







































Georgian Geographical Journal 

 

Exodynamic Processes in Upper Racha 
Merab Gongadze1 , George Lominadze1,* , Giorgi Khomeriki1

, Giorgi Kavlashvili1 , Nikoloz Suknidze1 , Gela 

Talakhadze1  
1 Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State 

University, Tbilisi, Georgia 
* Corresponding author: georglomin@yahoo.co.uk 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Introduction 

Racha, located in the mountainous regions of western Georgia, represents one of the country’s most 

picturesque yet geologically complex landscapes. The region is distinguished by the high frequency and 

intensity of exodynamic processes, which exert significant impacts on both the environment and local 

communities (Salukvadze, 2022). These processes, including riverine erosion, mudflows, denudation-

gravitational phenomena, and snow avalanches, are integral to the geomorphological evolution of the 

region and warrant comprehensive investigation to understand their underlying mechanisms, triggers, 

and spatiotemporal patterns. 

A salient feature of Racha’s geodynamics is its high seismicity. Situated within a seismically active 

zone, with earthquakes reaching magnitudes up to 9 on the Richter scale, Racha is highly vulnerable to 

earthquake-induced geomorphic instability. Seismic events frequently act as catalysts for catastrophic 

exodynamic phenomena, amplifying the hazard potential of the terrain. Moreover, the region’s steeply 

Georgian Geographical Journal, 2025, 5(2) 4-11 

© The Author(s) 2025 

 
This article is an open access article distributed under 

the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons 

Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// 

creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). 

DOI: 

https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GGJ 

Abstract 

Upper Racha is among the most geologically and environmentally 

challenging regions of Georgia due to the frequency and intensity of 

exodynamic processes and the significant damage they inflict on the 

environment and local population. The southern slope of the Central 

Caucasus, encompassing the Shoda-Kedela and Lechkhumi ranges, is 

characterised by complex and diverse relief. The upper part of the 

territory lies within high-mountainous subalpine, alpine, and nival 

zones. The southern portion of Upper Racha is dominated by deeply 

incised erosional valleys of the Rioni River and its tributaries, with 

some valleys exhibiting incision depths exceeding 1,000 metres and 

slopes ranging between 40° and 60°. This erosional-denudation relief 

has developed on Jurassic sediments and is shaped by active 

exodynamic processes affecting strongly dislocated rocks of Liassic 

age. These processes give rise to a range of geomorphological 

phenomena, including erosion, riverine and lateral erosion, mudflows, 

landslides, rockfalls, and snow avalanches. The region’s high 

seismicity and abundant atmospheric precipitation further exacerbate 

these dynamics. A striking example of these processes occurred in late 

July 2023, when Upper Racha experienced alternating periods of 

extreme heat and torrential rainfall. Combined with the active ablation 

of the Buba Glacier, these conditions significantly increased the 

saturation of moraine material with liquid water, disrupting the 

gravitational stability of the slope. This triggered a catastrophic 

landslide that destroyed buildings at the Shovi resort, resulting in the 

tragic loss of 35 lives. This study aims to investigate the exodynamic 

processes in Upper Racha, identify their driving factors and 

development patterns, analyse the mechanisms behind such natural 

events, assess their impact on the formation and sustainability of the 

Shovi–Glola tourist hub, predict the future deve lopment of these 

processes, and propose effective preventive measures. 

Keywords: Exodynamic processes, nival zone, moraine material, 

taluses, flowing landslides, mudflows 

Citation: Gongadze, M.; Lominadze, G.; 
Khomeriki, G.; Kavlashvili, G.; Suknidze, 

N.; Talakhadze, G. Exodynamic Processes 
in Upper Racha. Georgian Geographical 
Journal 2025, 5(2), 4-11. 

https://doi.org/10.52340/ggj.2025.05.02.01 



Gongadze et al. 2025 5(2) 

5 
 

dissected relief, combined with abundant precipitation, intensifies the occurrence and scale of such 

processes. This interplay of tectonic activity, climatic conditions, and relief complexity necessitates a 

multidisciplinary approach for effective hazard assessment and mitigation. 

This study focuses particularly on the upper Rioni River basin, with detailed attention to the 

Chanchakhi, Jejora, Gharula, Sakaura valleys, and their tributaries. The Chanchakhi River basin lies on 

the southern slopes of the Central Caucasus, between the main Caucasus range and its southeastern 

branch, the Shoda-Kedela Ridge. This area exhibits considerable geomorphic diversity and also 

possesses substantial tourism potential, owing to its unique natural resources—coniferous forests, 

mountain trails conducive to trekking and equestrian activities, and the “Glola Boulders” (granite 

moraine formations listed in the Red Book of Georgia)—in addition to mineral springs and cultural 

heritage sites (Gavasheli, 1978). 

Anthropogenic influences further compound the environmental dynamics of Racha. Agricultural 

activities—such as slope ploughing, deforestation, and annual crop cultivation—have significantly 

altered land cover and soil stability, contributing to erosion and increased vulnerability to exodynamic 

processes (Salukvadze, 2022). These human-environment interactions underscore the importance of 

integrating socio-economic factors into geomorphological and hazard assessments. 

Geologically, the northern flank of the Upper Racha syncline is dominated by thick-bedded marls of 

Upper Jurassic age, carbonate shales, and interbedded limestones. Lower Cretaceous tectonic activity 

has generated folded structural formations, while the area is intersected by both young and ancient faults 

oriented along multiple latitudinal directions. These structures are further complicated by strike-slip 

and discontinuous dislocations, which strongly influence the morphology and stability of the terrain. 

Quaternary sediments—including eluvial, deluvial, colluvial, alluvial, proluvial, and fluvioglacial 

deposits—form a significant component of the surface cover, influencing hydrological dynamics and 

slope processes (fig. 1). 

This research aims to systematically analyse the mechanisms driving these exodynamic processes, 

assess their spatial and temporal distribution, and develop predictive models to guide hazard mitigation 

and sustainable land-use strategies. Such integrated research is crucial for the preservation of both the 

environmental integrity and socio-economic resilience of Racha. 

Figure 1. Glaciers Tbilisa and Buba. Photo by M. Gongadze 



Gongadze et al. 2025 5(2) 

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Methods and Materials 

In the field studies, we utilized a combination of geomorphological and geological methods. The 

morphological method was used to identify the primary landforms in the study area, as well as their 

contours and spatial arrangement. The morphometric method was employed to measure the dimensions 

of these forms, while the morphostructural method helped to clarify the relationship between the 

landforms and underlying geological structures. Additionally, various geological techniques were 

applied, including lithological analysis of materials, determination of the sequence of sedimentary layer 

formation, and examination of granulometry and material rounding. In the office, we conducted a 

literature review and analyzed relevant cartographic materials. Based on the results from these methods, 

the conclusions presented at the end of the article were drawn. 

Results 

Relief Types and Morphostructural Characteristics of Upper Racha 

Upper Racha exhibits two principal types of relief, each distinguished by specific morphostructural 

and lithological characteristics: 

1. Nival High-Mountainous Relief 

The first type is nival high-mountainous relief, displaying clear signs of both ancient and modern 

glaciation, notably in areas such as Zopkhito, Laboda, Tbilisa, Buba, and Chanchakhi. This relief type 

develops predominantly on sedimentary and metamorphic formations of Jurassic age (fig. 2). Erosion 

and denudation processes are particularly active here, shaping the terrain into steep slopes, sharp ridges, 

and deeply incised valleys. Morphostructurally, this zone is characterized by denudational forms 

bounded by major fault systems to the north and south. The presence of easily erodible flysch formations 

contributes to relatively subdued topographic forms and the development of deep erosional valleys. 

 
Figure 2. Exodynamic processes in Upper Racha. Map created by the authors  

A distinct morphological feature in this region is the transverse uplift of the Buba River, which 

connects to the Bubistskali River valley through Upper Pleistocene moraine deposits. At relatively 

lower elevations within this relief type, denudational forms are accompanied by active manifestations 

of mudflows and landslides. 



Gongadze et al. 2025 5(2) 

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The southern slope of the Central Caucasus, including the Shoda-Kedela and Lechkhumi ranges, 

presents highly diverse relief forms. The uppermost parts of this area belong to the high-mountainous 

subalpine and alpine zones, with elevations ranging from approximately 3,500 to 4,000 m above sea 

level and are dominated by nival-glacial and glacial-erosional morphologies. The lower slopes are 

deeply dissected by the Rioni River and its tributaries, with valley incisions exceeding 1,000 m in depth 

in certain locations and slope inclinations ranging between 40° and 60°. 

Erosion-denudation relief in this context develops on a substrate of Jurassic sediments. The relatively 

smooth nature of some relief forms is determined by the impact of erosion-denudation processes acting 

upon strongly dislocated igneous sandstones and shales of Liassic age. Valley profiles are typically V-

shaped; however, where slopes consist of shale, ravine-shaped valleys predominate. For example, near 

the village of Ghebi, the width of the Rioni floodplain is approximately 150 m, widening to 280 m 

between Ghebi and Chiora, and narrowing to 230 m near Chiora. 

2. Erosion-Denudation Relief of Medium-Mountainous Terrain 

The second type is erosion-denudation relief characteristic of medium-mountainous terrain, marked 

by valleys with erosional dissection ranging from 300 to 600 m in depth and slope inclinations between 

30° and 45°. This relief type is widespread in the central and southern parts of Upper Racha and 

represents the eastern extension of the Racha-Lechkhumi synclinal depression. It develops primarily on 

clayey-sandy and carbonate rock formations from the Upper Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary periods. 

This zone contains abundant remnants of ancient landslide forms, and contemporary landslide activity 

remains significant. Such processes are particularly active along the slopes of the Rioni and Jejora rivers 

and their tributaries, where intense mudflow activity is also observed. Villages most affected include 

Khideshlebi, Mazhieti, Somitso, Skhieri, Kristesi, and Khirkhonisi. Slope profiles in these locations 

often display stepped and wavy configurations, indicative of ongoing landslide movements. 

In areas where massive chalk limestones are exposed, prominent cornices reaching heights of 20–50 

m are common (e.g., in Khirkhonisi and Skhieri). Colluvial soils at the base of these cornices facilitate 

erosion and slope instability, thereby promoting further landslide development. Additionally, relict river 

terraces occur along the slopes of river valleys, notably in the vicinities of Skhieri, Kristesi, Somitso, 

and Komandeli. The first terraces situated approximately 1.5–4 m above the current riverbed, extend 

along the Rioni River, and the town of Oni itself is established upon one such terrace. 

In areas dominated by Cretaceous and Tertiary limestones, active karst processes are widely observed, 

resulting in the formation of karst poljes, sinkholes, and cave systems. These features are particularly 

abundant in regions underlain by extensive Barremian limestones of Lower Cretaceous age, including 

the northern sector of the northwestern slope of the Racha Ridge and localities such as Khikhat, 

Khirkhonisi, Shkmere, Usholta, Kharistvali, Mravaldzali, Futieti, and Skhvava, as well as the Lower 

Bari, Upper Bari, and Mukhli areas (Gavasheli, 1978). 

The valleys of the right and left tributaries of the Rioni River develop under comparable 

geomorphological, geological, and microclimatic conditions. This results in sharply inclined valley beds 

and steep, often denuded slopes, fostering intense erosion, denudation, and slope failure processes. 

These conditions, when coupled with periods of intense precipitation, create favourable conditions for 

catastrophic mudflows. A significant example occurred between 26 and 27 July 2020, when 

precipitation exceeded the daily norm, reaching 120 mm according to the Hydrometeorological 

Department of the National Environmental Agency. This extreme rainfall event resulted in extensive 

damage, including the destruction of tens of kilometres of highway embankments, as well as the 

impairment of bridges and agricultural infrastructure across the affected region. Notably, heavy 

precipitation was recorded not only in the lower reaches of the Rioni Gorge but also at higher altitudes. 

Field observations above the village of Chiora (altitudes between 2,200 and 2,600 m above sea level) 

confirmed evidence of intense atmospheric precipitation during this event. 

The Chanchakhi River is characterised by a bifurcated bed, consisting of a main channel and a 

secondary channel activated during high-flow events. The incision depth of the main channel reaches 

up to 1.5 m, while both banks accumulate proluvial deposits containing organic matter such as wood 

and plant debris. Boulder sizes within the riverbed range from 0.2 to 0.7 m, with bulk deposit 

thicknesses reaching up to 1.5 m. River islands densely vegetated with alder trees exhibit clear evidence 

of historic mudflows (fig. 3). 

During the July 2020 rainfall event, significant overflow occurred in the Rioni and Chanchakhi rivers, 

including their tributaries, resulting in destructive mudflows that severely damaged infrastructure, 

highways, and bridges within Upper Racha’s villages (Tsereteli, 2020). 



Gongadze et al. 2025 5(2) 

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Further downstream, the Chanchakhi River receives inflow from the left bank via the Dgviora River. 

This tributary originates from a heavily deformed glacial cirque on the northern slope of the Shoda-

Kedela Range, oriented parallel to the Central Caucasus. The region exhibits distinct glacial and 

erosional-glacial features, including sharply defined trough valleys, moraine deposits, and isolated 

erratic boulders. Alpine and subalpine landscapes extend to comparatively low elevations. In this 

system, the bedrock lithology, slope gradients, and prevailing climatic conditions serve as primary 

controls on the development of exodynamic processes. 

The confluence of the Dgviora and Chanchakhi rivers generates a substantial sedimentary cone, upon 

which the village of Glola is situated. This depositional feature is particularly susceptible to destructive 

mudflows during periods of heavy precipitation, frequently inflicting damage upon Glola and adjacent 

settlements. The July 2020 event again exemplifies this dynamic, with extreme rainfall leading to 

significant river swelling and consequent destructive mudflows across the Chanchakhi and Rioni basins. 

Quantitative geomorphological analysis was conducted using lithofraction counting within 

systematically established 5 × 5 m polygons in the beds of the Gharula, Mushuani, and Dgviora rivers. 

These measurements identified alluvial-proluvial layers comprising between six and seven size 

fractions, with particle dimensions ranging from 1 cm to 1.5–2 m. Subsequent stratigraphic analysis of 

riverbed cuts enabled reconstruction of the timing and provenance of transported material, thereby 

distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic drivers of exodynamic activity. These findings are 

essential for developing targeted preventive strategies against such events. 

The Sakaura River, entering the Rioni River from the right approximately 3 km upstream of Oni, 

extends over a gorge approximately 13–14 km in length, incised primarily within Middle and Upper 

Jurassic clay-shale and sandstone sequences. The floodplain and riverbed lithology are dominated by 

unprocessed large-fraction proluvial boulders (approximately 70%), supplemented by fine alluvial 

gravel and pebbles. Boulder sizes within the riverbed range between 0.4 and 1.2 m, with deposit 

thicknesses between 2.5 and 3 m above the river surface. 

In the upper reaches above Khideshlebi, the left bank of the Sakaura is artificially reinforced with a 

60 m long, up to 2 m high boulder wall. In the midsection of the river, near the bridge, intense incision 

has produced a deep, narrow erosional gorge, characterised by extensive proluvial boulder fields. Near 

the village of Mazhieti, the Sakaura’s largest left tributary joins its bed. In 2020, mudflows entering this 

tributary washed away a bridge, which was rebuilt within the same year; remnants of the destroyed 

piers and the extensive proluvial boulder fields remain as evidence of this event. 

Shovi Catastrophe 

The Chanchakhi River basin is situated on the southern slope of the Central Caucasus, occupying a 

geomorphologically complex position between the main Caucasus range and its southeastern branch, 

the Shoda-Kedela Ridge. The northern flank of the Upper Racha syncline is predominantly composed 

Figure 3. Profile along the Dghviora river gully 



Gongadze et al. 2025 5(2) 

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of thick-bedded Upper Jurassic marls, carbonate shales, and interbedded limestones. These lithological 

units have been significantly deformed by intense tectonic movements during the Lower Cretaceous, 

resulting in intricate folded structures. 

The structural framework of the region is dominated by both young and ancient faults oriented along 

three principal latitudinal directions. These faults are further complicated by strike-slip dislocations and 

discontinuous faults of various orientations, all of which are clearly expressed in the regional relief. The 

Quaternary sediments in the basin include eluvial, deluvial, colluvial, alluvial, proluvial, and 

fluvioglacial deposits, which together form a diverse and dynamic sedimentary cover. 

The Bubistskali River, originating from the Buba Glacier, is a major tributary of the Chanchakhi 

River, joining it from the right near the Shovi resort (fig. 4). Below the alpine zone, the Bubistskali 

Gorge is deeply incised into Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous sedimentary sequences, forming a sharply 

defined erosion-denudation relief. 

On 3 August 2023, this gorge was the site of a catastrophic geomorphological event: a flash flood that 

rapidly transformed into a mudflow and subsequently developed into a high-velocity landslide. This 

event, hereafter referred to as the “Shovi catastrophe,” was the result of a complex interplay of climatic, 

topographic, and geological factors. Over recent decades, the Buba Glacier has undergone significant 

retreat due to accelerated melting associated with climate change. This retreat has exposed extensive 

moraine deposits at the glacier’s front, base, and lateral margins. These moraine bodies, reaching tens 

of metres in thickness and extending several hundred metres in length, consist of unprocessed, angular 

boulder material of varying size, interspersed with trapped snow that persists through the summer 

season. 

The Bubistskali River, incising through this moraine complex, has been unable to fully mobilise and 

transport the accumulated debris due to its relatively gentle gradient and reduced hydraulic energy. This 

sediment accumulation increased the susceptibility of the system to blockage and sudden failure. Under 

conditions of intense rainfall and rapid snowmelt, the entrainment of moraine material triggered the 

cascade of processes that culminated in the flash flood, mudflow, and landslide observed in August 

2023. 

The Shovi event represents a striking example of the interaction between glacial retreat, moraine 

sediment dynamics, and extreme meteorological conditions, highlighting the growing hazard potential 

in high-mountain environments under climate change. Detailed geomorphological and 

sedimentological analysis of the Bubistskali-Chanchakhi system offers critical insights into the 

mechanisms governing such hazardous events and provides a basis for risk assessment and mitigation 

strategies in similar alpine catchments. 

 

 
Figure 4. River Bubistskali gorge in the Shovi section before the disaster. Source: Esri. Maxar. Earthstar Geographics and 

the GIS User Company 



Gongadze et al. 2025 5(2) 

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Figure 5. River Bubistskali gorge in the Shovi section after the disaster. Source: Esri. Maxar. Earthstar Geographics and 

the GIS User Company 

At the end of July 2023, Upper Racha experienced extreme heat followed by torrential rains, leading 

to a critical event in early August. The intense rainfall and melting snow increased the saturation of the 

moraine material, surpassing its critical threshold. This destabilised the gravitational equilibrium of the 

solid material, causing rainwater, melted snow, and a swollen river flow to mobilise a large number of 

debris. As it moved downhill, the mass uprooted coniferous vegetation and quickly advanced towards 

Shovi. The Bubistskali River, being short in length, was covered by the catastrophic mudflow in just 

20 minutes (fig. 5). 

Years earlier, an artificial barrier was built on the lower Bubistskali River, altering the course of the 

Chanchakhi River, and cottages were constructed in the area. Unfortunately, this region, along with the 

cottages, was hit by the mudslide. Eventually, with debris from the river's middle section, the mudflow 

turned into a landslide, burying the cottages and the plain in the centre of the resort under several metres 

of debris. Tragically, those in the cottages and nearby areas perished almost instantly. Only those in the 

older resort buildings and vacationers in the nearby forests survived. 

The Shovi tragedy highlights the complexity and unpredictability of natural processes, as well as 

human negligence and ignorance towards these processes. Thankfully, buildings from the 1930s and 

1940s were strategically placed in safe areas, allowing them to withstand the disaster. In contrast, the 

owners of cottages in the Bubistskali area were not as fortunate. 

Conclusion 

Exodynamic processes, based on their development characteristics, can be classified into three main 

groups: those that occur constantly, periodically, and catastrophically, both in general and specifically 

in Upper Racha. 

Ongoing processes include erosion and denudation, which affect the entire territory of Upper Racha. 

However, erosion is more pronounced in the nival zone, while deeper erosion predominantly occurs in 

the upper reaches of the Rioni River tributaries. Lateral erosion is notably evident in the Rioni River 

valley below the village of Saglolo. Denudation processes primarily occur on steep slopes (25°–30° and 

greater), which are often sparsely vegetated. On such slopes, where vegetation cover is minimal, talus 

cones and rock avalanches are common. 

Periodic processes include mudflows, which form due to a combination of heavy precipitation, the 

accumulation of depleted material in valleys, and the steep gradient of valley beds. Landslides also 

occur periodically, typically on deluvial slopes with gradients exceeding 25°, where the lower part of 

the slope is eroded by river flow. 

Catastrophic natural processes are extreme manifestations of exodynamic processes. They occur as a 

result of the interaction of specific meteorological conditions such as intermittent heavy rains and 

increased melting of glaciers. Additionally, large amounts of weathered material accumulate in troughs 



Gongadze et al. 2025 5(2) 

11 
 

and valleys, with rain seeping through cracks on slopes and surface waters contributing to these 

processes. The catastrophic mudslide in Shovi on August 3, 2023, which ultimately transformed into a 

landslide and completely engulfed the resort area, was a direct result of the confluence of these factors. 

The mudslide destroyed the cottages designated for vacationers, significantly disrupting tourism 

activities in the region. 

An important factor hindering the development of resorts and tourism in Racha is the increased risk 

of natural disasters. A tragic example of this is the mudslide that occurred in the resort of Shovi on 

August 3, 2023. It originated from the gorge of the river Bubustskali and covered the entire resort area. 

Cottages in the Bubistskali region were destroyed, and 35 people lost their lives. Initial estimates 

suggest that the total volume of the brought proluvial material reached 1 million m³. The disaster dealt 

a severe blow to the resort, putting its operation in question. 

The restoration and preservation of the Shovi resort are crucial not only for the economy of Shovi-

Glola but also for the future of tourism development in Racha (Gongadze, 2024; Nadareishvili, 2024). 

This aspect should be the subject of further detailed research. The government has also expressed its 

intention to restore the resort. It is important to consider the nature of the exodynamic processes in the 

Shovi-Glola area when planning the restoration, with a focus on natural hazard factors. Safe zones for 

development should be designated based on data from pre-project studies and monitoring of natural 

hazards, as well as the implementation of containment and protection systems. 

The authors suggest that the restoration of the resort should involve the removal of the accumulated 

landslide mass, which can then be used as construction inert material. This material holds special value 

in the current construction boom. This process will result in a cleared resort area, essential for the resort's 

operation. 

Competing interests 

The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 

Authors’ contribution 

Merab Gongadze. and Giorgi Khomeriki. conceived of the presented idea. George Loninadze. and 

Giorgi Kavlashvili. performed the analytic calculations. Nikoloz Suknidze and Gela Talakhadze. took 

the lead in writing the manuscript. All authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research, 

analysis and manuscript. 

ORCID iD 

Merab Gongadze https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7905-2525  

George Lominadze  https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0630-2739 

George Khomeriki  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7264-4348 

George Kavlashvili  https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5171-043X 

Nikoloz Suknidze  https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1792-5260 

Gela Talakhadze  https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7505-6115 

References 

Gavasheli, A. (1978). Upper Racha and its Natural Resources. 54. 

Gongadze, M., Lominadze, G., Khomeriki, G., & Kavlashvili, G. (2024). Analysis of Spontaneous Exodynamic 

Processes in the Dghviora River Basin Taking into Consideration the Perspectives of the Shovi-Glola 

(Georgia) Tourist Agglomeration. Georgian Geographical Journal, 4(1), 26–34. 

https://doi.org/10.52340/ggj.2024.04.01.04 

Nadareishvili, N., Tutberidze, M., Khomeriki, G., Dzhvarsheishvili, S., Kvirkvelia, N., Tchania, E., & Tavadze, 

G. (2025). Prospects of Tourism Development in Zemo Racha and Their Reflection Among the Local 

Society. Georgian Geographical Journal, 5(1), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.52340/ggj.2025.05.01.07 

Elene Salukvadze. (2022). Environmental and Anthropogenic Factors in the Development of Geodynamical 

Processes in Racha. Georgian Geographical Journal, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.52340/ggj.2022.753  

Tsereteli, E. e. (n.d.). Engineering and geological zoning of Georgia according to the degree of development of 

hazardous geological processes. Russian. 

 

https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7905-2525
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0630-2739
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7264-4348
https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5171-043X
https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1792-5260
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7505-6115

