







































Georgian Geographical Journal 

 

Petrology of the Rocks Composing the 

Shuakhevi HPP Engineering Structure 
Levan Ioseliani1, , Giorgi Beridze2* , Irakli Javakhishvili2  
1 Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia 
2 

Alexandre Janelidze Institute of Geology, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State 

University, Tbilisi, Georgia
 

* Corresponding author: giorgi.beridzegeoinst@gmail.com 

 

 

 

 

Introduction 

The study area is located in the Adjara-Trialeti folded zone of the Lesser Caucasus fold system in 

the Adjaristskali River basin (Gamkrelidze, 2000). The basin is composed of volcanic-sedimentary 

rocks from the middle Eocene Burnati and Kintrishi suites. The engineering structures of the 

Shuakhevi HPP are located in the territory of these suites. 

Petrographic and mineralogical studies of the rocks of the mentioned suites were performed in the 

last century for geological surveying, and the results are presented mainly as archival materials. The 

studies included only macroscopic and microscopic studies of rocks and minerals and analysis of the 

chemical composition of the material—only silicate analysis. However, no other kind of analytical 

research has been conducted within the framework of the abovementioned suites. 

During the implementation of the Shuakhevi HPP project, a detailed study of the rocks in the HPP 

building area was needed. Our goal was to perform a complex study of the Burnati and Kintrishi 

volcanogenic-sedimentary suites. During geological field work and engineering-geological research, 

rich factual material was obtained, which was studied using both traditional and modern analytical 

equipment and methods. In addition to detailed petrographic and mineralogical studies, geochemical 

research has also been conducted. As a result, this work presents a detailed petrological 

characterization of the rocks composing the Kintrishi and Burnati suites. 

Study Area 

The research area, which covers ≈170 km2, is located in the mid-stream of the Adjariskali River 

gorge (right tributary of the Chorokhi River) (Fig. 1). It is structurally located in the central (axial) 

and southern subzones of the Adjara-Trialeti folded zone of the Lesser Caucasus fold system 

(Gamkrelidze, 2000). The geological study of the territory was carried out mainly in the first half of 

the twentieth century and included regional geological, geomorphological, hydrogeological and 

petrographic issues (Meffert, 1933; Gamkrelidze, 1949; Beliankin & Eremeev, 1935; Beliankin et al., 

1935). On the basis of studies conducted in the 1960s and 1970s (Laliev et al., 1970; Zirakadze, 1967, 

1969, 1973), three suites were distinguished in the Middle Eocene volcanic formations: 1. Zekari 

(≈1500 m), 2. Kintrishi (≈600-700 m) and 3. Burnati (≈400 m). The mentioned volcanogens are calc-

Georgian Geographical Journal, 2024, 4(1) 4-10 

© The Author(s) 2024 

 
This article is an open access article distributed under 

the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons 

Attribution (CC BY) licence 

(https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/). 

DOI: https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GGJ 

Abstract 

The petrology of the rocks in the Adjaristskali River basin in the territory of 

Shuakhevi HPP engineering buildings has been studied. The petrographic, 

mineralogical and geochemical features of the rock material of the Middle 

Eocene Burnati and Kintrishi suites have been studied using both traditional 

and modern methods. This research confirmed that the mentioned suites are 

composed of basalt, andesite-basalt and trachybasalt tuffs, tuff-breccias and 

lavas. These rocks have been investigated for the first time from a 

geochemical point of view. They were established to be rocks of tholeiitic 

and calc-alkaline composition of high-K shoshonite origin. The rocks of 

both suites are characterized by boninitic composition, which is typical for 

the geodynamic conditions of young island arcs; their origin is related to 

back-arc tectonic conditions. 

Keywords: Shuakhevi hydropower plant, Adjaristskali River, petrology, 

geochemistry 

Citation: Ioseliani, L.; Beridze, G.; 
Javakhishvili, I. Petrology of the Rocks 

Composing the Shuakhevi HPP 
Engineering Structure. Georgian 
Geographical Journal 2024, 4(1), 4-10. 

https://doi.org/10.52340/ggj.2024.04.01.01 

 

Received: 9 November 2023 
Revised: 22 February 2024 

Accepted: 5 April 2024 

Published: 1 June 2024 



Ioseliani et al. 2024 4(1) 

5 
 

alkaline rocks represented by andesite-basaltic tuffs, limburgites, trachytes, trachyandesites and 

trachybasalts. In the upper parts, massive tuff breccias, lavas, lava breccias and tuffs are also found 

(Lordkipanidze & Nadareishvili, 1964; Lordkipanidze & Zakariadze, 1974). Lordkipandze and 

Nadareishvili (1964) dated the mentioned suites to the Middle Eocene. 

As a result of processing the literary materials found during the design of engineering structures of 

the Shuakhevi HPP, it was established that the petrography and mineralogy of the suites composing 

the territory of the project engineering buildings were studied only at the level of rock identification, 

and analytical studies were limited only to silicate analysis of rocks. 

Methods and Materials 

The research methodology includes both traditional and modern analytical methods. Field work was 

carried out in the Adjaristskali River basin, as well as in its tributaries, the Skhalta and Chirukhistskali 

River valleys. Samples were collected from all key locations of Shuakhevi HPP engineering buildings 

(Table 1). During the field work, reference sections were selected, rock samples were collected, 

sampling was accomplished using GPS technologies, the points were plotted on geological and 

topographic maps of different scales, photographs of interesting areas of exposure were taken, 

informative charts were drawn on the spot, and deformation structures were measured using a 

geological compass. At the next stage, systematization/sorting/selection of collected and searched 

material was performed; at the Laboratory of Complex Geological Research of the Al. Janelidze 

Institute of Geology, thin sections were prepared. At the same institute, a microscopic description of 

thin sections was carried out using a polarizing microscope, and petrographic characterization was 

accomplished. 
 
 

Figure 1. Geological map of the study area 



Ioseliani et al. 2024 4(1) 

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Table 1. Coordinates of sampling points selected for geochemical analysis from the territory of the Shuakhevi HPP 

engineering buildings 

Sample 

№ 
Name 

Coordinates 

X Y 

1-18 

Didadjara impounding reservoir 

0279569 4615174 

2-18 0279659 4615085 

3-18 0279714 4615069 

4-18 

Northern portal of Skhalta tunnel, Adjaristskali basin, left bank 

0279891 4614651 

5-18 0280021 4614603 

6-18 0279986 4614686 

7-18 
Didadjara impounding reservoir, the Ghorjomi and the Adjaristskali Rivers 

confluence 
0279357 4615293 

8-18 Left bank of Didadjara dam 0279357 4615293 

9-18 Diakonidze tunnel gallery 0277819 4615130 

10-19 

Skhalta impounding reservoir 

0281192 4605977 

11-19 0280984 4605986 

12-19 0280984 4605986 

13-19 0280735 4606159 

14-19 0281029 4605761 

15-19 
Chirukhi impounding reservoir 

0276460 4602529 

16-19 0276461 4602527 

17-20 Didadjara Central tunnel (village Chanchkhalo) 0268899 4613369 

18-20 Shuakhevi HPP building 0262935 4613648 

 

For geochemical studies, the 18 most typical samples were chosen from several hundred samples. 

Analysis of major components, REs and REEs was performed at the Complex Laboratory of 

Geological Research of the Al. Janelidze Institute of Geology of Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State 

University. The sample chips were finely powdered using a RETSCH RS200 vibrating mill. Major 

and trace element concentrations were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry using a 

SPECTROSCOUT X-ray spectrometer with a Cu-Rh X-ray tube. 

Results 

The samples for petrographic study were collected in the Adjaristskali River basin, as well as in its 

tributaries, the Skhalta and Chirukhistskali River valleys. Microscopically, the studied rocks were 

divided into two types. In particular, the main rock-building minerals of the Burnati suite are 

plagioclase (0.2-1 mm), pyroxene (0.2-0.8 mm in size) and hornblende (0.1-0.9 mm in size). Among 

the secondary minerals, calcite replaces plagioclase, and chlorite, which is an alteration product of 

hornblende, is notable. Zeolite and ore minerals also occur in the rock. The main rock mass is 

represented by volcanic glass. The rock is characterized by a porphyry structure. Petrographic 

characterization confirmed that the rocks composing the Burnati suite are tuffs and tuff breccias with 

andesite-basalt and trachy-basalt compositions (Fig. 2). 

The main rock-building minerals of the Kintrishi suite are plagioclase (0.3-1.2 mm), which is 

sometimes fine grained, and pyroxene (0.3-0.6 mm). In addition to plagioclase chloritized hornblende 

(0.3-1 mm), andesites are notable. Among the secondary minerals, calcite, which substitutes for 

plagioclase, and chlorite, which is the alteration product of hornblende, are rather remarkable. Zeolite 

Figure 2. Burnati suite tuff of trachy-basalt composition, PPL and XPL 



Ioseliani et al. 2024 4(1) 

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and ore minerals also occur in the rock. Volcanic glass represents the main mass of the rock. The rock 

is characterized by a porphyry structure. In andesites, volcanic glass is chloritized. In addition, in the 

rock, tuff fragments with andesite-basaltic compositions are observed. Petrographic characterization 

verified that the rocks composing the Kintrishi suite are tuffs, tuff breccias and lavas of andesite 

basaltic composition (Fig. 3). 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

We conducted geochemical studies of tuffs, tuff breccias and lavas with andesite-basalt and 

trachybasalt compositions from the Burnati and Kintrishi suites (Table 2). 

 

On the Na2O+K2O - FeO - MgO diagram (Irvine & Baragar, 1971; Fig. 4A), most of the figurative 

symbols representing the rocks of the Burnati suite are located in the tholeiitic field, and only two 

symbols plot in the calc-alkaline field; as for the rocks of the Kintrishi suite, their symbols are equally 

distributed in the tholeiitic and calc-alkaline fields. On the Na2O+K2O vs SiO2 diagram (Le Bas et al. 

1986; Fig. 4B), the symbols indicating the rocks of the Burnati suite were equally distributed in the 

basalt and andesite-basalt fields, while those of the Kintrishi suite were scattered in the andesite-basalt 

and basalt-trachyandesite fields; only in one case did the symbol fall into the dacitic field. On the Th 

Figure 3. Kintrishi suite tuff-breccia of andesite-basaltic compositions, PPLs and XPLs 

Figure 4. Classification discrimination diagrams: A – AFM (Irvine & Baragar, 1971); B - Na2O+K2O vs. SiO2 (Le 

Bas et al. 1986); C - Th vs. Co (Hastie et al., 2007); D - Zr/Ti vs. Nb/Y (Pearce, 1996) 



Ioseliani et al. 2024 4(1) 

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vs. Co diagram (Hastie et al. 2007; Fig. 4C), the figurative symbols representing the rocks of both 

suites are located along the dividing line of the high-K shoshonite and calc-alkaline fields, with a 

well-defined increase in acidity. According to the Zr/Ti vs. Nb/Y diagram (Pearce, 1996; Fig. 4D), the 

Burnati suite rocks are equally distributed in the alkaline basalt and basalt field, and the Kintrishi suite 

rocks are equally distributed in the alkaline basalt and trachyandesite field. 

 

On the Ti vs. Zr tectonic classification diagram (Pearce, Cann, 1973; Fig. 5A), the rocks of the 

Burnati and Kintrishi suites occur within the calc-alkaline basalts field. On the Na2O+K2O vs SiO2 

diagram (Le Bas et al. 2007; Fig. 5B), the rocks of both suites are also situated in the boninites field. 
Boninites are known to be characteristic of the geodynamic conditions of young island arcs. 
According to the Zr vs. Ti/100 vs. Sr/2 diagram (Pearce, Cann, 1973; Fig. 5C), the rocks of both 

suites are island arc formations, and according to the V vs. Ti/1000 diagram (Shervias, 1982; Fig. 

5D), the rocks belong to the back-arc formations. 

 

Table 2. Results of the XRF analysis of the volcanogenic-sedimentary rocks of the Adjaristskali River. Note: №1-18 – 9-19 

and №18-20 Burnati suite; №10-19 – 16-19 and №17-20 Kintrishi suite 

Symbol 1-18 2-18 3-18 4-18 5-18 6-18 7-18 8-18 9-18 10-19 11-19 12-19 13-19 14-19 15-19 16-19 17-20 18-20 

SiO2 41.08 41.46 41.20 40.93 42.08 40.77 42.02 40.16 44.77 54.86 48.24 51.69 43.02 49.63 39.20 42.89 48.14 51.95 

TiO2 1.25 1.26 0.96 0.87 0.68 0.89 0.79 0.89 0.75 0.43 1.17 0.48 0.87 0.84 1.33 1.73 0.97 0.49 

Al2O3 15.08 15.18 14.90 13.96 15.98 15.56 16.16 15.47 12.54 15.68 17.06 15.59 15.80 15.15 16.02 18.07 14.12 16.75 

Fe2O3 9.11 9.40 8.59 5.87 6.31 7.02 7.28 6.56 6.91 2.93 7.43 3.26 6.91 6.08 8.18 9.53 6.55 4.87 

MnO 0.09 0.36 0.14 0.24 0.13 0.09 0.10 0.14 0.18 0.05 0.10 0.06 0.07 0.14 0.11 0.22 0.11 0.09 

MgO 5.05 2.98 4.37 3.18 3.83 4.31 2.91 3.98 1.37 0.88 3.71 1.56 1.71 4.89 4.18 3.71 5.40 3.13 

CaO 5.83 5.95 7.32 12.62 7.97 6.55 9.73 11.82 10.52 3.39 5.35 5.76 7.74 6.11 8.09 8.84 6.21 7.70 

Na2O 1.92 0.54 1.54 1.08 0.35 0.22 0.32 0.31 1.53 2.54 2.15 2.53 0.48 1.50 1.17 0.14 2.51 0.63 

K2O 0.47 1.68 0.85 1.59 1.32 2.03 1.16 0.54 1.34 1.75 2.88 2.86 1.79 0.78 1.16 2.20 2.78 1.94 

P2O5 0.45 0.41 0.33 0.27 0.17 0.30 0.26 0.30 0.26 0.26 0.59 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.56 0.80 0.66 0.19 

V 218.1 205.4 212.5 194.9 154.8 167.3 175.2 124.6 149.9 37.78 146.9 70.71 165.6 144.1 294.8 315.3 192.90 123.2 

Cr 169.1 111.3 105.2 88.44 58.45 92.74 87.57 78.85 65.36 15.34 98.83 14.31 76.73 56.59 83.10 28.41 89.19 45.55 

Co 46.82 48.85 36.48 22.27 33.16 24.61 25.69 28.19 21.30 5.54 24.89 7.02 16.14 17.64 34.32 31.39 19.38 18.55 

Ni 86.41 89.35 72.43 40.29 41.16 63.62 52.78 42.16 38.92 1.83 44.56 2.65 27.96 31.83 32.50 36.45 41.15 22.58 

Rb 6.63 26.45 12.67 29.31 21.07 29.83 17.75 7.21 23.89 22.97 52.94 40.86 30.82 11.17 25.63 40.40 50.53 26.69 

Sr 385.1 387.7 331.1 686.2 264.60 347.90 510.40 473.60 463.40 686.20 696.80 474.90 343.50 651.90 753.00 896.60 1083.00 342.70 

Y 14.89 18.28 11.88 9.91 9.16 13.02 9.36 13.42 11.43 5.03 14.39 5.28 9.67 8.84 15.31 18.89 10.14 13.64 

Zr 110.9 109.2 72.31 91.71 87.93 113.8 79.00 100.6 148.8 120.6 166.60 99.99 102.20 137.20 104.10 147.70 131.80 88.48 

Nb 11.61 16.54 7.51 8.19 7.13 10.84 7.47 9.19 15.25 5.45 15.05 7.39 9.07 12.70 8.35 24.39 12.48 5.06 

Mo 0.64 0.66 0.63 0.62 0.59 0.61 0.62 0.61 0.63 0.53 0.64 0.54 0.60 0.60 0.64 0.70 0.63 0.59 

Figure 5. Tectonic diagrams: A – Ti vs. Zr (Pearce, Cann, 1973); B – Na2O+K2O vs. SiO2 (Le Bas et al. 2007); С – Zr vs. 

Ti/100 vs. Sr/2 (Pearce, Cann, 1973); D – V vs. Ti/1000 (Shervias, 1982) 



Ioseliani et al. 2024 4(1) 

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Cs 5.73 5.86 5.77 5.50 5.73 5.87 6.46 5.40 5.79 4.96 6.02 9.72 5.30 5.16 5.86 6.72 6.14 5.63 

Ba 210.5 337.70 211.20 314.70 160.00 201.20 275.70 233.90 295.30 515.80 368.70 420.10 129.70 293.00 207.00 575.30 886.70 782.60 

La 9.19 32.52 9.43 8.57 26.19 21.35 18.32 110.80 9.36 9.16 9.63 9.28 8.90 26.85 26.78 42.23 23.13 21.94 

Ce 46.20 65.12 39.32 18.62 52.93 40.96 30.12 152.10 93.97 81.52 65.21 59.94 30.81 53.68 45.44 87.61 38.29 24.92 

Nd 104.4 53.43 82.37 42.69 62.10 60.59 74.03 20.05 51.59 42.07 106.50 56.42 86.90 64.70 102.7 150.5 95.95 61.32 

Hf 2.70 1.39 1.29 1.27 1.19 1.22 1.28 1.25 1.27 1.03 3.13 1.07 1.22 1.20 1.35 3.18 1.29 1.14 

W 1.61 1.65 1.59 1.55 1.47 1.49 1.56 1.54 1.55 1.25 1.58 1.30 1.51 1.47 1.64 2.78 1.57 1.40 

Th 5.28 4.00 3.75 5.76 5.49 6.31 3.62 6.63 8.39 5.83 9.24 5.63 5.89 9.01 7.53 6.40 7.76 6.09 

U 0.65 0.87 0.73 0.94 0.77 0.86 0.81 1.78 1.69 0.75 1.44 1.18 0.85 1.43 0.93 1.09 1.13 0.84 

Conclusion 

As a result of the research, it was established that 

- The Burnati suite within the study area is composed of tuffs and tuff breccias of basalt, andesite 

basalt and trachybasalt, while the Kintrishi suite is composed of tuffs, tuff breccias and lavas of 

andesite basaltic composition; 

- The rocks of both suites are characterized by similar geochemical characteristics; they have 

tholeiitic and calc-alkaline compositions, although the rocks of the Burnati suite are mostly 

characterized by tholeiitic compositions; 

- According to the lithological composition, they are calc-alkaline rocks of high-K shoshonite 

origin; 

- The majority of the rocks of both suites are characterized by boninitic compositions that are typical 

of the geodynamic conditions of young island arcs; their origin is related to back-arc tectonic 

conditions. 

Competing interests 

The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 

Authors’ contributions 

All authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research, analysis and manuscript. 

Funding 

The research [PHDF-21-1617] was accomplished with the support of the “Shota Rustaveli National 

Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG)”. 

ORCID iD 

Levan Ioseliani https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8951-4637 

Giorgi Beridze https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9573-8600 

Irakli Javakhishvili https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3250-3687 

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