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The Importance of the Transdisciplinary Approach for 

Sustainable Tourism Development 
Mariam Sharia1, Tatiana Sitchinava2* 

Abstract 

In light of pressing global challenges such as climate change, overtourism, and cultural homogenization, 

sustainable tourism development has emerged as a pivotal concept, reflecting the growing need to balance 

economic, environmental, and sociocultural considerations within the tourism industry. This paper explores the 

significance of employing a transdisciplinary approach to achieve sustainable tourism development, considering 

its multifaceted and interconnected nature. Traditional disciplinary boundaries often constrain comprehensive 

understanding and holistic problem solving in the realm of tourism development. The transdisciplinary approach 

transcends these limitations by fostering collaboration between various disciplines, stakeholders, and local 

communities. One of the primary benefits of the transdisciplinary approach is its capacity to uncover complex 

interactions and interdependencies among different facets of sustainable tourism. By integrating insights from 

multiple disciplines, a more nuanced understanding of the environmental impacts, sociocultural implications, and 

economic dimensions of tourism activities can be attained. This, in turn, empowers decision-makers and 

stakeholders to make informed choices that prioritize long-term sustainability over short-term gains. Furthermore, 

the transdisciplinary approach contributes to the empowerment of local communities by involving them in the 

decision-making process. Their indigenous knowledge, cultural insights, and historical perspectives become 

invaluable assets in crafting sustainable tourism strategies that respect and enhance the sociocultural fabric of the 

destination. The main research question of this article is “why the transdisciplinary approach is important for 

sustainable tourism development." A systematic review was used as a research methodology that involved several 

research results that were already conducted by the authors and other scientists. It aims to provide a comprehensive 

and unbiased synthesis of all relevant studies on a particular research question, including both quantitative and 

qualitative research. Transdisciplinary approaches are critical to developing sustainable tourism, as demonstrated 

in this study. By breaking down disciplinary silos, fostering collaboration, and integrating diverse perspectives, 

this approach enables a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions within the tourism ecosystem. 

As the tourism industry seeks to navigate the delicate balance between economic growth and environmental 

preservation, the transdisciplinary approach stands as an essential means to achieve a more sustainable and 

harmonious future. 

Keywords sustainable tourism, transdisciplinary approach, development, systematic review 

Introduction 

In recent years, sustainable tourism development has taken centre stage, becoming an essential and 

transformative concept that not only safeguards the long-term viability of the tourism industry but also 

upholds the well-being of the destinations it touches. This paradigm shift is rooted in a global 

recognition of the profound impact that tourism exerts on economic, social, and environmental 

dimensions, thus necessitating a holistic approach to its planning and execution. The United Nations 

World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) jointly 

define sustainable tourism as tourism that considers immediate and long-term consequences on 

economic, social, and environmental aspects, addressing the requirements of visitors, the industry, the 

natural environment, and local communities [19]. 

Traditional disciplinary boundaries have long served as confining barriers that hinder a 

comprehensive grasp and integrated resolution of the multifaceted challenges within the domain of 

sustainable tourism development. To surmount this limitation, the transdisciplinary approach emerges 

as a transformative paradigm. The transdisciplinary approach is a relatively new approach, but it has 

been gaining popularity in recent years as researchers have recognized the need to address complex 

problems that cannot be solved by any single discipline. It breaks down the walls separating distinct 

fields of study, promoting a dynamic synergy that encourages collaboration among diverse disciplines, 

                                                           
1 Tourism and Hospitality Management/Faculty of Economics and Business, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, 

Tbilisi, Georgia, mariamshariag@gmail.com 
2 Human Geography/Social and Political Science, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia,  

* Corresponding author: tatkasichinava21@gmail.com 

 
 



Sharia and Sitchinava. Georgian Geographical Journal 2023, Vol.3 (2) 

stakeholders, and local communities. This approach not only transcends the limitations imposed by 

disciplinary boundaries but also offers a promising avenue for harnessing the collective wisdom and 

expertise of a wide spectrum of voices, thereby enriching the sustainable tourism development 

discourse. 

The challenges associated with sustainable development often exhibit complexity and a multifaceted 

nature. Consequently, comprehending these challenges necessitates the integration of diverse forms of 

knowledge and academic disciplines. Transdisciplinary research empowers us to recognize and tackle 

pertinent issues with active involvement from experts across various fields, thereby generating 

recommendations for sustainable development. Within the academic sphere, scholars are actively 

working on pioneering approaches to address this concern. As a result, interdisciplinary and 

transdisciplinary methods have gained prominence, allowing us to delve into a broad spectrum of 

sustainability-related issues [7]. 

The transdisciplinary approach is not just a theoretical concept but a practical avenue for enhancing 

the resilience of tourism destinations, mitigating the environmental impact, and promoting the well-

being of local communities. As researchers and practitioners increasingly adopt this approach, it opens 

up new vistas for innovative strategies and approaches that transcend traditional boundaries. By 

fostering a sense of shared responsibility and collaboration, the transdisciplinary approach paves the 

way for more effective, sustainable, and inclusive tourism development, aligning the industry with the 

principles of responsible tourism for the betterment of present and future generations. 

The transdisciplinary approach is a versatile approach that can be applied to any field of study. In 

the context of sustainable tourism development, it offers several key benefits: 

• It enables a more comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions and 

interdependencies among different facets of sustainable tourism. 

• By integrating insights from multiple disciplines, a more nuanced understanding of the 

environmental impacts, sociocultural implications, and economic dimensions of tourism activities can 

be attained. 

• This, in turn, empowers decision makers and stakeholders to make informed choices that 

prioritize long-term sustainability over short-term gains. 

• Furthermore, the transdisciplinary approach contributes to the empowerment of local 

communities by involving them in the decision-making process. Their indigenous knowledge, cultural 

insights, and historical perspectives become invaluable assets in crafting sustainable tourism strategies 

that respect and enhance the sociocultural fabric of the destination. 

The purpose of this paper is to explore the perspectives of employing a transdisciplinary approach in 

sustainable tourism development, considering its multifaceted and interconnected nature, based on a 

systematic review and transdisciplinary field case studies conducted in Georgia in 2018, 2019 and 2020. 

The introduction provides a concise overview of the topic and highlights the benefits of the 

transdisciplinary approach to sustainable tourism development. It also outlines the key points that will 

be discussed in the main body of the paper. "Why is the transdisciplinary approach important for 

sustainable tourism development?" This question will be addressed through a systematic review of 

relevant research studies. 

Methods and Materials 

The scientific research methodology that involves several research results that are already conducted 

is commonly referred to as "systematic review." This methodology synthesizes and analyses existing 

research findings to draw more robust conclusions, identify trends, clarify inconsistencies, and provide 

a comprehensive overview of a particular research topic. 

This approach, known as a "systematic review," seeks to offer a comprehensive, impartial synthesis 

of numerous pertinent studies within a single document. Although it shares similarities with a 

conventional literature review in terms of summarizing insights from a body of literature, a systematic 

review diverges by aiming to encompass the entirety of evidence related to a specific question and 

concentrating on research that presents empirical data. 

To illustrate, the systematic review process comprises multiple stages, such as study selection, 

critical assessment, and data extraction, all performed in duplicate by independent reviewers. This 

approach diminishes the likelihood of subjective interpretations and minimizes the impact of random 



Sharia and Sitchinava. Georgian Geographical journal 2023, Vol.3 (2) 

errors on the review's findings. These stringent methodologies set systematic reviews apart from 

conventional literature reviews [3]. 

An effective systematic review should have the following steps: 

1. Formulate Research Question: Clearly, define the research question or objective of the review. 

2. Search Strategy: Develop a systematic and comprehensive search strategy to identify all relevant 

studies. 

3. Study Selection: Apply predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria to select studies for inclusion 

in the review. 

4. Data Extraction: Collect and summarize relevant information from each included study. 

5. Quality Assessment: Assess the quality and risk of bias in each study. 

6. Data Synthesis: Summarize the findings of the included studies, which may involve narrative 

synthesis, meta-analysis, or both depending on the nature of the studies. 

7. Interpretation: Provide an overall interpretation of the evidence, discuss the implications for 

practice or policy, and highlight research gaps. 

8. Advantages: Provides a comprehensive overview of existing research, includes both quantitative 

and qualitative data, and can inform decision-making in various fields. 

The research questions for systematic review were as follows: what is and how to conduct 

transdisciplinary research? Is the transdisciplinary approach helpful for sustainable tourism 

development? 

For the research strategy, the following keywords were selected: “transdisciplinary”, 

“transdisciplinary research”, “transdisciplinary approach”, “transdisciplinary paradigm”, 

“transdisciplinary approach for sustainable development”, and “transdisciplinary approach in tourism 

studies”. Articles, guidelines and books were collected from the Google Scholar database. There were 

some limitations for the searching phase – we were looking for results written in English with free 

access. 

After reading all the selected papers, relevant information was extracted for each of them and 

classified into subtopics. 

Together with the literature obtained online, transdisciplinary field case studies conducted in Georgia 

in 2018, 2019 and 2020 were also analysed. 

Results 

As a result of the systematic review, the following major issues were identified: the essence and 

importance of the transdisciplinary approach; some innovative methods close to and related to the 

transdisciplinary approach; the transdisciplinary approach in sustainability studies; steps and challenges 

for TDR; TDR in tourism and TDR in sustainable tourism development. 

First, let us consider what TDR is and how important it is. The transdisciplinary approach is a 

dynamic and innovative paradigm within academic research and problem solving that has gained 

increasing recognition in different academic fields. Unlike traditional disciplinary boundaries that often 

confine knowledge within specific fields, transdisciplinarity encourages the integration of diverse 

perspectives, methodologies, and expertise from multiple disciplines to address complex, real-world 

challenges. 

There are several research papers and books on the transdisciplinary approach explaining its 

advantages and step-by-step guidelines. According to them, the emergence of a transdisciplinary 

paradigm holds promise in boosting innovation and advancing transformative knowledge, particularly 

amid the diminishing disruptive nature of academic research. It stands as a potential catalyst for 

rejuvenating academia and tackling intricate, real-world issues that demand a multifaceted approach, 

transcending the constraints of conventional disciplines and incorporating a diverse array of viewpoints. 

Through experimentation and transformative research designs, the transdisciplinary approach promotes 

a "new production of knowledge". A vast array of knowledge resources, including professional, every 

day, and implicit knowledge from various sectors, including politics, civil society, business, and culture, 

are actively integrated. They emphasize the innovation characteristics of this paradigm; in a free setting, 

researchers are encouraged to explore solutions unrestricted by conventional wisdom [2, 16]. 

Transdisciplinary approaches are recognized as effective methods of studying complex issues in 

modern scientific and educational fields. A specific research design can be selected based on the 

specifics of a particular research issue in different disciplines. This approach is close to the following 



Sharia and Sitchinava. Georgian Geographical Journal 2023, Vol.3 (2) 

concepts: case study, citizen science, cooperative education, critical thinking, design thinking, 

sustainable development, indigenous knowledge, knowledge transfer, learning in transformation, 

participatory action research, performative knowledge, real-world lab, research integrity, research-

based education, science communication and so on. 

A case study involves the examination of a particular occurrence, whether it pertains to a product, 

individuals, an organization, or processes such as policymaking, decision-making, and transformation. 

It serves as a means to paint a detailed and intricate portrayal of the chosen phenomenon and its 

surrounding environment, which is frequently marked by intricate conditions. The primary objective of 

a case study is twofold: initially, to attain a better understanding of the phenomenon by exploring and 

uncovering its inner workings and origins within its unique context, and subsequently, to distil valuable 

insights that can be applied to other instances, both present and future. 

Transdisciplinary case study research delves into pertinent societal issues through cooperation 

between scholars hailing from diverse disciplines and practitioners representing various sectors. To 

facilitate this collaborative research approach, a transdisciplinary case study typically encompasses 

three core stages: 1. collaborative problem definition, 2. collective knowledge generation, and 3. the 

amalgamation and practical application of insights. 

Within the realm of sustainability studies, transdisciplinary case studies have transitioned from 

merely examining sustainability challenges, which entailed in-depth problem analysis and description, 

to encompassing research endeavours that also explore viable solutions to these sustainability issues. 

This shift towards solution-oriented research may encompass activities such as solution development, 

the study of their real-world implementation, or the assessment of the impacts resulting from these 

implemented solutions [14]. 

Another innovative concept and approach that should be incorporated into TDR is “citizen science”. 

The term "citizen science" has its roots in Anglo-American contexts and typically characterizes the 

practice of engaging individuals who lack institutional ties to academia as active contributors to the 

scientific research process. 

Comparable methodologies are prevalent in various regions globally but under distinct designations 

such as community science and community-based research. Citizen science encompasses a spectrum of 

practices, spanning from large-scale data collection initiatives for the general public to instances of 

autonomous or self-guided research conducted by nonacademic collectives or communities, thereby 

prompting a reevaluation of the term "citizen science" itself. 

For instance, Haklay (2013) distinguishes between several categories, including crowdsourcing 

(primarily involving virtual participation and data collection), distributed intelligence (involving 

collaboration at various stages of the research process), participatory science (collaboration across all 

phases of research), and extreme citizen science (research primarily spearheaded by nonacademic 

individuals or citizens) [10]. 

Another interesting approach is “design thinking”. Although the design thinking method is actively 

used in business, in the process of product creation and development, scientists believe that design 

thinking effectively fosters transdisciplinarity by immersing students or researchers in real-world 

experiences and connecting them to practical applications. Transdisciplinarity, defined as the extensive 

knowledge generation process involving diverse stakeholders and a receptivity to various forms of 

knowledge from both scientific and nonacademic communities, finds support in design thinking. This 

methodology adopts an interdisciplinary perspective, assembling researchers into diverse teams, thus 

exposing them to a multitude of knowledge sources and viewpoints. This setting promotes a 

transdisciplinary approach by facilitating the development of a shared understanding of the subject 

matter while considering multiple perspectives. As a problem-solving approach, design thinking is 

geared toward addressing complex, multifaceted challenges, making it a valuable didactic tool for real-

world, practice-oriented learning experiences in education. Consequently, it can be regarded as a 

transdisciplinary pedagogical instrument for equipping learners to confront intricate problems 

effectively [18]. 

Participatory action research, as a research approach, places a central emphasis on the collaborative 

creation of knowledge and the implementation of action by integrating multiple perspectives to drive 

social change and rectify unjust systems. This method can be delineated by three core principles: 1. its 

primary goal is the amelioration of injustices, 2. researchers, directly engaged in sociopolitical 

processes, take on activist roles, engendering a perpetual interplay of reflection and action, and 3. 



Sharia and Sitchinava. Georgian Geographical journal 2023, Vol.3 (2) 

individuals within the social sphere become coresearchers, participating in the identification of study 

requirements and potential issues, information gathering, analysis, and decision-making. The 

participatory action research methodology is characterized by its cyclical, iterative, transdisciplinary, 

and transformative nature. It is grounded in the idea that critical reflection and dialogue in practice form 

the foundation for both research and action. This approach acknowledges people as subjects, 

coparticipants, and coauthors of knowledge and action, stemming from their diverse viewpoints. This 

includes the collaborative construction of various elements of the process (problem analysis, objective 

setting, agenda, planning, organization, etc.).), creating opportunities for collective analysis and 

interpretation as research unfolds. Participatory action research offers potent techniques for 

collaborative research that place a focal point on power dynamics and the rectification of unjust and 

unsustainable circumstances [8]. 

Transdisciplinary research (TDR) manifests in various guises, encompassing approaches such as 

participatory action research, methodologies that facilitate the amalgamation of indigenous/local 

wisdom with Western scientific methods, collaborative adaptive management, and contemporary 

variants of citizen science. Distinctions emerge between the traditions of TDR in Europe and the United 

States: European practices involve both cross-disciplinary collaboration and the active engagement of 

stakeholders, whereas their American counterparts primarily concentrate on interdisciplinary research 

predominantly involving academic experts. 

TDR projects commonly share three key characteristics: 1. Addressing the research question 

necessitates the integration of knowledge from various disciplines. 2. The methodology fosters the 

collaborative generation of knowledge. 3. The resultant solution is geared towards addressing practical, 

real-world issues. 

In a similar vein, Lang et al. (2012) outlined a set of principles to steer an "ideal-typical" TDR 

process, which is structured into three phases: 1. Collaborative problem definition and the formation of 

a research team. 2. The cooperative generation of solution-focused and transferable knowledge through 

participatory research. 3. The reintegration and practical application of the jointly created knowledge 

[4]. 

Along with everything, we must mention the challenges of transdisciplinary research. Effective 

communication management among participants is deemed essential to establish mutual trust, 

especially in scenarios where scientists from diverse fields or nonacademic stakeholders are engaged. 

Effective conflict resolution, facilitated through proper means, is identified as a critical element in 

bolstering the transformative potential of transdisciplinary projects. The careful selection of 

representatives for stakeholders and the implementation of strategies to ensure their active engagement 

are also recognized as pivotal. Equally significant is the formulation of research questions that held 

value across all disciplines engaged in a project, alongside the collaborative delineation of problems 

with nonacademic stakeholders. A significant hurdle encountered at various levels arises from the 

amalgamation of diverse scientific traditions. In the researcher’s assessment of a research initiative 

within the Australian Alps, Mitchell et al. (2017) noted the absence of a common conceptual framework 

and identified epistemological misunderstandings between disciplines, even though a facilitation team 

had been employed [15]. 

Despite the abovementioned challenges, it is interesting that the transdisciplinary approach is used 

not only to effectively solve problems in real life but also to create an appropriate theoretical-

methodological basis in the academic field. In the paper “Emerging Transdisciplinary Theory on 

Tourism Research: A Case from Bali”, a transdisciplinary paradigm has been applied in an effort to 

position tourism as a science. According to the authors, tourism can be studied from the perspectives of 

many different disciplines, and each discipline is interested in different issues that are interconnected 

in real life. Researchers wrote that tourism in Bali intricately intertwines with numerous facets of human 

existence, encompassing social and cultural dimensions. The academic exploration of tourism has 

traditionally leaned towards economic growth paradigms, with less scrutiny devoted to the ideological 

dimensions of tourism development. Consequently, the adoption of a transdisciplinary approach, 

referred to as "anthro-sociotourism," is anticipated to unveil the underlying ideology shaping tourism 

practices, a subject that holds significance within tourism epistemology [1]. 

In the context of tourism, the transdisciplinary approach involves the integration of stakeholders' 

empirical knowledge into the methodology of sustainable tourism development. Alongside practical 

knowledge, the incorporation of multidisciplinary theoretical insights is highly significant within this 



Sharia and Sitchinava. Georgian Geographical Journal 2023, Vol.3 (2) 

domain. This significance arises from the inherent complexity of tourism, with its multifaceted 

components being individually explored across various scientific, social, and economic disciplines. 

Both approaches play a pivotal role in discerning practical solutions to issues and promoting the 

sustainable advancement of the field. The significance of adopting a transdisciplinary approach within 

the realm of tourism becomes even more pronounced when considering the environment's influence on 

this sector. Environmental changes can result from both the influence of tourism and external factors 

unrelated to it [11]. 

As in sustainable tourism, the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment, and local communities 

are taken into account on both an immediate and long-term basis, and TDR is very helpful for 

sustainable tourism development. This approach ensures that the perspectives of different stakeholders 

are represented and indigenous, practical and academic knowledge are combined, giving us the 

possibility of determining long-term problem-solving decisions that reflect the interests of each party. 

Discussion 

The transdisciplinary approach presents numerous significant advantages, with its primary strength 

lying in its focus on socially relevant issues. Central to this approach is the emphasis on unifying 

knowledge from various disciplines, all oriented towards the resolution of societal problems and the 

design of transformative strategies for sustainable development [5, 6, 12, 13]. Transdisciplinary 

research (TDR), as an amalgamation of diverse knowledge forms and worldviews (Lang et al., 2012), 

serves to enhance sustainability transformations not only within the realm of science but also in policy 

and practical applications [9]. 

While the applicability of transdisciplinary research extends across disciplines, it is crucial to 

recognize the intricacies and organizational challenges involved in the TD research process. The main 

difficulties arise from the distinct research methods and approaches in various disciplines. Problem 

framing, integration, and effective implementation become significant issues in this context. Moreover, 

the scarcity of researchers who possess training and experience in multiple disciplines can be a limiting 

factor. Transdisciplinary research often demands substantial time and resources, as it necessitates 

interdisciplinary learning and collaboration. The communication and dissemination of transdisciplinary 

research can be challenging, as it requires audiences to possess a foundational understanding of multiple 

disciplines. It is imperative to consider and harmonize different perspectives and development scenarios 

involving both academic and nonacademic stakeholders. 

Despite these limitations, transdisciplinary research remains a valuable tool for tackling complex 

issues. It has demonstrated its utility in various fields, including medicine, climate change, education, 

and sustainable development, facilitating significant advancements and a holistic understanding of 

multifaceted challenges. 

An illustrative example of transdisciplinary research in practice is the project titled 

"Transdisciplinarity for sustainable development of tourism in the Caucasus region." This collaborative 

initiative involved the Armenian State Pedagogical University (ASPU, Yerevan, Armenia), Ivane 

Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University (TSU, Tbilisi, Georgia), University of Natural Resources and Life 

Sciences (BOKU, Vienna, Austria), and Krems University of Applied Sciences (Krems, Austria). 

Notably, this project marked the first instance of employing a transdisciplinary approach to tourism 

research in the Caucasus region. The participating educational institutions embarked on a journey to 

explore how universities could contribute to solving the challenges surrounding the sustainable 

development of tourism in the Caucasus countries by fostering collaboration with local populations and 

other stakeholders. 

A pivotal moment in this endeavor was the first transdisciplinary field research undertaken by Tbilisi 

State University in 2018, located in the Samtskhe-Javakheti region in the town of Tsaghveri. This study 

engaged students and professors from various faculties, including the Faculty of Economics and 

Business, the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, and the Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, 

alongside local residents and stakeholders. Subsequently, a second transdisciplinary study occurred in 

2019 in Stepantsminda, located in the Mtskheta-Mtianeti region. Here, students and professors from the 

same faculties of Tbilisi State University actively participated. In 2020, the third transdisciplinary field 

study took place in Ambrolauri, a municipality in the Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti region. 

This time, it involved students from Ilia State University in addition to those from Tbilisi State 

University. Each of these locations was strategically chosen due to their rich tourism potential and the 



Sharia and Sitchinava. Georgian Geographical journal 2023, Vol.3 (2) 

array of challenges hindering tourism development. The transdisciplinary research process successfully 

integrated diverse perspectives, enabling a comprehensive understanding of the intricate interactions 

within the tourism ecosystem. This project serves as a tangible testament to the effectiveness and 

applicability of transdisciplinary research in addressing complex issues, offering a valuable blueprint 

for future endeavours in diverse domains. 

Conclusion 

This article underscores the vital role played by transdisciplinarity in addressing the complexities of 

sustainable tourism. Through a comprehensive exploration of the theoretical frameworks, practical 

applications, and case studies, we have uncovered the capacity of this approach to foster holistic 

solutions, bridge gaps across various domains, and facilitate the engagement of diverse stakeholders. 

Sustainable tourism is intrinsically linked to the well-being of our planet, and as the challenges 

continue to evolve, transdisciplinarity has proven itself as a powerful ally in our pursuit of harmony 

between tourism and the environment. By transcending traditional disciplinary boundaries and fostering 

collaboration among experts from various fields, researchers can better comprehend the multifaceted 

nature of sustainable tourism development. 

The systematic and structured transdisciplinary approach, as showcased in the article, illuminates the 

need for a new way of thinking and working together. It enables the integration of indigenous 

knowledge, scientific expertise, and community involvement, fostering the creation of sustainable 

tourism models that respect the environment, empower local communities, and provide enriching 

experiences for tourists. 

As we conclude, it is evident that the transdisciplinary approach is not merely a conceptual 

framework but a practical and transformative methodology that holds the promise of steering the 

tourism industry towards a more sustainable and responsible future. By embracing this approach, we 

can unlock the true potential of tourism as a force for positive change, both in the destinations it touches 

and in the global pursuit of a sustainable future. 

Competing interests 

The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 

Authors’ contribution 

The authors of the article jointly agreed on the topic and methodology of the article. As the 

systematic review methodology requires, both authors were actively involved in the research process. 

Abstract, introduction and discussion are provided by Tatiana Sitchinava, and results and conclusion 

are written by Mariam Sharia 

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