







































Georgian Geographical Journal 

 

Risks of Sustainable Environmental 

Management for the Purpose of 

Developing Regional Tourism (on the 

Example of the Lankaran Natural Region) 
Stara Tarikhazer1, , Irina Kuchinskaya2 , Elina Karimova2*  
1
Geomorphology and Natural Risks Department, Institute of Geography of MSE, Baku, Azerbaijan 

2 
Landscape and Landscape Planning Department, Institute of Geography of MSE, Baku, Azerbaijan

 

* Corresponding author: kerimov17@gmail.com 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Introduction 

In recent decades, recreation has taken a significant place within the economy in the development of 

the regions of Azerbaijan. The main condition for the development of recreation is the assessment of 

resource potential, taking into account the numerous areas of its use (Tarikhazer, 2020). Natural and 

recreational resources are the geological and geomorphological structures of a territory, lithology, 

seismicity, landscapes, climate, mineral springs, water areas, etc., and are distinguished by limited self-

healing capabilities (Solovova, 2007). 

The biological and landscape diversity of the natural region of Lankaran significantly distinguishes it 

from other regions of Azerbaijan — proximity to the Caspian Sea, humid subtropical climate, the 

presence of mineral springs (Istisu, etc.), relict plants (ironwood, boxwood, chestnut oak, etc.) and many 

others. In addition, this region is a growing area for citrus fruits, tea and rice. Consequently, the natural 

conditions and resources of this region are favourable for the development of such types of tourism as 

sanatorium treatment, health and educational tourism, and recreation. However, ensuring the long-term 

sustainable use of natural resources for the purpose of developing recreation is a problem. It is well 

known that the tourism sector causes significant damage to landscape complexes, which can ultimately 

lead to the development of a wide range of exogenous geomorphological processes (EGPs), specifically 

landslides (Mammadov & Tarikhazer, 2023; Tarikhazer et al., 2023). The relevance of this problem is 

that it is necessary to promptly develop plans for the technical and engineering protection of various 

objects to carry out monitoring work to predict the formation, reduction and even prevention of 

landslides, which will ultimately reduce risks and reduce material damage (Tarikhazer, 2020; 2019). 

Landslide processes in the region under study are the most common but are also the most complex, 

long-lasting and multifactorial. In the natural region of the Lankaran Plateau in recent years, the largest 

Georgian Geographical Journal, 2024, 4(1) 17-25 

© The Author(s) 2024 

 
This article is an open access article distributed under 

the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons 

Attribution (CC BY) licence 

(https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/). 

DOI: https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GGJ 

Abstract 

Currently, reconstruction and redevelopment of inhabited areas is taking place in 

the natural area of Lankaran, and the area of construction work is also increasing 

in new, previously undeveloped areas, primarily due to the intensive development 

of the tourism and recreational industry. The high-quality functioning of the 

territory is unrealistic without taking into account the factors and patterns of 

manifestation of landslide processes, the dynamics and forecast of their 

development. During the study, a pattern of expansion of landslide processes was 

identified and the intensity of their manifestation was analysed. To study landslide 

processes, in addition to expeditionary geological-geomorphological, landscape 

work and stock materials, remote sensing data was used. When conducting 

landslide hazard analysis, high-resolution satellite images (CNES/Airbus, Maxar 

Technologies (GeoEye-1), and medium-resolution Sentinel-2A and 2B satellite 

images were mainly used. Visual and semiautomatic decoding (classification with 

training) was carried out in the ArcGIS environment. The compiled map for 

assessing the recreational potential of landscapes is recommended to use as 

monitoring and timely response to the state of the landscape-geological-

geomorphological situation in the Lankaran natural area. 

Keywords: landslide processes, anthropogenic impact, landslide hazard, 

ArcGIS technologies, recreation 

Citation: Tarikhazer, S.; Kuchinskaya, I.; 

Karimova, E. Risks of Sustainable 
Environmental Management for the 

Purpose of Developing Regional Tourism 

(on the Example of the Lankaran Natural 

Region). Georgian Geographical 
Journal 2024, 4(1), 17-25. 

https://doi.org/10.52340/ggj.2024.04.01.03 

 
Received: 1 November 2023 

Revised: 25 January 2024 

Accepted: 5 March 2024 
Published: 1 June 2024 



Tarikhazer et al. 2024 4(1) 

18 
 

number of landslide processes in developed or newly populated areas are associated with increased 

anthropogenic activities (e.g., cutting woody vegetation, pruning slopes, laying linear structures—

roads, power lines, gas and water pipes, sewerage networks, expanding existing and establishing new 

settlements, increasing the area of household plots and crops, and excessive watering and overgrazing 

of livestock), which are carried out without considering the geological and geomorphological conditions 

of the area. Most of the numerous objects are located in low- and mid-mountain zones, and this requires 

increased attention to the conditions and areas of formation and potential development of landslides. 

Dangerous road zones include the Sadatli landslide section in the Jalilabad district, the Veri-Aliabad 

section in the Lerik region, the Goravench landslide section in the Lankaran region, the landslide section 

17–19 km from the Lankaran–Lerik road (Fig. 1), the Gullutepe landslide section in the Masally region 

and many more. 

In the regions of Azerbaijan located in landslide-prone zones, the number of settlements in the 

Lankaran region is 8%, and the number of people is 11.1%. 

The main conditions and factors for the development of landslides in the Lankaran natural area are 

geological and geomorphological structures, relief and lithology, and climatic and anthropogenic 

factors. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Methods and Materials 

In recent years, numerous studies have been conducted to assess landslide hazards in various regions 

of the world (Akgun & Bulut, 2007; Asadian et al., 2010; Guzetti et al., 2005; Lee& Jones, 2014; 

Metternicht et al., 2005). To study landslide processes, in addition to expeditionary geological-

geomorphological, landscape work and stock material, and statistical and cartographic sources, we used 

remote sensing data. When conducting the landslide hazard analysis, high-resolution satellite images 

(CNES/Airbus, Maxar Technologies (GeoEye-1)) and medium-resolution Sentinel-2A and 2B satellite 

images were used. Visual and semiautomatic decoding (classification with training) was carried out in 

the ArcGIS environment. 

Results 

Geological and geomorphological conditions 

The large orographic unit of the Lankaran natural region is the heterogeneous morphostructure of 

Talysh, which is part of the larger morphostructure of the Western Asian Highlands, which is a complex 

fold-block mountain system. In general, the relief of Talysh is in accordance with the prevailing 

physical-geographical conditions and geological structure. The formation of the main features of the 

relief is due to endogenous factors of morphogenesis. Volcanic activity played a significant role in the 

formation of the Talysh relief, which experienced its greatest development in the Eocene. The block 

structure of Talysh, caused by discontinuous tectonics, is manifested in the step-by-step nature of its 

relief. The first stage, 800–900 m high, corresponds to the watershed of the Burovar ridge, the eastern 

slope of which is cut off by the pre-Talysh deep fault. The second stage, which rises above the first, 

with a height of 1400–1600 m, occupies the basin of the right tributaries of the river. Lankaranchay in 

its middle reaches. 

A 

B 

Figure 1. Active landslide processes at 17–19 km of the Lankaran–Lerik highway (photo 07.03.2021) 



Tarikhazer et al. 2024 4(1) 

19 
 

İt is limited by a deep fault separating the Lerik synclinorium from the Astara Ridge from the 

southwest. The third stage, with heights of 700-800 m in the southeast and 2200 m in the northwest, 

corresponds to the high peaks of the Peshtasar Ridge. There is also a deep fault in the southwest. The 

fourth stage, at 2400 m high, corresponds to the Talysh Ridge, which is limited from the northeast by a 

deep fault. Consequently, the morphostructures of the ridges of the Talysh Mountains have a block 

structure, determined by the features of their relief. 

According to the structure of the surface, Talysh is divided into two parts: mountainous, where 

denudation processes predominate, and lowland, where accumulative processes predominate. The 

Talysh Mountains descend stepwise to the Lankaran lowland, from which they are separated by a deep 

fault. The structure of the Talysh relief is closely related to the altitudinal zone. There is no high 

mountain belt here and is represented by individual peaks of the Talysh and Peshtasar ridges in the 

watershed strip with heights of 2400–2450 m. Here, the slopes of the river valleys are steep, and their 

bottoms have large slopes. The mid-mountain belt occupies altitudes of 1400–2200 m and is 

characterized by deep incision of river valleys. The river valleys are narrow and steep, and erosion 

terraces have developed. The low mountain belt covers a significant part of the territory and is 

characterized by significantly flattened relief. The river valleys that cross it are wide and flat-bottomed, 

accompanied by a series of accumulative and erosion-accumulative terraces. Here, intermountain basins 

are characterized by large thicknesses of continental sediments filling them. 

The main mountain ranges of Talysh extend in the northwestern (Pan-Caucasian) direction and are 

represented by the Talysh, Peshtasar, and Burovar ranges and the intermountain basins separating 

them—Yardimli, Dyman and Gosmalyan. 

The Talysh Ridge is the highest (Kemurkey Mountain, 2493 m; Gyzyurdu Mountain, 2433 m) and 

longest (length, 100 km; width, 10–15 km). Its relief is rugged and characterized by intense erosional 

dissection. To the northeast, at a distance of 7–10 km in the northwest direction, the Peshtasar Ridge 

extends (maximum height of Tylykh, 2342 m). Due to long-term development, the watershed part and 

the slopes of the ridge are intensively dissected. On the extreme northeastern periphery of the 

mountainous Talysh, which is more than 70 km long, is the Burovar ridge, which is intersected by the 

valleys of the river. Bolgarchay, Vilyashchay, etc. The heights of the ridges range from 600–1000 m. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Within Talysh, intermountain basins of erosional, erosional-tectonic and volcanogenic-tectonic origin 

have developed. Within their boundaries, the river valleys are wide and are characterized by better 

preservation of terrace levels of accumulative genesis. The most expanded sections of river valleys 

correspond to intermountain basins, where rivers, after forming an erosional base, filled the bottom with 

loose sediments and then cut into their own sediments and formed their own valleys with a series of 

nested terraces. Landslides are also widespread. The slopes of river valleys are terraced and complicated 

by landslide processes. Landslides developed on the northeastern slopes of the Peshtasar ridge and in 

the zone of its transition to the Yardimli intermountain depression. The Yardimli Basin, most of the 

northeastern slopes of the Burovar Ridge, which is composed of sandy-clayey deposits, is characterized 

by the widespread development of landslide processes, giving the areas of landslide development a 

typical landslide landscape. 

Figure 2. Structure of modern dangerous geomorphodynamic processes within the boundaries of the Talysh Mountains; 

Processes: eq — earthquakes; c — caves; ls — landslides; k — karst; rs — rockslides; gl —glacial (exaration and 

accumulation); mf — mudflows; bl — badland; er — erosion; a — avalanches; e — eolian; ab — abrasion; g — gullying; o 

— other processes. 



Tarikhazer et al. 2024 4(1) 

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The Gosmalyan intermountain basin is located in the upper reaches of Konjavuchay. The relief is 

intensively dissected and characterized by good terracing, with a strong accumulation of proluvial and 

colluvial deposits. In the northwestern part of the Talysh Range, a large geomorphological element is 

the Dyman intermountain basin, in which the rivers are wide and terraced. The central part is filled with 

alluvial-proluvial deposits, into which the river valleys are shallowly cut. 

Here, at an altitude of 1480 m, the source of the upper reaches of the Vilyashchay River is 

concentrated. 

The eastern part of the study region is occupied by the Lankaran Lowland, which is limited from the 

west by the steep northeastern slope of the ridge foothills of the Burovar Range. Along the Burovar 

ridge, a narrow intermittent strip stretches a zone of deluvial-proluvial deposits, forming alluvial cones, 

deluvial plumes, etc. 

The change in the landscape belts of Talysh from humid subtropical regions in the low mountains and 

adjacent plains to semidesert regions in the northwestern part of the Talysh and Peshtasar ridges 

(landscape inversion) determines the vertical azonality of the manifestation of exogenous 

geomorphological processes (EGP) of relief formation. Consequently, the development of the EGP 

depends on the altitudinal zone of the relief, the latest and modern tectonic movements (seismicity up 

to 8 points), slope exposure, climatic conditions, etc. (Fig. 2). 

Climatic conditions. Relief and the Caspian Sea have a great influence on the distribution of 

precipitation in the study area. The difference in precipitation distribution is very large, reaching 1100–

1200 mm. The greatest amount of precipitation falls in the foothills of the southeastern part of Talysh 

(1700 mm). If 1400 mm of precipitation falls in the foothills of Talysh, then in the middle mountains, 

it decreases to 200–300 mm. In mountain depressions (especially in the Deman and Diabar depressions), 

up to 300 mm of precipitation falls. The reason for the uneven distribution of precipitation is the 

mountains. 

Table 1. Changes in climate elements by landscape type in the Talysh Mountains 

Types of 

landscapes 

Absolute 

height (m) 

Amount of 

solar radiation 

(kkal/sm2) 

Number of 

hours of 

sunshine 

Average annual 

precipitation 

(mm) 

Average 

annual 

temperature 

(C0) 

Average 

annual 

evaporation 

(mm) 

Dry steppe 

landscapes of 

low 

mountains 

200> 120–130 2000–2200 300–450 14–14,7 800–1000 

Forest 

landscapes of 

low 

mountains 

200–700 132–136 <2000 400–1200 12–14 600–700 

Forest 

landscapes of 

the middle 

mountains 

 

700–

1800–

2000 

130–135 2000–2200 600–1600 8–12 600–800 

Mountain 

xerophyte 

landscape of 

the middle 

mountains 

2000–

2500 
125–135 2200–2400 300> 6–8 400–600 

 

The number of sunny hours in the Talysh Mountains is 2200–2400, and in low-mountain and mid-

mountain areas, it is 2000–2200. The distribution of total solar radiation is 128–132 kcal/sm2 at the 

peak of Kemurgoy-Gyzyurdu 140–144 kcal/sm2. The radiation balance decreases from 35 kkal/cm2 

during the year to 10 kkal/sm2 towards the high part of the middle mountains (Table 1). 

The average annual relative humidity for the region is 70–80%. The maximum relative humidity is 

observed in the foothills (Table 2). 

Table 2. Relationship between moisture conditions and differentiation of landscape types 

Landscape 

types 

Absolute 

height in 

meters 

Average annual 

precipitation (in 

mm) 

Average annual 

evaporation (in 

mm) 

Humidification 

coefficient 

Humidification 

type 



Tarikhazer et al. 2024 4(1) 

21 
 

Dry steppe 

landscapes of 

low mountains 

200> 450 

 

1000 

 

0,45 Arid 

Forest 

landscapes of 

low mountains 

200–700 1200 700 1,7 
Extreme 

Humidity 

Forest 

landscapes of 

the middle 

mountains 

700–1800–

2000 
1600 800 2 

Extreme 

Humidity 

Mountain 

xerophyte 

landscape of the 

middle 

mountains 

2000–2500 300 600 0,5 Arid 

 

In the region under study, landslide processes become more active during periods of heavy rainfall. 

For example, from November 7 to November 10, 2015, heavy rains occurred in the Lankaran-Astara 

zone. In total, 69–122 mm of precipitation fell here (44–72% of the average monthly average). The 

amount of precipitation in the summer months and early autumn is sometimes 3–4 times greater than 

the amount of precipitation in the winter and autumn periods, and this increase mainly falls on the share 

of rainfall precipitation. Therefore, it is no coincidence that landslide processes occurred precisely 

during this period. As noted by Madatzade and Shikhlinsky (1968), showers are observed in both 

lowland and mountainous zones. The differences between them lie not in the intensity but in the 

frequency of rainfall. In the mountainous areas of the Lankaran Plateau, an inversion of atmospheric 

precipitation has developed: in the mountains, showers are observed less frequently—especially the 

most prolonged and intense ones—and in lowland areas—much more often (Fig. 3). 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The role of climatic factors in the development of landslide processes is undeniable. To reveal the role 

of climatic factors, a graph (Fig. 4) of the development of landslides in the Lankaran natural area was 

constructed by month. The maximum number of landslides is observed during periods with the greatest 

frequency of maximum precipitation, i.e., if the maximum frequency of precipitation occurs in spring 

and autumn, then the maximum occurrence of landslides occurs during the same period. 

In addition, a graph of the frequency of landslide processes in the Lankaran natural area was drawn 

(Fig. 5). The statistical analysis of the landslides revealed that for the period of 2010–2022. On average, 

6 of the most dangerous landslides occur annually. 

It follows from Fig. 5 that the highest frequency of landslides is observed in 2015–2017. The trend 

line (dynamics) proves this, i.e., in recent years, landslide processes have been intensifying; however, 

we consider the main reason to be geological and geomorphological factors, as well as increased 

anthropogenic impacts. However, despite this, the role of climate factors cannot be denied. Climatic 

factors do not form the landslide itself, but they are a kind of trigger. 

Figure 3. Change in the annual amount of precipitation with height in the central part of Talish (according to 

A.A. Madatzade, E.M. Shikhlinsky (1968) 



Tarikhazer et al. 2024 4(1) 

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Anthropogenic factors 

It is known that during the anthropogenic development of a territory, it is of no small importance to 

assess the stability of the relief, its individual forms, or the risk of the occurrence of exogenous 

geomorphological processes (EGPs), in this case, landslides, which pose a danger to human life and the 

functioning of tourist and recreational complexes. Common types of anthropogenic impacts include 

cutting and overloading of slopes, artificial watering and waterlogging of constituent rocks due to leaks 

from water pipelines and excessive watering of lands (Gulieva et al., 2014). Naturally, they are confined 

to the most urbanized territories and linear infrastructure facilities. For example, unplanned 

deforestation during the construction of tourist facilities such as the Lankaran Springs Wellness Resort 

and Hirkan Park Hotel led to the formation of landslide processes on the slopes of the mountains of the 

Lankaran natural region. Slopes cut as a result of laying road surfaces such as Lankaran–Lerik, Lerik–

Yardimli, and Degedi–Pelikesh in the Astara region (Fig. 6) also led to the formation of new centers for 

the development of landslides. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

When analysing the landslide hazard and creating a map for assessing the recreational potential of 

landscapes, high-resolution satellite images (CNES/Airbus, Maxar Technologies (GeoEye-1)) and 

medium-resolution Sentinel-2A and 2B images were used. Basically, visual and semiautomatic 

decoding (classification with training) was carried out in the ArcGIS environment (Fig. 7). 

In the Talysh Mountains, the lowest landscape zone begins with forest, followed by mountain steppes 

and mountain-dry steppe landscape zones. Therefore, the main reason for this event is that, on the one 

hand, the highlands and internal depressions here are under the influence of the arid climate of the 

Iranian Plateau, and on the other hand, the mid-mountain Peshtasar ridge, which creates a barrier 

landscape in the Talysh Mountains and retains moisture generated by humid northeastern winds. Thus, 

moist air masses coming from the Caspian Sea pass over the narrow Lankaran Plain and on their way 

into contact with the steep slopes of the Talysh Mountains, resulting in a large amount of precipitation 

(1400–1600 mm). Air masses moving in the western and southwestern directions gradually lose 

moisture, and the amount of precipitation in the highlands sharply decreases. The reason for the 

formation of landscape inversion in Talysh is orography and associated climatic conditions. This led to 

the formation of unique landscape types at corresponding altitudes (Guliyeva, 2018). 

Figure 4. Distribution of landslides in the Lankaran natural area 

Figure 5. Frequency of landslides in the Lankaran natural area 



Tarikhazer et al. 2024 4(1) 

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From the analysis of the landscape map, field research and other literature, it is clear that if the forests 

on the northern slope are dense and highly dense and occupy a large area, then the forests on the southern 

and western slopes are less dense, occupying a relatively large area. a small area and, in some places, 

even replaced by forest and shrubs. 

One of the most important factors determining landscape differentiation in the study area is the 

formation of river valleys, gorges, and landslides. During your field survey, we observed active 

landslides on the right bank of the Alasha River, including between the villages of Sors, Aliabad and 

Shingedulag. 

Conclusion 

In this study, we analysed all the factors contributing to the development of landslide processes in the 

natural Lankaran area. The main factors are the geological and geomorphological structure, seismicity 

and anthropogenic factors. The remaining factors, namely, climate, are a trigger in the formation of 

landslide processes. 

To reveal the role of climatic factors, a graph of the development of landslides in the Lankaran natural 

area was constructed by month. The maximum number of landslides is observed during periods with 

the greatest frequency of maximum precipitation, i.e., if the maximum frequency of precipitation occurs 

in spring and autumn, then the maximum occurrence of landslides occurs during the same period. In 

addition, a graph of the recurrence of landslide processes in the Lankaran natural area was compiled. 

The statistical analysis of the landslides revealed that for the period of 2010–2022. On average, 6 of the 

most dangerous landslides occur annually. 

A map was constructed to assess the recreational potential of the landscapes of the Lankaran natural 

region, from which it follows that most landslides are confined to the plain-mountain contact zone, low 

mountains and middle mountains. Monitoring work has shown that in the study region, the number of 

landslides is increasing every year. Based on the results obtained, ArcGIS technology has advantages 

over traditional (cartographic) methods for studying landslide processes. 

Based on the above, we believe that the current environmental situation can lead to a decrease in the 

productivity of natural ecosystems and further restoration potential in the future. This can subsequently 

lead to a decrease in the attractiveness of landscapes due to their powerful transformation. Currently, 

there is already an increase in environmental tension in the region. It is obvious that it is necessary to 

switch to a new system of environmental management, which, in the future, will ensure the long-term 

environmentally sustainable functioning of the Lankaran natural area with the aim of developing 

tourism. 

Figure 6. Landslide on the Degedi–Pelikesh road, Astara district (photo May 28, 2023) 



Tarikhazer et al. 2024 4(1) 

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Competing interests 

The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 

Authors’ contributions 

All authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research, analysis and manuscript. 

ORCID iD 

Stara Tarikhazer https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5870-1721 

Irina Kuchinskaya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7154-3446 

Elina Karimova https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2651-8150 

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