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A Brief Overview of Joint Research of Vakhushti Bagrationi 

Institute of Geography M. Nodia Institute of Geophysics, and 

Georgian Technical University, Institute of Hydrometeorology 

over the Past 10 Years 
Nana Bolashvili 1, Nugzar Ghlonti2, Tengiz Tsintsadze3, Nodar Varamashvili 2* 

Abstract 

For many decades, the Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography, TSU, has had close scientific ties with the 

M. Nodia Institute of Geophysics, TSU, and the Institute of Hydrometeorology, GTU. Over the years, these 

institutes have conducted a large number of joint research projects in various areas in the fields of geography, 

geophysics, and hydrometeorology. This activity has not diminished in recent years. In particular, the following 

joint studies have been carried out over the past 10 years: The general and distinctive features of karst phenomena 

in the territory of Georgia have been studied. The distribution of hail by average maximum size in the territories 

of municipalities in the Kakheti region of Georgia was studied. A simulation of the distribution of hailstones by 

average maximum size in the territory of Kakheti (Georgia) was carried out using data on the freezing level in the 

atmosphere and radar measurements. Various bioclimatic characteristics of the village of Mukhuri and the 

Martvili Canyon (Western Georgia) were studied. The ionisation and microclimatic properties of the Tetra cave 

(Tskaltubo, Georgia) were studied. An assessment was made of the selective absorption of atmospheric aerosols 

from the coastal zone of the Black Sea in the spectral range of 0.52-0.80 μm, as well as other climatic parameters 

against the background of climate change. The influence of short-term geomagnetic activity on the variability of 

meteorological parameters in the mid-latitude region was studied. A structured data study was conducted to study 

wind variability to assess drought in Georgia. A drought assessment was also carried out based on the SPEI and 

SPI indices for this territory. A connection has been identified between the normalised vegetation difference index, 

precipitation, and drought indices in the conditions of Kakheti, and a correlation of drought indices for different 

climatic conditions has been established. Work has begun on the use of machine learning and big data for 

environmental monitoring. Sediments in reservoirs have been studied using field experiments; the spatiotemporal 

distribution, genesis, and transport of bottom sediments have been determined; issues of solving the problem of 

siltation in reservoirs for the development of hydropower and coastal protection are discussed; and methodological 

aspects of determining landscape hydrological resources are discussed. The change in the number and extent of 

glaciers in the Dolra River basin in 1911–1960–2014 (Caucasus Mountains, Georgia) was studied using old 

topographic maps and Landsat satellite images. Between 1960 and 2014, the changes in the Chalaati and Zopkhito 

glaciers in the Georgian Caucasus were studied. In the future, it is planned to further strengthen scientific ties 

between these institutes. 

Keywords: geography, geophysics, meteorology, hydrology 

Introduction 

This year marks the ninetieth anniversary of the founding of the Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of 

Geography (TSU) and the Mikheil Nodia Institute of Geophysics (TSU) and the fiftieth anniversary of 

the founding of the Institute of Hydrometeorology (GTU). The scientific activities of these institutes 

are widely known both in Georgia and abroad. Each of the institutes has its own specific scientific area. 

At the same time, to more effectively solve a number of scientific problems, the scientific potential of 

these organisations is often combined. In particular, such problems include environmental issues, 

climate change, and natural disasters. 

For many decades, these institutes were part of the Geosciences Department of the Georgian 

Academy of Sciences. The academy's unified leadership was in charge of coordinating their scientific 

activities. As a result of reorganisation, since 2011, the institutes of geography and geophysics have 

been part of Tbilisi State University, and the Institute of Hydrometeorology is part of Georgian 

Technical University. Since 2014, the main scientific activities of all institutes have been carried out in 

accordance with state programme funding. This reorganisation did not affect the closeness of scientific 

 
1 Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography, TSU, Tbilisi, Georgia 
2 Mikheil Nodia Institute of Geophysics, TSU, Tbilisi, Georgia 
3 Institute of Hydrometeorology, GTU, Tbilisi, Georgia 

* Corresponding author: ldvarama@gmail.com 

 

mailto:ldvarama@gmail.com


Bolashvili et al. Georgian Geographical Journal 2023, Vol.3 (2) 

contacts between these institutes. Moreover, in a number of areas, these contacts have even intensified 

(for example, research into the bioclimatic potential of Georgia for the development of resorts and 

tourism, the development and implementation of new methods for studying various natural phenomena, 

joint expeditionary work, etc.). ). 

Below is a brief overview of joint research between these institutions over the past ten years. 

Methods and Materials 

The results of studies presented in published works [1-22] were analysed. 

Results 

The territory of Georgia is rich in a variety of natural conditions that both contribute to the 

development of the human environment (minerals, bioclimate, resort and tourism resources, etc.) and 

negatively affect it (almost all types of natural disasters). 

In particular, the general and distinctive features of karst phenomena in the territory of western 

Georgia have been studied [1]. This territory is rich in unique karst phenomena in which a single karst-

hydrogeological system is fixed. In this region, the existing karst phenomena are characterised by 

common (they are directly connected with limestone masses) and distinguishing signs, which are caused 

by geological and geotectonic characteristics and the intensive development of processes determined 

by climatic conditions; the physical parameters of the distribution of precipitation in the specified 

territory have been established; places of intensive flows of underground filtration streams and the 

direction of their movement have been identified; and georadar locational sections have been 

constructed. Geophysical studies carried out on the limestone massif of Migaria have revealed the 

distribution area of both previously recorded and recently found caves; their identification, mapping, 

and cadaster have been carried out. 

In [2, 3], the results of modelling the distribution of hailstones by mean max diameter (D) in the 

territory of Kakheti (Georgia) using data of the freezing level in the atmosphere and radar measurements 

of hail max sizes in clouds are presented. Maps of the distribution of hail by the average maximum 

diameter in the territory of Kakheti for individual months, from April to September, have been built. 

The vertical distribution of D in the indicated territory in the range of heights from 0.11 to 3.84 km was 

studied. 

Various bioclimatic characteristics of the village of Mukhuri and the Martvili Canyon (Western 

Georgia) were studied [4,5]. Some new information about the village Mukhuri in Western Georgia's 

bioclimatic features (Tourism Climate Index and light ion content in the air) is shown. This information 

can help the area become a better health resort and tourist destination. It is shown that for the 

development of mass tourism, the months from March through November are favorable. Researchers 

measured the amount of light ions in the air near the Khobistskali River in the Shurubumu karstic cave 

and forest. The results showed that ionotherapy could be developed in the area that was suggested. It is 

noted that all months of the year are suitable for therapeutic and preventive tourism [4]. The data about 

air equivalent-effective temperature (EET) and content of light ions in air in the Martvili Canyon 

environments (Western Georgia) in [5] are represented. The average monthly values of EET for the 

daytime hours vary from 2.8° (category "Coldly," January) to 23.5° (category "Warmly," August). A 

comfortable thermal regime is observed during May, June, September, and October. The concentration 

of light ions in the air on the surface of the river and waterfall inside the canyon varies from 1410 to 

2460 cm3, which is minimally above the standard necessary for the health of people. 

The ionisation and microclimatic properties of the Tetra cave (Tskaltubo, Georgia) were studied [6, 

7]. 

The cave “Tetra” is located in the northern part of the health resort Tskhaltubo [6]. Taking into 

account the microclimatic and ionising properties of the cave (the high concentration of light ions), at 

the beginning of the seventieth century, it was used for treating patients with the respiratory and 

cardiovascular systems. During the 2008 expedition, it was discovered that the special door into the 

cave was broken up. The tracks of the unsanctioned presence of people were revealed inside the cave. 

That is, the natural state of the cave was disrupted (sealing, air cleanliness, etc.). As a result, the unique 

bioclimatic and radiation properties of the cave were disrupted. Accordingly, the concentration of light 

ions was the same as that in strongly contaminated industrial cities. Urgent measures for the restoration 

of the natural therapeutic potential of the cave “Tetra” were proposed. Recently, the Agency of 



Bolashvili et al. Georgian Geographical Journal 2023, Vol.3 (2) 

Protected Areas of Georgia carried out several measures to restore the original state of the cave, which 

practically led to the restoration of its unique microclimatic and bioclimatic properties. In particular, 

the results of expeditionary work in 2018 showed that the restoration of the radioactive and ionising 

state of the cave occurred. Therefore, the cave "Tetra," as in the early years, will be possible to use for 

therapeutic purposes. The organisation of regular studies of the microclimatic, bioclimatic, and ionising 

properties of caves in Georgia is planned [6]. Research in 2021 confirmed that the restored cave retains 

its characteristic radioactive and ionising state. This shows that the use of the cave for medical, tourist, 

or other useful purposes will not harm its natural state [7]. 

One study looked at how atmospheric aerosols from the Black Sea coast are selectively absorbed in 

the 0.52-0.80 εm range. Other climate parameters were also examined in the context of climate change 

[8]. The optical properties of mixed (continental and marine origin) atmospheric aerosols in the coastal 

zone have been studied, particularly the absorbing function of the aerosols in the 0.52–0.80 micrometre 

spectral range. Over the years, more than 2,500 complex expeditions were carried out, during which, in 

28 spectral regions, the spectral composition of direct solar radiation with the help of optical filters in a 

0.341 to 1067 micrometre spectral range was measured. At the same time, the vertical distribution of 

water vapour in the atmosphere and the total amount of ozone were also measured. We found the 

empirical coefficients of the Angstrom formula by looking at the optical density at the beginning and 

end of the spectral range (where no absorption was seen). This helped us determine the aerosol 

absorption function at 8 points in this range. 

An evaluation of the climate parameters of the Black Sea Coastline in the context of climate change 

was conducted [9]. 

To evaluate the climate change level of this region, the dynamics of climate parameter (temperature 

and precipitation) changes during a certain time period were accessed and analysed. The study is based 

on the observation data of the National Environmental Agency and weather stations operating, in the 

past or at present, on the Black Sea coast. The data on air temperature (1930–2010) and sum of 

precipitation (1957–2006) for weather stations Batumi (air temperature 1931–2010) and Poti (1930–

2009) and statistical, climatologic, and graphical analysis of the treatment of many-year meteorological 

data were used for the study. In particular, according to the linear approximation trend of 80-year 

observational data, the average temperature in Batumi increased by 0.70 °C. Meanwhile, the average 

temperature in Poti increased by 0.30 °C. The maximum temperature in Batumi increased by 3.29 °C, 

and the minimal temperature also increased by 1.65 °C. The maximum temperature in Poti increased 

by 1.42 °C, and the minimal temperature also increased by 1.21 °C. According to the linear 

approximation trend of 50 years (1957–2006) of observation data, the annual precipitation in Batumi 

decreased from 2650 mm to 2550 mm, i.e., by 100 mm. Meanwhile, the annual sum of precipitation in 

Poti increased from 1700 mm to 2150 mm, i.e., precipitation increased by 450 mm. 

Due to global climate change, natural hydrometeorological disasters occur more frequently and 

intensely, and the study and investigation of these events require the unification of all institutional 

resources to achieve progress in the set of goals and objectives essential for stable state development. 

Among the enormous number of published scientific papers, there are remarkable recent studies dealing 

with the abovementioned problem [10–15]. In the articles, various climatic parameters and dangerous 

phenomena have been discussed: wind, heavy rain, temperature, drought, atmospheric perturbations, 

etc. All parameters and events are studied using modern methods, program packages, and data. 

Especially important is the use of data from the Earth Observing Satellite mission. 

Reference [10] addresses a space weather prediction problem. This paper looks into what might 

happen when strong magnetospheric storms occur and how they might change the way weather works 

in the atmosphere. The goal is to find a link between changes in the magnetosphere and changes in the 

weather. Georgia is prone to hydrometeorological hazards, so it is crucial to look into the physical 

processes that cause them. Meteorological effects resulting from fluctuations in solar wind are poorly 

represented in weather and climate models. A geomagnetic storm is a significant disturbance of Earth's 

magnetosphere, exchanging energy from solar wind into Earth's space environment. These storms result 

from solar wind variations that significantly change the currents, plasmas, and fields in Earth's 

magnetosphere. Geomagnetic indices measure geomagnetic activity occurring over short periods of 

time. They have been constructed to study the response of the Earth's ionosphere and magnetosphere to 

changes in solar activity. The correlation between geomagnetic storms and meteorological elements 

(temperature, precipitation, wind) was carried out for the Georgian region using meteorological 



Bolashvili et al. Georgian Geographical Journal 2023, Vol.3 (2) 

observations, NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory, and NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre data. 

The results show that there is a dependence between meteorological parameters and geomagnetic 

disturbances. 

A structured data study was conducted to study wind variability to assess drought in Georgia [11–

13]. Drought is a frequent phenomenon in Georgia. The SPI and SPEI drought indices were calculated 

to analyse drought frequency and intensity in the territory of Georgia in the 1991–2020 period. The 

structured data of the hydrometeorological observation net were used to calculate the following 

statistical parameters: Pearson correlation, mean deviation, and absolute deviation, both for the entire 

period and for months. The programs R and R-instat are used to calculate and visualise these parameters. 

The correlation coefficient is in good agreement for all cases, and the absolute deviation shows data 

scattering, which should be related to the complex relief of Georgia as well as the heterogeneity of the 

data series. The study is important for climate change assessment and hydrometeorological disaster 

early warning systems and may be used in nature-based solutions [12–15]. 

Work has begun on the use of machine learning and big data for environmental monitoring. Artificial 

intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are also key technologies in big data analysis. The analysis 

of big data combines traditional methods of statistical analysis with computational approaches. The 

significance of big data in climate-related studies is greatly recognised, and its techniques are widely 

used to observe and monitor changes on a global scale. Climate computing combines multidisciplinary 

research regarding climatic data and system sciences to efficiently capture and analyse climate-related 

big data as well as support socioenvironmental efforts. Understanding the natural environment is 

increasingly important to respond to the negative impacts of climate change and anthropogenic 

pressures on finite natural resources [16]. 

Sediments in reservoirs have been studied using field experiments; the spatiotemporal distribution, 

genesis, and transport of bottom sediments have been determined; issues of solving the problem of 

siltation in reservoirs for the development of hydropower and coastal protection are discussed; and 

methodological aspects of determining landscape hydrological resources are discussed. The change in 

the number and extent of glaciers in the Dolra River basin in 1911–1960–2014 (Caucasus Mountains, 

Georgia) was studied using old topographic maps and Landsat satellite images. Between 1960 and 2014, 

the changes in the Chalaati and Zopkhito glaciers in the Georgian Caucasus were studied [17–22]. 

The process of sediment accumulation in reservoirs stops after the silting prism is formed on the 

body of the equilibrium bed, by means of which the river can transport a full range of sediment 

downstream. Presently, there is no approved method for forecasting the parameters of the silting prism 

and the equilibrium bed. To study the process of silting prism formation and equilibrium channel 

forecasting, field experiments were carried out on small mountain rivers in Georgia. The methodology 

of the natural experiment implementation was created. For the analysis of the obtained results, the 

methods of mathematical statistics and differential calculus were applied. The experiments showed that 

the equilibrium bed is much higher than the initial position of the riverbed, posing a serious threat of 

catastrophic inundation in the event of a flood. It was found that the final result of reservoir silting is an 

accumulative terrace, where an equilibrium channel is produced. The length of the train is a function of 

the maximum flow discharge, the deposit of runoff, the diameter of the bottom sediment, and the initial 

inclination of the riverbed. The fractional distribution of the sediments into silting prisms is determined 

by the type of reservoir regulation and the intra-annual distribution of the fluvial sediments. The 

mechanism of riverside destruction by water flow is considered a random process that depends on both 

the flow rate and riverside stability. Vulnerability, the characteristic of the riverside, is taken as an 

indicator of this process with respect to such influence, and the famous model "load-stability" from the 

theory of reliability is used for its identification [17]. 

The genesis, transport, and accumulation of settled sediments in mountain rivers are random 

processes in time and space that are defined by the river flow rate (Q m3/sеc), the height of the basin 

(I), the inclination of the river, and basin geology. Genesis and the volume of river sediment are 

functions of the climate, and in accordance with its cycles, they increase during the warming period and 

decrease as the temperature falls. The main natural factors for sediment formation are glaciers, erosion, 

landslides, and flax. Sediment transportation: The process of sediment transportation by flow represents 

many variable functions, which are mainly described by Chezy-Maning and Airy laws. Aside from the 

aforementioned laws, this process is also subject to the regularity of dependence between the maximal 

diameter of the sediment (dmax) and the speed of the river (V, m/sec) in the head race of a water 



Bolashvili et al. Georgian Geographical Journal 2023, Vol.3 (2) 

reservoir. In some places, the river crosses an uplifted ridge, or “epirogenic threshold,” and the 

submersible lowland. The river saws such a threshold to create the so-called "equilibrium balanced 

riverbed" of its respective characteristics. If the speed of the threshold uplift is greater than the speed of 

the riverbed cut, then a depression is created, in which the river permanently deposits sediments to 

create a riverbed with a corresponding inclination, the so-called equilibrium riverbed. Some rivers use 

a significant part of the sediments to compensate for stagnations caused by "flax dams" or alluvial fans 

of flax. In [18], it is shown that the result of such processes is the creation of the Chiori grove, 

accumulative plain terraces of Saglolo and Chrebalo in the basin of the river Rioni, the creation of the 

Tianeti plain upstream of the river Iori, and many more. A significant amount of sediment is spent on 

the formation of sanding prisms in water reservoirs. The river consumes one part of the remaining 

settled sediments to create a balanced riverbed in the submersible lowlands and to neutralise the effect 

of sea eustasy. The second part of sediments is spent on the formation of deltas, the permanent filling 

of coastal beaches, and the creation of accumulative formations in the sea. The mountain reservoir is in 

conflict with seacoast protection and the security of population and infrastructure at the head race. 

Hence, the genesis of settled sediments in the river, places of natural accumulation, and sediment 

granulometry should be taken into account when choosing a reservoir. The optimal places for the 

construction of water reservoir dams are epeirogenic thresholds since the dam is uplifted there, and 

thus, the operation period of the water reservoir is relatively longer. 

Georgia, as a seaside mountain country, faces three opposing issues: hydropower development, 

coastal protection, and flooding risks for riparian settlements and infrastructure. Present climate change 

will even further strengthen the processes of beach abrasions. For the study of the silting prism 

formation process and the forecasting of the equilibrium channel, natural field experiments have been 

carried out on small mountain rivers. The experiment showed that for approximately one year, silting 

prisms on some rivers closely reached their limited size, and an equilibrium channel was formed. The 

silting prism in the tributaries forms the sediment train that extends to the boundary of the top water 

level in the river. The length of the train (L) is a function of the maximum flow discharge (QM), the 

deposit of runoff (R), the diameter of the bottom sediment (d), and the initial inclination of the riverbed 

(I). For the purpose of a harmonious resolution of all problems, eroded beaches should be periodically 

artificially filled by the river sediment accumulated in reservoirs. It is necessary to organise a system of 

quarries in reservoirs [19]. 

The aim of the paper [20] was to determine the quantity of water resources according to the 

landscapes in Georgia using multifactorial analysis. Assessment of the potential of water resources 

(hydroscopic resources) in landscapes requires multifactorial analysis. Their potential is determined by 

the quantity of influent and effluent waters during certain time periods. This study was mainly based on 

multiyear hydrological data from Georgia, covering 90 rivers. The series of observations included a 

time scale of 40–50 years and, in some cases, even 70 years. The study was based on cadastral data 

from 150 hydrological stations and posts. The authors investigated different and similar landscapes 

according to the total supply of water resources. The landscapes situated under more or less uniform 

physico-geographical conditions are similar in their total supply of water resources. Landscapes within 

the limits of one type or even subtype differ according to the supply of water resources, particularly 

water resources, which are maximal under these conditions. The accuracy of the results has been 

testified to by the circumstances. The authors obtained approximately the same total values for Georgia 

as determined by the calculations made by different scientists using different methods. 

Article [21] presents the changes in the number and area of the Dolra River basin glaciers during the 

last century in connection with climate elements. The Dolra River basin is located on the southern slope 

of the Central Caucasus, in the territory of Zemo Svaneti, and joins the Enguri River basin, which in 

turn is the main centre of the contemporary glaciation in Georgia. During the study, we used the 

1:42,000 scale topographic maps of the 19th century, which were drawn up during the first topographic 

survey by using the plane-table surveying method. Additionally, the authors used the catalogue of 

glaciers on the southern slope of the Caucasus, compiled on the basis of th-century m maps in 1911 by 

a well-known researcher of the Caucasus, K. Podozerskiy. To identify the area and number of glaciers 

in the 1960s of the 20th century, we used the work of R. Gobejishvili, the Georgian glaciologist of the 

20th and 21st centuries, composed on the basis of 1:50,000 scale topographic maps of 1960. The data 

for 2014 were obtained from Landsat aerial images of the L8 OLI/TIRS (Operational Land Imager and 

Thermal Infrared Sensor) taken in August 2014. In the mentioned study, except for the old topographic 



Bolashvili et al. Georgian Geographical Journal 2023, Vol.3 (2) 

maps and aerial images, the climate information was collected from Mestia weather stations (Mestia is 

the regional centre of Zemo Svaneti, where the only operating weather station is located at present). 

Along with the dynamics of glaciers, the course of air temperature and atmospheric precipitation has 

been identified in the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century. 

Discussion 

Georgia has unique natural resources to create comfortable living conditions for its population and 

guests. Therefore, it is necessary to continue further research on these resources for their wider use for 

the needs of society. At the same time, due to climate change, there is a noticeable increase in various 

types of natural disasters (floods, landslides, mudflows, melting glaciers, droughts, etc.). Therefore, 

comprehensive monitoring of natural disasters (observations, analysis, and forecasts) is necessary, 

which will make it possible to create long-term and early warning systems about their activation as well 

as to develop methods and recommendations for preventing or minimising the consequences of these 

disasters. To accomplish these tasks, it is necessary to combine the efforts of scientists of various 

profiles from scientific organisations in different directions. An example of such fruitful cooperation is 

the above overview of joint research between the three institutes over the past 10 years. 

Conclusion 

In recent years, much modern equipment and tools have appeared for environmental research, both 

ground-based and remote. New methods for analysing the results of experimental studies have also 

appeared. Particular attention is given to the importance of comprehensive studies of the human 

environment. Considering this in the future, it is planned to further strengthen scientific ties between 

these institutes. 

Competing interests 

The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 

Authors’ contribution 

N. B. and N. V. conceived of the presented idea. N. G. and T. Ts. prepared relevant material for 

review. N. V. took the lead in writing the manuscript. All authors provided critical feedback and helped 

shape the research, analysis and manuscript. 

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