Georgian Scientists/ქართველი მეცნიერები ტ. 4 N 5, 2022 304 Georgian Scientists ქართველი მეცნიერები Vol. 4 Issue 5, 2022 https://doi.org/10.52340/gs.2022.04.05.33 Theoretical-Methodological aspects of intelligence activity and lobbying Otari Somkhishvili Caucasus International University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Doctoral Educational Program in Political Science, Ph.D. student. Abstract Intelligence activities have deep historical roots, just like the development of the human race. It has a security function since the first state relations, when the social group of category A intended to have power over the social group of category B and control it. In the ancient civilizations, we find the first relations between states, which carried signs of intelligence activity. It was manifested in the period of war or peace by obtaining quick and complete information about the capabilities and intentions of the enemy. In the process of making decisions, the use of information obtained as a result of intelligence activities has become a prerequisite for self-preservation, and later dominance, in the international arena. Over the centuries, under the cover of intelligence activities, have been improved the methods of information warfare. In order to gain hegemony, this condition allowed the states to use such methods of struggle against each other as disinformation, propaganda and, most importantly, lobbying. Although the term "lobbyism" was first used in the 20th century, we can still find its signs in the ancient period. Which allows us to say that lobbying from ancient times to the present day has been the subject of exploitation from foreign intelligence. The analysis of current events in modern international relations shows, that the synthesis of intelligence and lobbying activities (intelligence lobbying) has opened the doors of new opportunities for the states. States which have developed intelligence lobbying at a scientific level are able to achieve their desired goals and dominate the international arena with less expenses. Developments of similar events have made intelligence lobbying a vital challenge for the national security of states in transition. Balancing the resulting negative effects is possible by the successful work of intelligence and counterintelligence services. Keywords: Intelligence activity, Information warfare, Disinformation, Propaganda, lobby, Intelligence vulnerability, Counterintelligence. Georgian Scientists/ქართველი მეცნიერები ტ. 4 N 5, 2022 305 At the modern stage, hegemonic states avoid using military force against each other. This circumstance implies the development of alternative methods to maintain the dominant status. States prefer soft power politics to maintain influence, this is explained by the fact that modern international relations are much more complex than they were before the Second World War. Consequently, today military force is a less profitable tool for achieving political goals. Soft power has become a much more effective means of manipulation, pressure and coercion. Information war, which is often referred to as a modernist and hybrid fighting method, is the result of soft power policy. However, we must take into account that since ancient times, the protection of one's own strategic information has been of vital importance for the existence of states. The analysis of historical events shows, that over the centuries, victory in the information battle was the primary goal of intelligence activities, which had a great impact on the relations between states, but information is devoid of a function if the system of obtaining, processing and disseminating it does not work perfectly. For centuries, intelligence services have tried to obtain information about the objectives, strategic plans, resources and other important matters of adversary states, but the unsolved task has remained the protection of information of own strategic importance. For example, even in Mesopotamia culture, we can find the facts of keeping secret information about battle tactics, military capabilities, food supplies, drinking and irrigation water, natural minerals, and trade routes. XXI century is considered the age of development of information and technology. The development of information technologies contributed to the creation of the "information spatial triad" - in the form of information, technical means and society. All of this has led to the vulnerability of information flows, which has further increased the risk of information leakage and the spread of disinformation. Although information warfare is typical of soft power politics, it can have just as damaging results as direct combat. For example, it is possible to manipulate the public with excessive information, as well as disinformation and propaganda, the use of such methods in the target state bears the hallmarks of psychological warfare. We can say that information warfare is one of the most important methods of conducting intelligence activities. Any kind of information is distinguished by various psychological characteristics, which are directly related to the creation of public thinking and mood. According to "experimental psychology", to get voluminous information from multiple sources seems more convincing and the public considers it reliable. It completely captures the attention of the audience and limits the possibility of receiving alternative information. Therefore, in the conditions of information war, quantity has its own quality. The era of globalization has refined the methods of conducting information warfare. The role of intelligence and lobbying activities has significantly increased in international relations. At the modern stage, we can consider lobbying as one of the most important directions of intelligence activities. The lobby rejected hard power in international relations and preferred the use of soft power policy. Lobbyism is compatible with all five (political, economic, military, scientific-technical and environmental) directions of intelligence, which can be used in combination to damage the target state. Georgian Scientists/ქართველი მეცნიერები ტ. 4 N 5, 2022 306 Lobbying can encourage corruption, monopolies, risky deals, money laundering and other harmful activities. Intelligence activities under the guise of lobbying activities have especially complicated the ability of states to fight against threats. The combination of intelligence and lobbying has practically given rise to intelligence lobbying, which has kept pace with technological progress and has become more complex than it has ever been. Intelligence lobbying is one of the most important methods for damaging penetration into a target state. It is characterized by disinformation, propaganda, the creation of a managed crisis and the use of other harmful methods. Intelligence lobbying is carried out by groups subordinate to the opponent state (for example: the corporate sector, political parties, non-governmental organizations, organized criminal groups, etc.), with intelligence operations, which have a political, economic, military, ethnic, religious, and other character. The purpose of the process is to influence the political-economic campaigns initiated by the legislative and executive authorities, which is achieved by legal (for example, monetary contribution, charity, etc.) and illegal ways (for example, bribery, compromating, coercion, etc.). The infiltration of the ruling and opposition parties by the intelligence lobby groups practically subjected the political, economic, military, scientific-technical and ecological spaces of the target states to intelligence lobbying. Opinions are supported by the activities of lobby groups of Armenia, Israel and China in the United States of America. Their success was determined by the establishment of a coordinated system of information exchange with their own states, which would have been impossible without the participation of intelligence services. Observing the cases of Armenia, Israel and China allows us to highlight the main trends that characterize intelligence lobbying activities:  The strength of the state depends on the success of intelligence and counter-intelligence activities, including its dominate in the international arena;  It does not matter the states are in strategic partnership or in hostile attitude, they constantly use intelligence lobbying activities to obtain strategic information;  On the one hand, intelligence lobbying has a positive effect for the intelligence state. The use of this method in the international arena contributes to the dominance of the spying state. On the other hand, it damages the national interests of the target state, which may lead to the collapse of state institutions;  States Lobbying activities are successful when special intelligence services are involved in the process. It is implemented under the conditions of soft power policy and poses a threat to the national security of the target states;  Bypassing the law, lobbying activities are highly likely to be related to the intelligence activities of foreign states. In this way, it is possible to encourage organized criminal activities, which in practice are seen as crimes against the state; Georgian Scientists/ქართველი მეცნიერები ტ. 4 N 5, 2022 307  Intelligence lobbying can be excluded by legislative control of the process. as well as the prevention of dangers by the counter-intelligence service. It is important to involve representatives of different scientific fields in this process; References 1. D. Kukhalashvili, T. Endeladze, O. Somkhishvili "Aspects of information warfare and lobbying, intelligence and counter-intelligence activities", Technical University Publishing House, Tbilisi 2021 pp. 36-43. 2. D. Kukhalashvili, O. Somkhishvili, " The Intelligence Character of International Sanctions and Lobbying", Tbilisi 2022, pp. 17-23. 3. Ernesto Dal Bó, Pablo Hernández-Lagos, Sebastián Mazzuca, “The Paradox of Civilization: Preinstitutional Sources of Security and Prosperity” University of California, American Political Science Review 2021, pp. 4–9. 4. D. Mchedlidze, "Information war" 22.10.2009, http://www.media.ge/ge/portal/news/26362/ (verified on 10.11.22). 5. Shafritz, J. M. „The dictionary of public policy and administration. Boulder“, Colo: Westview Press, 2004, pp.125-127. 6. N. (Nigel) Van den Berg, “The Armenian Lobby in the US: The Successes (and Limitations) of the Grassroots Approach”, radboud university 2017, pp. 9-13. 7. Ismayil Maharramov, “The Role of Armenian Lobby in US Foreign Policy Decision Making of Recognizing the Armenian Genocide”, Policy Memo, 2021, pp. 2-5. 8. Julien Zarifian, „The Armenian-American Lobby and Its Impact on U.S. Foreign Policy“, 2014, pp. 7-15. 9. Robert C. Lieberman, „The "Israel Lobby" and American Politics“ Vol. 7, No. 2, 2009, pp.235. 10. John Mearsheimer, Stephen Walt, „The Israel Lobby“, Vol. 28 No. 6.23 March 2006, pp. 9-11. 11. Sadek Meriem Dalila, „The American Jewish Lobby’s Method of Influence on American Politics“, Vol: 11 No :01, 2022, pp. 457-459. 12. Stefanie Weil, „Lobbying and Foreign Interests in Chinese Politics“, 2017, pp. 3-8. 13. Joyce Mao, “Asia First No Such Thing: The China Lobby- ", June 2015, pp. 44. http://www.media.ge/ge/portal/news/26362/ https://univ-poitiers.academia.edu/JulienZarifian https://www.lrb.co.uk/contributors/john-mearsheimer https://www.lrb.co.uk/contributors/stephen-walt https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v28/n06 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stefanie-Weil Georgian Scientists/ქართველი მეცნიერები ტ. 4 N 5, 2022 308 სადაზვერვო საქმიანობისა და ლობიზმის თეორიულ - მეთოდოლოგიური ასპექტები ოთარი სომხიშვილი კავკასიის საერთაშორისო უნივერსიტეტი, სოციალურ მეცნიერებათა ფაკულტეტი, სადოქტორო საგანმანათლებლო პროგრამა პოლიტიკურ მეცნიერებებში, დოქტორანტი აბსტრაქტი სადაზვერვო საქმიანობას ისეთივე ღრმა ისტორიული ფესვები გააჩნია, როგორიც კაცობრიობის განვითარებას. მან უსაფრთხოების უზრუნველყოფის ფუნქცია შეიძინა ჯერ კიდევ პირველ სახელმწიფო წარმონაქმნთა ურთიერთობებში, როდესაც ერთმა სოციალურმა ჯგუფმა მეორეზე ძალაუფლების განზოგადება და მასზე კონტროლის მოპოვება განიზრახა. უძველეს ცივილიზაციებში ვხვდებით პირველ სახელმწიფოთა ურთიერთობებს, რომელიც ხასიათდებოდა სადაზვერვო საქმიანობის ნიშნების შემცველი მოქმედებებით. ეს უკანასკნელი გამოხატული იყო ომისა თუ მშვიდობის პერიოდში მოწინააღმდეგის შესაძლებლობების, განზრახვების შესახებ დროული და სრულყოფილი ინფორმაციის მოპოვების მცდელობით. სანდოობით გამორჩეულ ინფორმაციაზე დაყრდნობით უძველეს სახელმწიფოებს პოლიტიკურ, ეკონომიკურ თუ სამხედრო მიმართულებებზე ლავირების საშუალება ეძლეოდათ. გადაწყვეტილებების მიღების პროცესში, სადაზვერვო საქმიანობის შედეგად მოპოვებული ინფორმაციის გათვალისწინება, საერთაშორისო ასპარეზზე თვითგადარჩენის, შემდგომ კი დომინაციის საწინდარი გახდა. სადაზვერვო საქმიანობის საფარქვეშ, საუკუნეების განმავლობაში იხვეწებოდა ინფორმაციული ომის მეთოდები. ეს საქმიანობა სახელმწიფოებს საშუალებას აძლევდა ჰეგემონის სტატუსის მოსაპოვებლად ერთმანეთის წინააღმდეგ გამოეყენებინათ ბრძოლის ისეთი მეთოდები, როგორიცაა დეზინფორმაცია, პროპაგანდა, ლობირება და სხვა. მიუხედავად იმისა, რომ ტერმინი „ლობიზმი“ პირველად მე-20 საუკუნეში გაჟღერდა, ლობისტური საქმიანობის ნიშნებს ჯერ კიდევ ანტიკურ პერიოდში ვხვდებით, რაც იმაზე მიანიშნებს, რომ ლობიზმი უძველესი პერიოდიდან დღემდე ხასიათდება სადაზვერვო მოწყვლადობით. თანამედროვე საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობებში მიმდინარე პროცესების ანალიზი აჩვენებს, რომ სადაზვერვო და ლობისტური საქმიანობის სინთეზმა, ანუ სადაზვერვო ხასიათის ლობიზმმა ახალი შესაძლებლობების კარი გაუღო სახელმწიფოებს. მაღალგანვითარებული სახელმწიფოები, რომლებსაც სადაზვერვო საქმიანობის ეს მიმართულება მეცნიერულ დონეზე აქვთ აყვანილი, ნაკლები დანახარჯებით ახერხებენ სასურველი მიზნების მიღწევას და საერთაშორისო ასპარეზზე დომინირებას. მოვლენების მსგავსი სცენარით განვითარებამ, სადაზვერვო ხასიათის ლობიზმი, გარდამავალი სტატუსის მქონე სახელმწიფოების ეროვნული უსაფრთხოების სისტემებისთვის, ერთ-ერთ მნიშვნელოვან გამოწვევად აქცია. მასთან გამკლავება, როგორც მყარი სადაზვერვო, ისე Georgian Scientists/ქართველი მეცნიერები ტ. 4 N 5, 2022 309 კონტრსადაზვერვო სამსახურების აქტიური და წარმატებული საქმიანობით არის შესაძლებელი. საკვანძო სიტყვები: სადაზვერვო საქმიანობა, ინფორმაციული ომი, დეზინფორმაცია, პროპაგანდა, ლობიზმი, სადაზვერვო მოწყვლადობა, კონტრდაზვერვა.