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Management of the Health and Safety of Medical Personnel 

Considering Geographic Characteristics 
Nino Ratiani1, Sophio Gugeshashvili2* 

Abstract 

Health geography is the application of geographical information, perspectives, and methods to the study 

of health, disease, and health care. Medical geography, a subdiscipline of or sister field of health 

geography, focuses on understanding spatial patterns of health and disease as related to the natural and social 

environment. Conventionally, there are two primary areas of research within medical geography: the first deals 

with the spatial distribution and determinants of morbidity and mortality, while the second deals with health 

planning, help-seeking behaviour, and the provision of health services. Occupational health and safety specialists 

collect and analyse data about work environments and procedures. They inspect and evaluate workplace 

environments to judge safety standards based on policy. Specialists prepare reports, evaluate health and safety, 

and educate employers on best practices. They take samples and observe a workplace to determine health, safety, 

comfort, and performance. A specialist will lead a team of technicians and employees in making necessary 

changes to the work environment. Part of their job is to examine the work environment. The purpose of the article 
is an analysis of laboratory studies in the seven regions of Georgia, which reveals the variations in the health status 

of the populations in different regions. To protect the lives and health of employees and fulfil the requirements of 

medical and occupational safety, it is necessary for medical regulations and guidelines to ensure the safest and 

healthiest working conditions in every workplace. Specifically, these regulations should aim to connect the safety 

and health of employees with the geographic characteristics of the workplace to prevent geographic disparities in 

health and be proactive in addressing emergencies. 

Keywords: Health geography, laboratory health and safety 

Introduction 

Medical geography, as a branch of integral geography, explores the impact of various components 

of the environment on human health and diseases. 

The health status of an individual is closely related to various factors, including their workplace 
environment. In many cases, the right to life and health is considered a fundamental human right, and 

employers are obligated to create a safe working environment to ensure the well-being and health of 

their employees. Specifically, it is essential to minimise risks to the life and health of employees 

working in the most hazardous and vulnerable work environments. As a result, it is crucial to consider 
and address workplace-related factors that affect an individual's health and safety. 

For instance, significant factors associated with workplace risks to an individual's health and well-

being include hazardous air quality, noise, water quality, occupational hazards, and other related factors. 
Ensuring a safe and healthy workplace is a fundamental responsibility, and it is essential to consider all 

potential risks and factors associated with an individual's health and well-being in the workplace. 

The geography of health services is concerned with spatial aspects of access to health care, health 
care delivery, and the planning of health services. It spans the biological, environmental, and social 

sciences and uses both quantitative and qualitative methodologies [1]. 

In the context of medical-geographical research, we can analyse the impact of geographical factors 

on public health conditions and correspondingly develop preventive measures. It would be interesting 
to provide an example of medical-geographical analysis regarding the population's health status based 

on the geographical location. 

The term "medical geography" as a distinct field of study was established in 1949 during the 16th 
International Geographical Congress in the city of Lisbon. The purpose of this Congress was to define 

new methods and objectives for geographical research in the context of medicine and science [2]. 

 
1 Department of Labor Safety and Emergency Management/Mining and Geology Faculty, Georgian Technical University, 

Tbilisi, Georgia, n.ratiani@gtu.ge 
2 Department of Labor Safety and Emergency Management/Mining and Geology Faculty, Georgian Technical University, 
Tbilisi, Georgia, 
* Corresponding author: gugeshashvili.sopio22@gtu.ge 

 



Ratiani and Gugeshashvili. Georgian Geographical Journal 2023, Vol.3 (2) 

As a subdiscipline of human geography, medical geography addresses human-environment 
interactions and the influence these interactions have on public health. Geography and health are 

intrinsically linked. Health geographers use modern spatial analysis tools to map the dispersion of health 

[3]. 

Spatial location plays a major role in shaping environmental risks as well as many other health 
effects. Environmental health is a branch of public health that addresses all aspects of the broader 

environment that can affect human health. The World Health Organisation has defined environmental 

health as aspects of human health and diseases that are dependent on environmental factors. 
Environmental health also refers to the assessment and control of environmental factors that can 

potentially affect health [4]. For the effective development of public health policies, we need to consider 

not only factors related to disease risks but also their interconnectedness with the broader societal 
context. 

The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that 24% of the entire global disease burden and 

23% of all deaths are attributable to environmental factors [5]. Health geography views health from a 

holistic perspective encompassing society and space, and it conceptualises the role of place, location, 
and geography in health, well-being, and disease [6–8]. Spatial scale, globalisation, and urbanisation 

Concern with scales of organisation is crucial to health service provision and public health 

implementation [9]. Place and geographic context are recognised as important influences on health. 
Current developments in health geography include a stronger focus on health inequalities and the 

impact of spatial and social marginalisation on health, as well as a more explicit exploration of the 

nature of health change [10]. 
Environmental factors had an impact on the occurrence and spread of diseases and infections, 

according to a report by the World Health Organisation in 2015. Medical geography primarily serves 

to analyse the cause-and-effect relationships between the environment and health within a given region. 

Methods and Materials 

Literary source analysis, statistical analysis, and sociological methods were used in the research. The 

materials were presented with the statistical data from the "Medical Centre CITO” and the relevant 

literature on medical geography. In addition, meetings were held with healthcare professionals working 

in various regions, whose opinions were reflected in the article. 

Results 

“Medical Center CITO” is a leading laboratory in the country, encompassing clinical chemistry and 

immunology, clinical diagnostics, clinical microbiology, and PCR laboratories. 

The laboratory certification guarantees the quality and safety of operations, which must be regularly 
conducted by professionals in the respective field. “Medical Center CITO” has successfully completed 

the process of accreditation by the "ANAB" for international accreditation. “CITO” has received the 

national accreditation certificate ISO 15189, issued by the accreditation center, GAC Georgia, which is 
the only national body for accreditation in Georgia. It has also obtained the international certificate ISO 

9001 for quality management and, in 2015, the ISO 15189 certification for medical laboratory quality. 

“CITO” has been undergoing successful audits since 2005, with recertification taking place every two 
years and constantly evaluating risks and safety measures. 

“Medical Center CITO” has medical centers and Lab Express services in 7 regions of Georgia: 

Batumi, Kutaisi, Zugdidi, Senaki, Gori, Samtredia and Telavi. 
Table 1. Medical centre Batumi 

 Analysis Quantity 

1    Complete Blood Count 1366 

2    Coagulogram 443 

3    General analysis of urine 552 

4    TSH - Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Blood Test 775 

5    Vitamin D - (25 OH) 777 

6    Fe - Iron Blood Test 350 

7    GLUC - Glucose Blood Test, both fasting and postmeal 304 

8    Lipid Profile (CHOL, HDL, VLDL, TG, LDL) 362 

9    FT4 - Free Thyroxine Blood Test 361 

10    Ferritin Blood Test 301 



Ratiani and Gugeshashvili. Georgian Geographical Journal 2023, Vol.3 (2) 

Table 2. Lab Express - Kutaisi 

 Analysis Quantity 

1    Complete Blood Count 380 

2    Determination of Ca calcium in the blood 114 

3    General analysis of urine 122 

4    TSH - Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Blood Test 194 

5    Vitamin D - (25 OH) 217 

6    Lipid profile (CHOL, HDL, VLDL, TG, LDL) 84 

7    Coagulogram 95 

8    FT4 - determination of free thyroxine in the blood 93 

9     Ferritin - determination of ferritin in blood serum 80 

10    Examination of urine for sterility - aerobic and facultative anaerobic   

microorganisms 88 
Table 3. Lab Express - Zugdidi 

 Analysis Quantity 

1    Complete Blood Count 842 

2    Coagulogram 198 

3    General analysis of urine 296 

4    TSH - Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Blood Test 359 

5    Vitamin D - (25 OH) 186 

6    CREA determination of creatinine in blood serum 164 

7    CRP - determination of C-reactive protein in blood serum 106 

8    Lipid profile (CHOL, HDL, VLDL, TG, LDL) 108 

9     Determination of PT prothrombin (thromboplastin) time in blood or       plasma 112 

10     FT4 - determination of free thyroxine in the blood 144 
Table 4. Lab Express - Senaki 

 Analysis Quantity 

1    Complete Blood Count 311 

2    Coagulogram 120 

3    General analysis of urine 132 

4    TSH - Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Blood Test 154 

5    Vitamin D - (25 OH) 184 

6    Determination of Ca calcium in the blood 96 

7    CREA determination of creatinine in blood serum 83 

8    Lipid profile (CHOL, HDL, VLDL, TG, LDL) 110 

9     International normalised ratio (INR) 82 

10     Determination of D-dimer (fibrin degradation products) 91 
Table 5. Lab Express - Gori 

 Analysis Quantity 

1    Complete Blood Count 231 

2    Coagulogram 83 

3    General analysis of urine 75 

4    TSH - Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Blood Test 89 

5    Vitamin D - (25 OH) 80 

6    Determination of Ca calcium in the blood 41 

7    CREA determination of creatinine in blood serum 55 

8    GLUC Determination of glucose in blood and blood serum 51 

9     Lipid profile (CHOL, HDL, VLDL, TG, LDL) 41 

10     CRP - determination of C-reactive protein in blood serum 33 
Table 6. Lab Express - Samtredia 

 Analysis Quantity 

1    Complete Blood Count 409 



Ratiani and Gugeshashvili. Georgian Geographical Journal 2023, Vol.3 (2) 

2    Coagulogram 98 

3    General analysis of urine 129 

4    TSH - Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Blood Test 98 

5    Vitamin D - (25 OH) 94 

6     Determination of Ca calcium in the blood 76 

7    CREA determination of creatinine in blood serum 60 

8    CRP - determination of C-reactive protein in blood serum 57 

9     Fe - Iron Blood Test 54 

10     FT4 - determination of free thyroxine in the blood 53 
Table 7. Lab Express - Telavi 

 Analysis Quantity 

1    Complete Blood Count 165 

2    Coagulogram 49 

3    General analysis of urine 41 

4    TSH - Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Blood Test 96 

5    Vitamin D - (25 OH) 79 

6    Determination of Ca calcium in the blood 34 

7    CREA determination of creatinine in blood serum 30 

8     Fe - Iron Blood Test 38 

9     FT4 - determination of free thyroxine in the blood 31 

10     Ferritin Blood Test 30 

Conclusion 

- Managing the health and safety of medical personnel in different geographic settings requires careful 

planning, risk assessment, and adaptation to local conditions. Some key considerations for managing 
health and safety in various geographic characteristics should be considered: 
- Assessment of Geographic Characteristics: Understand the specific geographic characteristics of the 

area where medical personnel will be working. Consider factors such as terrain, climate, altitude, and 
accessibility. 

- Risk Assessment: Conduct a comprehensive risk assessment to identify potential hazards and risks 

associated with geographic characteristics. This should include natural disasters, weather and local 
disease patterns. 

- Provide medical personnel with training and education specific to the geographic area. 

- Collaborate with local authorities, healthcare facilities, and organisations to gain local knowledge and 

support. They can provide valuable insights into regional health and safety challenges. 
- Implement measures to protect medical personnel from local health risks, such as vaccination 

programs and others. 

- Continuously collect and analyse data on health and safety incidents in the specific geographic area to 
inform ongoing improvements in protocols and procedures. 

It is important to implement a system for documenting incidents, near misses and safety issues and 

then review them regularly. Managing the health and safety of medical personnel in diverse geographic 

characteristics requires a proactive and context-specific approach. 

Competing interests 

The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 

Authors’ contribution 

N.R. and S. G. conceived of the presented idea. N.R. and S. G. performed the analytic calculations. 
All authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research, analysis and manuscript. 

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