords: countries; education; employability; georgia; germany; global; graduates; job; journal; labour; market; migration; national; people; rate; skills; students; unemployment

• Highmountain Soils of the Khevi Region by Gogidze, Ketevan (2023) - Keywords: Soil, Caucasus, Subalpine, Alpine, Highmountain Introduction S. Zakharov conducted comprehensive research on high mountain soils and authored a monograph dedicated to this specific soil type. Mountain meadow soils are found in the subalpine and alpine zones. Keywords: alpine; formation; humus; meadow; mountain; soil; vegetation
• Mapping of Zoonotic Diseases in South Caucasus by Chichinadze, Tamar; Gulashvili, Zaza; Suknidze, Nikoloz; Bolashvili, Nana (2024) - Sometimes the provoking factor of disease and infection is a geographical variable favorable for bacteria (high temperature, humidity, flood, wind, runoff), favorable for bacteria (soil type, acidity or chemical composition of the soil, orography, perspective, landscape), etc. It is known that in order to analyze the spread of anthrax, it is important to study soil types (Fig. 3) and soil-forming rocks. Keywords: anthrax; caucasus; chichinadze; map; soil; south

• The Geography of the Rugby World Cups and Some Tourism Issues by Tavadze, Givi (2023) - Table 3. 1995 Rugby World Cup – Group Stage Group Country Group A South Africa, Australia, Canada, Romania Group B England, Samoa, Italy, Argentina Group C New Zealand, Ireland, Wales, Japan Group D France, Scotland, Tonga, Ivory Coast Tavadze. The Host, Participants and Winners of the Rugby World Cup 2015 2019 Rugby World Cup Only one change occurred in the list of participants of the ninth World Cup. Keywords: cup; group; new; rugby; world

• Some Questions about the Safe Operation of Short Road Tunnels by Lanchava, Omar (2024) - Keywords: tunnel fire, critical velocity, fire safety standards, numerical modelling. Analysis of the statistical and factual data of tunnel fires According to statistical data of long-term observations of tunnel operation in England and France (Bearard & Carvel, 2012; Perard, 1996), Germany (Bauberhorde Highways Department, 1992), Sweden (Ruckstuhl, 1990) and Italy (Arditi, 2003), traffic accidents in tunnels are less frequent than those in open highways. Keywords: air; emergency; fire; lanchava; road; safety; tunnels; velocity; ventilation
• Dynamics of Atmospheric Microcirculation Processes in Certain Regions of Georgia by Tatishvili, Marika; Khvedelidze, Zurab; Samkharadze, Inga; Zotikishvili, Nanuli; Chelidze, Nana (2024) - Experimental measurements of wind vertical velocity are associated with principal difficulties; therefore, it is necessary to evaluate these measurements using theoretical methods (Khvedelidze et al., 2018). Methods and Materials One of the most important contemporary problems from both scientific and industrial-practical points of view is to study the climatic features of local regions against the background of global climate change. Keywords: air; georgia; khvedelidze; tatishvili; temperature; weather; wind
• Seasonal Ice Caves of Georgia by Karalashvili, Tamaz; Bolashvili, Nana; Tsikarishvili, Kukuri; Geladze, Vakhtang (2025) - Methods and Materials In 1987, Tavartkiladze and Kuznetsov developed a mathematical model of the physical process responsible for ice formation in seasonal ice caves, based on the spatial orientation of cave openings in relation to solar radiation (Tavartkiladze, 1987). Conclusion It is assumed that the conditions for ice formation in seasonal ice caves depend on the topography and climatic characteristics of the area. Keywords: air; caves; formation; georgia; ice

• ANNUAL AMPLITUDE REGIME OF GROUND SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN GEORGIA by Kukuri Tavartkiladze; Antaz Kikava (2021) - 1. Distribution of ground surface temperature amplitude of Georgia in the highlands of the southern slopes of the Caucasus (1), on the plains of eastern Georgia (2) on the Meskheti- Javakheti uplands (3) and in the foothills of western Georgia (4). We have also determined the change of amplitude values according to years and determined the connection of ground surface amplitude to the height of location from the sea level and constructed the annual distribution schematic map of the ground surface temperature for the territory of Georgia. Keywords: amplitude; georgia; ground surface; surface; surface temperature; temperature

• Numerical Modelling of PM10 Propagation in Rustavi City Atmosphere During the Southern Background Wind by Gigauri, Natia; Surmava, Aleksandre; Intskirveli, Liana; Pipia, Mikheil (2023) - 1 there is shown the microaerosols concentration change in Rustavi city atmosphere in February 2022. It may be said that PM2,5 particle concentrations in Rustavi city atmosphere, as a rule, are less than PM10 concentrations, but the nature of their change curve is almost identical. Keywords: atmosphere; pm10; wind

• The Role of Agritourism in Rural Economy Diversification: Do Georgian Farmers Fully Leverage Its Potential? by Tutberidze, Mzia; Shakhnazarovi, Aleksandre (2025) - What types of agritourism activities are offered to visitors/tourists in Georgia? The varying levels of agritourism activity explain such a distribution of respondents and are largely proportional to the geographical distribution of the agritourism destinations. Keywords: activities; agritourism; destinations; farm; georgia; providers; respondents; service; survey; tourists

• On Some Accessory Minerals in Upper Paleozoic Granites of the Khrami Crystalline Massif by Tsutsunava, Tamara; Beridze, Giorgi; Javakhishvili, Irakli (2023) - The core of the garnet was formed in the magmatic stage, in paragenesis Bt+Pl+Or+Grt+Qz, but its periphery - in the cooling stage of granite magma, in paragenesis - Ab+Mc+Grt+Qz±Ms. • The genesis of allanite in the biotite-hornblende-allanite bearing granites of the massif is due to the concentration of REE in the granite magma and the introduction of calcium by hydrothermal solutions. • Allanites of biotite-hornblende-allanite bearing granites from the Khrami crystalline massif belong to the cerium variety with high Ce2O3, La2O3 and Nd2O3. Although allanite is generally an accessory mineral, it is a rock-forming mineral in biotite- hornblende-allanite bearing granites of the Khrami crystalline massif Keywords: allanite; bearing; biotite; garnet; granites; khrami; massif

• Transformation of Social Spaces: International Labor Migration from Georgia by Iashvili, Ia; Jinjikhadze, Pikria; Gvenetadze, Tinatin (2025) - Georgian transnational migrants establish a distinct virtual environment with family members remaining in their homeland, facilitated through social networks. The target groups are Georgian migrants residing in the USA and in some EU countries. Keywords: countries; family; georgia; iashvili; individuals; labour; members; migrants; migration; new; research; space; usa

• 3D Model of Morphostructure of the Crystalline Basement of the Georgian Caucasus by Basheleishvili, Levan; Beridze, Giorgi; Gogia, Badri (2024) - Yusupkhodzaev et al., 1986; Basheleishvili, 1987; Ioseliani et al., 1989; Philip et al., 1989; Banks et al., 1997; Nadareishvili, 2002; Pangani et al., 2003; Basheleishili & Kloshvili 2004; Kundadze et al., 2005; Gamkrelidze et al., 2013b, JMauvilly et al., 2016; Gusmeo et al., 2021; Mosar et. Analyzing numerous literary data on geological and geophysical structure in the form of many profiles, unfortunately, we have to note significant discrepancies between some authors in the interpretation of data on the deep structure, which raises doubts about the choice of an optimally objective profile (Gamkrelidze et al., 2013a; Krasnopevtsova, 1966; Gamkrelidze, 1976; Terekhov, 1979; Basentsyan et al., 1981; Gamkrelidze, 1984; Keywords: basement; basheleishvili; caucasus; crystalline; et al; gamkrelidze; georgia; late; model; structure

• Anthropogenic Transformation of Landscapes and Ecological Risk Factor Assessment by Seperteladze, Zurab; Davitaia, Eter; Aleksidze, Tamar; Rukhadze, Nino (2024) - However, there are also signs of human expansion: separate industrial hubs and transport routes, as well as the results of the Some researchers (Preobrazhensk & Haase, 2003) believe that the change of natural landscapes and, accordingly, the creation of anthropogenic landscapes occurs at the level of elementary landscape (facies) and microlandscape (Urocishche). the role of anthropogenic landscapes in the structure of the Earth's landscape envelope is growing at such a pace that in this case the role of the anthropogenic factor in the differentiation of modern landscapes is one of the main problems of landscape science. Keywords: assessment; chemical; elements; human; impact; landscapes; nature; risk

• Stochastic Modeling of the Process of Realization of the Precipitation-strong wind complex in the Territory of Georgia by Elizbarashvili, Mariam; Elizbarashvili, Elizbar (2025) - This article looks at the likelihood of the most dangerous combinations of heavy rain and strong winds using probability theory, including the chances of these events happening at the same time, the chances of one event happening, the chances of both events happening if one occurs, and how these chances change over time and space in Georgia. The research utilised observational data from 21 weather stations of the National Environmental Agency, spanning from 1961 to 1990, to analyse strong winds and hurricane-related precipitations. Keywords: complex; elizbarashvili; events; georgia; precipitation; probability; 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴

• Petrology of the Rocks Composing the Shuakhevi HPP Engineering Structure by Ioseliani, Levan; Beridze, Giorgi; Javakhishvili, Irakli (2024) - As a result of processing the literary materials found during the design of engineering structures of the Shuakhevi HPP, it was established that the petrography and mineralogy of the suites composing the territory of the project engineering buildings were studied only at the level of rock identification, and analytical studies were limited only to silicate analysis of rocks. During the field work, reference sections were selected, rock samples were collected, sampling was accomplished using GPS technologies, the points were plotted on geological and topographic maps of different scales, photographs of interesting areas of exposure were taken, informative charts were drawn on the spot, and deformation structures were measured using a geological compass. Keywords: andesite; basalt; burnati; fig; kintrishi; rocks; suites

Epilogue

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Created: 2025-12-23