Vol. 3 Issue 3, 2021 E-ISSN: 2667-9760 Georgian Scientists Association for Science Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.52340/gs Contents IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF MEDICAL EDUCATION: STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENTS AND PERCEPTIONS ON SIMULATION BASED LEARNING 1-10 Irma Manjavidze, Dali Chitaishvili, Pirdara Nozadze SUBSTANTIAL CHALLENGES OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION 11-17 Merab baratashvili, Tornike Baratashvili 2018 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS IN GEORGIA (ELECTIONS WITHOUT A LEADER) 18-35 Avtandil Tukvadze, Akaki Abzianidze, Irakli Ubilava, Helen Gelashvili THE PROBLEM OF ETHNO-RELIGIOUS NATIONALISM IN GEORGIA 36-53 Tinatin Kavtaradze SOCIAL STEREOTYPES AND COGNITIVE MECHANISM OF THEIR PROCESSING 54-69 Miranda Giorgashvili REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF PATRIMONIAL AND MERITOCRATIC GOVERNANCE CONCEPTS 70-87 Tamar Charkviani SELF-GOVERNMENT IN TERMS OF GENDER: THE ROLE AND NEEDS OF WOMEN IN LOCAL POLITICS (EMPIRICAL SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH) 88-113 Tamar Charkviani LEADERSHIP THEORIES AND POST SOVIET AUTHORITARIAN LEADERS 114-135 Heleen Gelashvili, Avtandil Tukvadze, Akaki Abzianidze https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 1 Georgian Scientists Vol. 3 Issue 3, 2021 https://doi.org/10.52340/gs.2021.08.01 Improving the Quality of Medical Education: Students’ Achievements and Perceptions on Simulation Based Learning. Irma Manjavidze1; Dali Chitaishvili2; Pirdara Nozadze 1, 2 Department of Clinical Skills and Multidisciplinary Simulation, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia; 1 : https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9298-4187; 2 : https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-9785 Abstract Background. Simulation Based Learning (SBL) revolutionized medical education. Today's challenge is to control and improve the quality of the SBL. One way to monitor the quality of the learning process is to conduct regular surveys. Methods.. 4th year medical students were asked to fill out a questionnaire consisting of Likert scale, to assess the training course and SBL in general. Improvement of their knowledge after taking the course was analyzed on the basis of pre- and post-test results. Results. Eighty-two 4th year medical students responses to the 35 questions in the questionnaire were positive and the average score was 4.57 on a 5-point Likert scale. Pre- and post-test analysis proved that the course was really productive. The average points for pretest was 20 points (SD=5,39) and 29 points for pot-test (SD=4,64). Conclusions. “Clinical skills” course has caused a high satisfaction and motivation of the students and improved their knowledge. Knowledge enhancement and skills acquisition took place in a comfortable environment. Keywords: Simulation Based Learning, students’ perception, pre- and post-tests, likert scale, medical education. https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 2 Background Georgia is in a process of innovation and reform of the higher education institutions trying to meet international standards .This process is quite complex which implies that we need to realize our role as educators, teaching should become more student-oriented and outcome-based, and medical education programs should be increasingly enriched with modern methods of teaching that will help students not only acquire theoretical knowledge, but also practical skills. Outcome-based education is focused on what the students are expected to know and to do. Nowadays simulation based learning and OSCE format assessment is considered as the best way to acquire and test performance and competence in skills such as communication, clinical examination, medical procedures etc with unnecessary risks to patient. The use of medical simulators revolutionized medical education and has brought a level of expertise and confidence to medical personnel at all levels.The idea of practicing on inanimate objects before contact with real patients backs to antiquity. Earliest simulators in the history of medicine were used for teaching anatomy, surgery, obstetrics etc. (1) When describing the history of simulation based learning Madame Du Cudrey, the “King’s Midwife” must be mentioned. She was midwife in the court of King Louis XV and in the 1700s she created the "machine" i.e. simulators to train midwives in France (2). Her mannequins were very popular as they looked very realistic and could be used to learn how to manage normal childbirth and childbirth complications. Also noteworthy is the German Professor B. Schultze, head of the University Women’s Clinic in Jena, who created bony pelvic phantoms in the 1890s; For the teaching of pelvimetry (2). The beginning of the twentieth century is considered as the "black age" of simulation teaching. And it received special attention back in the late 20th century. The fundamental reforms of medical education in the 20th century were driven by a significant discovery, which was made in 1984 by the Harvard Medical Practice Study 1, which randomly selected 30,000 hospitals in New York State, with histories showing that medical malpractice affected 3.7% of hospital admissions, of which 27.6% were due to negligence. 13.6% of them caused death. (3) A 1999 report by the Institute of Medicine (IOM), Err Is Human, found that medical errors harmed approximately 3% of hospital patients and resulted in an estimated 98,000 deaths in the United States. (4) The modern model of medical simulation training is considered to be taken from aviation, where errors are reduced to zero, because in such industries, which are termed as high reliability organizations there is a high culture of security, which is somewhat conditioned by simulation based training. The need to learn lesson from aviation was driven by the issue of patient safety. And over past decades many centers and laboratories of simulation training in medical schools were opened, and training courses were prepared. https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 3 The call to enrich curriculum with modern teaching methods which will ensure to fill the existing gap between reality and classrooms led to the inclusion of Simulation Based Learning (SBL) in the undergraduate curriculum. Today's challenge is to control and improve the quality of the SBL. Tbilisi State Medical University (TSMU) is a member of the European Higher Education Area, so it must meet the quality standards of higher education, which will determine its competitiveness throughout the world. The quality is determined by the content of the curriculum, the qualification of the teachers, the availability of relevant resources. One way to monitor the quality of the learning process is to conduct regular surveys. At TSMU the academic and invited staff as well as training courses are regularly evaluated both by the administration and the student. Appropriate questionnaires are developed by the University Quality Assurance Service and the Departments to assess the course and the teacher. At the Department of Clinical Skills and Multidisciplinary Simulation (CSMS) at the end of each rotation the student anonymously completes a questionnaire, the data of which is analyzed by the staff of Department and then with the Dean of the Faculty. The results and recommendations are discussed at the Department meeting and then at the Faculty Board, and / or, if necessary, individually with particular academic or invited teacher. Based on the evaluation result, success is rewarded with promotion and bonus. CSMS Department offers courses for various faculties of the TSMU. Among them are three compulsory training courses for students of the 2nd, 4th and 6th years of the English-language program of the Faculty of Medicine, where they are given the opportunity to learn various procedures and manipulations using manikins and simulators. The mandatory course for 4th year students (VII or VIII semester) includes the following thematic lessons: 3 days: Obstetrics and Gynecology: ” Insertion of Intrauterine Device”, “Gynecological Examination with Pap Smear” and “Active Management of the Third Stage of Labor.”; 4 days: Pediatrics: “Newborn Physical Examination”, “Newborn Emergency Care”, “Auscultation of Heart in Newborn” and “Auscultation of Newborn’s Lungs”, 1 day: Nursing: “Nasogastric intubation” and “Bladder Catheterization”. 1 day: Communication Scenarios. The aim of our study was 1. to evaluate how our rotation improves knowledge of our students. 2. to learn the perception of 4th year students' regarding our training course, SBL, teachers and learning environment. https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 4 Methods: Our Department conducted prospective study in the spring semester from March, 2021 to May, 2021. Inclusion criteria were: VIII or VII semester students of Faculty of Medicine. There were 8 groups who met our inclusion criteria and had rotation at our Department during this period. All students were enrolled (n=82) in our study. A week before the start of our rotation, we send all our students the address of our website, where they have the opportunity to view their training schedule, presentation and video materials on each topic, etc. In the context of the pandemic, students are encouraged to come well prepared for each class in order to devote more time to practice during face to face learning. Study participants were no exception. When students came to our department, before the first class, students were invited to attend a 20- minute presentation to give an explanation of our study: in particular, that as part of this study, they would be asked to write pre- and post-tests that the evaluation of tests would not affect their rating. They were also explained how to fill out the questionnaire. Brief information about our study was provided on the title page of the pre-/post- test and questionnaire. The anonymity of the survey was emphasized. Then the students were then given 30 minutes to write a pre-test consisting of 40 questions that included thematic topics. Each question had 4 possible answers and for each correct answer the student was given 1 point, so the maximum score of the test was 40 points. At the end of the rotation there were asked to complete the same test plus the questionnaire to assess the training course. This time we used a new questionnaire, which is more adopted to simulation based learning. The questionnaire included questions from our department's old questionnaire (which was later replaced by a shorter version), some questions were taken from the literature (6), and also used questions from a questionnaire proposed by TSMU Quality Assurance Service. The questionnaire was divided into three blocks, in the first block the students were asked to evaluate the training course and express their attitudes toward SBL, in the second block they were asked to evaluate teachers and in the third block -learning environment that has a significant impact on students’ academic achievement. Students were asked to express their level of agreement with 35 items using a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5, from strongly disagree to strongly agree with neutral option in the middle. With 36 question we asked them to rate the course: very poor, poor, moderate, good, excellent. Space was left for additional comments. Results: A total of 82 4th year medical students participated in our study between March 2021 and May 2021. Students ranged in age from 20 to 24 and had a mean age of 21.82 (SD = 0.82). The sample was represented https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 5 by seventh- (58.5%, n = 48), and eighth- (41.5%%, n = 34) semester students. There were 45 female (54.9%) and 37 male (45.1%) participants. See Table 1 Table 1: Demographic characteristics of the sample. Sex N % Female 45 54.9 Male 37 45.1 Semester VII 48 58.5 VIII 34 41.5 M SD Range Age 21.82 0.82 20-24 Pre and post-test results were statistical analyses were performed using excel t-test. Alpha was set at 0.05, and p-values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The average points for pretest was 20 points (mode=25 points; SD=5,39) and 29 points for pot-test (mode=33 points; SD=4,64). Pre- and post-test analysis revealed that students' knowledge was significantly improved. Pre- and post-test more detailed results are presented in Table 2. Table 2. Pre- and post-test analysis. pre-test points post-test points Mean 20,31707317 29,09756098 Variance 29,10809997 21,5459199 Observations 82 82 Pearson Correlation 0,273829978 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 81 t Stat -13,08228918 P(T<=t) one-tail 0,00 t Critical one-tail 1,663883913 P(T<=t) two-tail 0,00 t Critical two-tail 1,989686288 Through our questionnaire we wanted to understand the attitude of students towards our training course and simulation teaching in general. As their objective and honest answers on the questions of the questionnaire will be of the greatest help to evaluate how our department work; Analysis of the answers will aid in improving the quality of our academic activities. https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 6 Through the first 16 statements of our questionnaire, we wanted to understand what rating is given to our particular course. Great majority of students think that the course was important, enjoyable, and they learned some manipulations and procedures while working on manikins and that they improved their skills. (See Table 3: statements:-1,2,5,6,8,11). There is no such unanimity among the students regarding the time allotted for each course and for the duration of the course. (Table 3: Statements 3, 13, 14). Majority of students think that the learning objectives were well formulated, the assessment was objective and that the learning material was appropriate (Table 3: Statements 9, 12, 15,16). Statements -4, 7, 10 of questionnaire show that students want to be better prepared for such practical classes and wish that cases were brought from real life. Table 3. Questionnaire (part-1) Statement n SA (%) A (%) N (%) D (%) SD (%) points ST DEV 1. The Course of "Clinical Skills" is important for my future profession. 82 91% (75) 9% (7) 0% 0% 0% 4,91 0,28 2. The experience has improved my skills. 82 95% (78) 5% (4) 0% 0% 0% 4,95 0,22 3. Timing for each simulation case was adequate. 82 39% (32) 30% (25) 26% (21) 5% (4) 0% 4,037 0,92 4. The degree of difficulty of the cases has been adequate to my knowledge. 82 48% (39) 48% (39) 5% (4) 0% 0% 4,43 0,59 5. I have improved my technical skills. 82 68% (56) 24% (20) 7% (6) 0% 0% 4,61 0,62 6. I have learned some clinical cases, procedures and manipulation within this course. 82 68% (56) 24% (20) 7% (6) 0% 0% 4,61 0,62 7. I knew the theoretical side of cases. 82 43% (35) 43% (35) 12% (10) 2% (2) 0% 4,26 0,77 8. I have learned from the mistakes I made during simulation. 82 78% (64) 15% (12) 7% (6) 0% 0% 4,71 0,59 9. Objectives were clear . 82 71% (58) 20% (16) 10% (8) 0% 0% 4,61 0,66 10. Cases recreated real situations. 82 51% (42) 24% (20) 24% (20) 0% 0% 4,27 0,83 11. The course was enjoyable. 82 88% (72) 12% (10) 0% 0% 0% 4,88 0,32 12. The information I received beforehand was relevant 82 66% (54) 29% (24) 5% (4) 0% 0% 4,61 0,58 13. The length of course was appropriate 82 32% (26) 15% (12) 34% (28) 7% (6) 12% (10) 3,46 1,34 14. The course content and delivery pace was appropriate 82 51% (42) 37% (30) 7% (6) 5% (4) 0% 4,34 0,82 15. The course material (ppt and videos )was appropriate for learning 82 72% (59) 18% (15) 7% (6) 2% (2) 0% 4,59 0,73 16. The grading of the course was fair 82 73% (60) 27% (22) 0% 0% 0% 4,73 0,45 https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 7 With statements 17-25 we wanted to learn our students view on simulation based learning in general. The vast majority of them strongly agree or agree with the statements that describe the positive aspects of simulation based learning. (See Table 4). Table 4. Questionnaire (part-2) Question n SA(%) A(%) N (%) D (%) SD (%) points ST DEV 17. Simulation is useful to assess the clinical status of a patient. 82 77% (63) 21% (17) 2% (2) 0% 0% 4,74 0,49 18. Simulation practice lets you learn how to avoid making mistakes. 82 83% (68) 12% (10) 5% (4) 0% 0% 4,78 0,52 19. Simulation helps to set priorities for action 82 62% (51) 33% (27) 5% (4) 0% 0% 4,57 0,59 20. Simulation made me think about my next clinical practice. 82 62% (51) 23% (19) 15% (12) 0% 0% 4,48 0,74 21. Simulation improves communication and the ability to work with the team. 82 65% (53) 21% (17) 15% (12) 0% 0% 4,5 0,74 22. Simulation is helpful as it relates theory with practice. 82 76% (62) 20% (16) 5% (4) 0% 0% 4,7 0,55 23. Simulation promotes self-confidence. 82 71% (58) 27% (22) 2% (2) 0% 0% 4,68 0,52 24. This type of practice has increased my commitment. 82 59% (48) 34% (28) 7% (6) 0% 0% 4,51 0,63 25. Interaction with the simulation improves clinical competence. 82 60% (49) 27% (22) 13% (11) 0% 0% 4,46 0,72 With statements 26-32, we tried to get information about what assessment students gave teachers. The analysis of the questionnaire showed that students positively evaluate the work done by teachers. (see Table 5). Table 5. Questionnaire (part-3) Statement n SA (%) A (%) N (%) D (%) SD (%) points ST DEV 26. I felt comfortable and respected during the sessions. 82 88% (72) 10% (8) 2% (2) 0% 0% 4,85 0,42 27. The teacher gave constructive feedback after each simulation 82 80% (66) 20% (16) 0% 0% 0% 4,8 0,39 28. The teachers at the end of my performance helped me reflect on the cases. 82 65% (53) 30% (25) 5% (4) 0% 0% 4,59 0,58 29. The teacher s helped me correct mistakes 82 78% (64) 22% (18) 0% 0% 0% 4,78 0,42 30. The teachers were helpful and supportive 82 85% (70) 12% (10) 2% (2) 0% 0% 4,82 0,44 31. I felt able to ask any questions I had 82 78% (64) 17% (14) 5% (4) 0% 0% 4,73 0,55 32. The proposed scheme of students' work during sessions was acceptable. 82 66% (54) 27% (22) 7% (6) 0% 0% 4,59 0,63 https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 8 With statements 33-35 of the questionnaire, we literally tried to find out how students evaluate learning environment and the work of our technical staff and support staff. Table 6. Questionnaire (part-4) Statement n SA (%) A (%) N (%) D (%) SD (%) points ST DEV 33. Facilities and equipment were real. 82 59% (48) 24% (20) 12% (10) 5% (4) 0% 4,37 0,88 34. The webpage of the centre was useful. 82 61% (50) 22% (18) 15% (12) 2% (2) 0% 4,41 0,83 35. The course was well organized. 82 65% (53) 27% (22) 9% (7) 0% 0% 4,56 0,65 With final statement we asked to rate training course in which responders were asked to specify their assessment by marking one of the following words: very poor; poor; moderate; good and excellent. 4th year student’s level of satisfaction with “clinical skills” course is presented in diagram 1. Majority of the students (79.0%) rated their satisfaction with “clinical skills” rotation experience as excellent or good, while 7% rated as moderate or poor. 4th year student responses to the 35 questions in the questionnaire were positive and the average score was 4.57 on a 5-point Likert scale. Diagram 1. Rate the training course 0 (0%) 1(1%) 6 (7%) 7 (9%) 68 (70%) very poor poor moderate good excellent https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 9 Conclusions Feedback from students allows us to monitor the quality of the learning process to some extent. CSMS Department regularly conduct such surveys. Analysis of the answers helps us to improve the quality of our academic activities.We always respond to the trends reflected in the questionnaire answers. There were several cases where it was on the basis of these results that we made changes to the curriculum. At the end of the course, the final evaluation of the students is always done by the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE), however, before the OSCE our student have to write the MCQ. Within this study we ask our students to write the test before and after the training course thus we tried to reveal how much the knowledge of students improved after taking our course. The best evaluation of the course we think we read in the comments of the questionnaire. "When I was writing the pretest, I wondered how I could answer such difficult questions and I could not imagine that at the end of the course I would be able to answer all the questions and that I would be able to do so many manipulations on my own." https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 10 References 1. Gardner R, Raemer DB. Simulation in obstetrics and gynecology. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2008 Mar;35(1):97-127, ix. doi: 10.1016/j.ogc.2007.12.008. PMID: 18319131. 2. Buck GH. Development of simulators in medical education. Gesnerus. 1991;48 Pt 1:7-28. PMID: 1855669.. 3. Bates DW, Spell N, Cullen DJ, Burdick E, Laird N, Petersen LA, Small SD, Sweitzer BJ, Leape LL. The costs of adverse drug events in hospitalized patients. Adverse Drug Events Prevention Study Group. JAMA. 1997 Jan 22-29;277(4):307-11. PMID: 9002493. 4. Al-Elq AH. Simulation-based medical teaching and learning. J Family Community Med. 2010 Jan;17(1):35-40. doi: 10.4103/1319-1683.68787. PMID: 22022669; PMCID: PMC3195067. 5. Lateef F. Simulation-based learning: Just like the real thing. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2010 Oct;3(4):348-52. doi: 10.4103/0974-2700.70743. PMID: 21063557; PMCID: PMC2966567. 6. Alconero-Camarero AR, -Romero AG, Sarabia-Cobo CM, Arce AM. "Clinical simulation as a learning tool in undergraduate nursing: Validation of a questionnaire". Nurse Educ Today. 2016 Apr;39:128-34. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2016.01.027. Epub 2016 Feb 4. PMID: 27006044. 7. Codeço A, Dias Coutinho VR, Pereira-Lopes O, Faria-Almeida R, Santos Resende M. Assessing clinical simulation as a learning tool when training motivation skills in Periodontology- Students' perceptions. Eur J Dent Educ. 2020 Nov;24(4):644-649. doi: 10.1111/eje.12544. Epub 2020 Jun 1. PMID: 32396273. https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 11 Georgian Scientists Vol. 3 Issue 3, 2021 https://doi.org/10.52340/gs.2021.08.02 ; . , , , , , . . , . . : , , , , , , , , . https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 12 . 80- . , . , . , , , , , . , , , , - , , . , . , , , . , . https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 13 . , , : ; , ; , ; ; , , , . . . , , , , , . . . , , . . https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 14 3-5-7 . . 2019 , 25 2 - , , , . , , . , . : - ; - : - ; - ; - ; - , . , , , , . https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 15 , , - , , , . , . , , , . , , , , . , , . 52 , . . , , . , 1,5 -2 , , https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 16 , . , , , . , , . 5 , , . . 15 . , . . . , . . , , , . . . https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 17 1. . . : . . 2015 .44–472 2. . . 2015 . .21–24. 3. . . . . . . 2016 4. . . , . 2017. 21–23 Substantial challenges of road construction Merab Baratashvili; Tornike Baratashvili Resume In the form of a representative review of the construction of Central Drugs Georgia, solutions, acceptance of stages of design, deficiencies, names of their own reasons, important guarantees of trusts, which must be technically and painfully necessary transportation of goods and passengers. His role in the economy of Georgia and the international court. Concrete examples are taken, which, obviously, required good solutions and unfavorable results, half-baked in the result of your most important solution. Presented perspectives that follow are considered. What is permissible to avoid of risk. Keywords: Highway, slope, safety, transportation, road surface, construction, technical and economic parameters, inert material, deformation https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 18 Georgian Scientists Vol. 3 Issue 3, 2021 https://doi.org/10.52340/gs.2021.08.03 2018 Presidential elections in Georgia (Elections without a leader) Avtandil Tukvadze1 , Akaki Abzianidze2, Irakli Ubilava3, Helen Gelashvili4 1Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Associated Professor 2National University of Georgia SEU, Professor 3PhD student, Department of policy analysis and management Russian University of friendship of peoples (Moscow, Russia). 4PhD student of Political Science, Assistant of Professor of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Annotation The article notes that the Constitution of 2018, which came into force since the inauguration of the President, establishes the model of Parliamentary governance in the country and this was the last time President was chosen through universal public elections (6 year term), from 2024 President will be chosen (for 5 years) by election board and Country will totally shift to Parliamentary form of governance. The work analyzes aggressive pre-election campaign factors: socio-economic conditions, the management team's mistakes, features of political culture, contrast of Georgian mentality and consciousness, mutual accusations of candidates in protecting Russia’s interests - the "war with compromises", pre-election promises of Salome Zurabishvili and Grigol Vashadze, Government resources used in favor of a government-supported candidate, preliminary reports published by international (according to which the legitimacy of the election was not doubted, but there were critisizing comments), new initiatives announced in inauguration speech of newly elected President (democratic values and political priorities), which gives the public hope for the future. Keywords: President, elections, leaders, aggressive rhetoric, Russia, political culture, compromises. https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 19 . 2018 ( ) , 2018 , , (6 ), 2024 (5 ) . : , , , , –„ “, , , ( , ), ), . : , , , , , , . https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 20 Introduction. 33 changes have been made to the current constitution of the transitional period, country moved from American model of Presidential Governance (1995)1 to semi-Presidential French model (2004) , and later through the Polish Model of the Parliamentary Republic (2004), 2 The Constitution of 2018 establishes the classical government of the Parliamentary Governance. This is a general characteristic of the constitution that has been adopted since the 1990s, since after their study we are convinced that they have very few connections with "American" and "French" analogs and the main purpose is not to seek the form of governance that is acceptable to the Georgian State, but adoption of a constitution that is tailored to the interests of a particular political force. Numerous constitutional amendments aimed to increase the executive power, in particular increasing the rights of the President. However, none of the Presidents have been elected for more than two terms in Georgia, we can not say the same about the majority of post-Soviet States. Constitutional status and real power of Presidents have never been in compliance with each other during the transitional period in Georgia, especially during the Presidency of Mikheil Saakashvili, the margin between the party and the State was absent and the State functioned as repressive machine, while the democracy was left in the field of rhetorics and theory and in real life there was no guarantee of protection of constitutional human rights. It is important to note that the model of the US Presidential Governance has brought democracy only to the American people, and its transplantation, like in Georgia, has established super Presidential authoritarian regimes in most countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America. The reason is that the US constitution is the result of the development of American political culture and political history, expressing the political aspirations of the American people and their mentality. The Constitution of 2018, which came into force since the inauguration of the President, is a model of Parliamentary rule in the country and has been the last occasion of electing the President (6 years) through the general elections, whose powers are significantly reduced and is similar to the status of the head of State of the Parliamentary Republic. The experiences of previous years show that the President's high legitimacy has created problems (like Poland) between the perception of power and the real power of the branches of the government. The next President will be elected by Election Board (300 members) for a term of five years and the same person who has lived in the country for 15 years and has reached 40 years of age can only be elected twice. In fact, the country's constitutional model of strong, undefined Presidential rights is gradually moving to the weak Presidential institution according to the Parliamentary form of governance. Constitutional status of the President of Georgia. 1 Constitution of Georgia. Tb; 1995 2 Constitution of Georgia. Tb; 2004 https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 21 According to the Constitution, the fifth President of Georgia will be the head of State, guarantee of national unity and national independence, Supreme Commander and presenter of the country to the international arena. The future President is a symbolic, representative figure. 3 The President of Georgia will conduct internal and foreign policy with the consent of the Prime Minister, the Security Council existing with the President will be abolished completely. "The President will be the Chairman of the National Defense Council, which will be created during the war." 4 The President shall retain the right of veto, according to the request of the Parliament Speaker and Parliament Members (not less than 1/4) or by the request of the Government to appoint an extraordinary session, in case of the President's declaration of war or State of emergency, Parliament is obliged to convene an extraordinary session. If the legislative body fails to approve its new composition within two weeks after the resignation of the government, the President should dissolve the Parliament and appoint early elections. The President will have the right to appoint three of the nine members of the Constitutional Court and one of 14 members of the High Council of Justice to appoint and participate in the appointment of the Chairman and Members of the Central Election Commission. Besides, she will be able to appoint or dismiss the President of the National Bank. Also, the President of Georgia is entitled to appoint a referendum on the issues constituted by the Constitution and the law at the request of Parliament, Government or at least 200,000 voters within 30 days upon receipt of such request. The resignation of the President is only possible through impeachment. The initiation of impeachment procedure will be possible by the Parliament of Georgia with no less than 1/3 consent. According to the following procedures, the case must be handed over to the Constitutional Court, which will have one month to prepare the case and the conclusion. In case of Parliamentary consent, the issue should be considered and voted under two weeks times. The consent of the 2/3 of deputies is necessary for the impeachment of the President. However, there is a limit. In case of war or emergency situation in the country, the initiation of the President's impeachment is prohibited. If the President gives up his powers prematurely, the Chairman of the Parliament will fulfill his duties. 3 Constitution of Georgia. Tb; 2018 P. 25 4 Constitution of Georgia. Tb; 2018 P. 42 https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 22 The Head of State will be able to unilaterally make decisions such as granting citizenship, pardoning convicts, State prizes and awards, higher military, special and honorary rankings, as well as higher diplomatic rankings. The President will be able to sign the Constitutional Agreement with the Georgian Orthodox Church on behalf of the State. The President of Georgia is authorized to appeal to the people. Once a year, she will submit a report to the Parliament on the most important issues about the State of the country.5 Pre-election environment was influenced by: A. The hard socio-economic situation - impairment of the GEL has almost deducted the cash revenues of the employeed population (1 US dollars in 2013 was 1.73 GEL, and in 2018 the value of 1 USD was varied within 2.66 -2 to 70) 6. Part of the population who had debt in dollars were particularly affected; Pension is equal to 70 dollars. The number of unemployed has increased significantly; outflow of the country's work capable population abroad has increased (since 1989 the population has decreased from 5 401,000, to -3720.4 by 2016); prices for energy and food was increased. The process of economic impoverishment of citizens was supported by numerous overdue loans. All of them greatly promoted polarization of political orientation of citizens. B. Mistakes made by the ruling team that may be linked with the extra self-confidence during the pre-election period and government initiative to cultivate and export cannabis. Opposition leader Vashadze used the advice of his political scientist (Viktor Shkliarov, a US citizen), used the cannabis topic and began to collect signatures, thus attracting supporters who opposed the cultivation and export of cannabis. The Patriarchate also expressed a negative reaction about the cannabis topic. Part of the church was politically motivated to support Grigol Vashadze. The Patriarch's appeal that the church authorities should not interfere with the election campaign, partly suspended the propaganda activities of the clergy against Zurabishvili, but the negative charge could not be reduced. The government showed a delayed reaction and revoked Cannabis Cultivation initiative. C. The Presidential election was distinguished with extreme aggression and the reason for this is to be looked in the rules of the "political game" established in political culture: the inclination towards violence and violence in political culture is primarily related to the communist heritage that has been associated with dissociative subculture from the Soviet era like the omniscient ideology, the Gamsakhurdia government was characterized by uncompromisiness and denial of heritage, and in the absence of political institutions, their leaders embarked on extremist and radical ideology in public consciousness 7; Radicalism and confrontation are largely linked to Mikheil Saakashvili's authoritarianism - a model of the "party-government", when the National party actually "privatized the State " in their favor. Mikheil Saakashvili, by forming an actually repressive State, established 5 Constitution of Georgia. Tb; 2018 P. 29 6 https://www.google.com/search?q= GEL impairment dynamics since 2014 7 A.Tukvadze. Transformation of the political system in modern Georgia, in the journal: Central Asia and the Caucasus 2006 2(44) Sweden, Sweden 103-112. https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 23 violence in political life as a norm. Saakashvili rejected legacy in politics, established hostility between generations and different social groups, split public consciousness, imitating Western values instead of national values, established an authoritarian State based on cosmopolitan outlook.8 Members of the National Movement had legalized limitless privileges, and uncontrolled influence in the country. Today they are distinguished with very aggressive and uncompromising actions. The reason for this is the loss of privileges, judicial decisions against their representatives and permanent demands for restoration of justice from society. D. Any election campaign is affected by peculiarities of people's mentality, psychological mood and emotional components, which have been formed over the centuries and find expression in everyday life. Despite the fact that Georgians have rich traditions of religious and ethnic tolerance and there are many examples to prove this, they cannot boast with experience of political pluralism and plethora of political parties is not enough: the transition period does not know the concept of constructive opposition. One of the reasons for this is found in Georgian character- excessive emotional attachment to leaders derives from the specifics of Georgian mentality and public consciousness: the famous Georgian historian, geographer and cartographer of the 18th century Vakhushti Batonishvili believes that the Georgians equally had ability of “being hostile and friendly, supporting during bad times and good times” and they are similarly successful in “choosing the good over the evil." The main feature of Georgian nature is contrastability. Our character is difficult and contradictory. We know plague and feast both in excessive forms, as well as love and hate, morality is miraculous high and staggeringly low immorality. The contradictory qualities of the Georgian people coexist in extreme forms - the ultimate idealism is combined with extreme realism: the excessive emotional attachment of citizens to President Zviad Gamsakhurdia has strengthened the elements of Messianism in political culture, and on the other hand, confrontation with him caused inclination towards hatred and violence: relatives of people who died on the opposite sides during the civil war of the 90s, did not share mourning with each other. This happens in the people whose folk ballad ("Tiger and the knight") describes the unprecedented event of martyrdom in the history of the world - the mother of the man who died in the battle goes to a mother of a tiger who also dies in that battle to say her condolences ("maybe his mother is mourning just like me"); i.e. this woman has shown a great ability of sharing similar plague and humanism, identified pain of the deceased animal's mother with her own and her son's love. 9[8. P. 1 Candidates' pre-election promises, according to the Electoral Code, "can not contain the urge to incite hatred, call for overthrow of State sovereignty and such difficult issues." In other cases, the election legislation "does not regulate the content of the Presidential candidates' pre-election promises". 10 8 A.Tukvadze. Comparative analysis of political culture. Tb; 2014 P. 125. 9 A.Tukvadze. Transformation of the political system in modern Georgia, in the journal: Central Asia and the Caucasus 2006 2(44) Sweden, Sweden 103-112. 10 A.Tukvadze. Comparative analysis of political culture. Tb; 2014 P. 125. https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 24 25 candidates have participated in the first round of elections, their promises have gone beyond the Presidential powers: "Power is in unity - we can change it together!" This is the election slogan of the Presidential candidate of the United Opposition. According to the leaders of the National Movement, their main message and promise is that Grigol Vashadze will end the Bidzina Ivanishvili's "Government ". Grigol Vashadze's pre-election promises included pardoning "political prisoners" Saakashvili, Merabishvili, Akhalaia, Tsaadze. In the first round such intentions attracted the maximum participation of the National movement supporting electorate, but in the enforcement part and in the second round it was the announcement of destabilization and the voter’s turnout was taken in favor of Zurabishvili. According to Vashadze, he will lead a hundred thousand supporters in the street and force the government to appoint early Parliamentary elections. E. i. Elections have become the outcry that government should go, and the winner candidate gets the mandate to change the ruling force. This is why we got a high level of confrontation in the second round. After the defeat of the opposition by 20%, the opposition intentionally tried to disrupt the President's inauguration, these plans were disrupted by the effective actions of the government and they failed to change the government with "Saakashvili's scenario", Vashadze announced permanent actions, saying that the he would overthrow the government with constitutional means, but the protests stopped due to the lack of supporters. Grigol Vashadze's false promises to increase the pensions up to 400 GEL worked due to two reasons: first, populism played a leading role in Georgian politics and reached its zenith during Saakashvili’s Presidency, when the timeframe for becoming NATO and EU member was reduced and the existing authoritarian regime in the country was sold as democracy ("political schizophrenia" this is what Steven F. Jones calls the promises of National movement 11); Secondly, pensioners are the most vulnerable group of society, pensions are not enough to meet the minimum requirements and naturally their support has increased the number of Vashadze's electorate. Salome Zurabishvili's, an independent Presidency candidate supported by the Georgian Dream, main slogan is "Together for Georgia". The main message of her election campaign is to look forward to the future, to understand the role of the President as a above party figure, the arbitrator in political processes, the focus of the country's historical past, the first woman President, protecting the interests of all citizens, and about the functions of the President. However, her Statement was unclear for the people: "The President should be with the people, but still higher." The wave of Black PR, her Statements about the war of 2008, confidence of the government, European-style election campaign, lack of populistic promises and lack of knowledge of the Georgian language significantly reduced her rating, The Georgian Dream's candidate is running the first round of the election campaign with excuses, so it is difficult to evaluate her election campaign positively. 11 A.Tukvadze, U. Bluashvili. Peculiarities of Georgian character. See International reviewed and referential Scientific Journal. "Science and Life". Tb; 2011 1(3) P. 101–102. https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 25 46.74% of the 3,558,437 voters participated in the first round. Georgian Dream's candidate Salome Zurabishvili received 615,572 votes, which constituted 38,64%, and the United Opposition (11 party) “Power is unity” "Presidential candidate Grigol Vashadze received 601,224 votes, 37.74 percent. 12 According to the results of GALLUP INTERNATIONAL order by TV Company "Imedi", Salome Zurabishvili has 58% and Grigol Vashadze has 42% in the first round, which was unrealistic. 13 The political biographies of the candidates (Zurabishvili, Vashadze) who moved to the second round are different, but both of them at various times were appointed as foreign minister by Saakashvili. Salome Zurabishvili was born in Paris in 1952 in the family of Georgian political emigrants and she is grandaughter of the famous public figure Niko Nikoladze. In 1972 she graduated from the Paris Institute of Political Sciences, Columbia University in 1973, and in 1981 the National School of Management of Paris. She was the professor of the Institute of Political Sciences of France in 2006-2015. The French stage of Zurabishvili's diplomatic career, which started in 1974 and continued until 2003 is pretty diverse. He worked at various positions at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, UN, OSCE, NATO headquarters, in Washington, Rome, in the Republic of Chile, as Ambassador to Georgia. In February 2004, Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili appointed Salome Zurabishvili as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Georgia.14 The greatest achievement of his post on the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs was signing a document on withdrawal of Russian military bases from Georgia on May 19 of 200515 Salome Zurabishvili has created “a new group of Friends of Georgia”, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Romania, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic and Poland, which are supporting Georgia in the NATO and EU membership. In few months after a successful agreement with Russia, Salome Zurabishvili was dismissed from the minister post. Reason: "lack of professionalism, nepotism and lack of results in foreign policy". Since October 2005, she moved to the opposition and established the party "Georgia's Way", which was based on the right-wing ideology.16 In the conditions of Saakashvili's authoritarian regime her party failed to succeed in the elections and Salome Zurabishvili left Georgian politics in 2010 and said: "In this country the democracy is no longer and the opposition cannot be any longer. Being in opposition 12 netgazeti.ge/news/314260/ Netgazeti | Unfulfilled promises of candidates (seen on 27.11.2018) 13 12.S. F. Johns. Democracy in Georgia https://.www.cicerofoundation.org.legtures.StephenJonesGeorgia.pdf (seen on March 3 of 2017) 14 The results of the first round of the elections were summarized | imedinewshttps://imedinews.ge › 15 The exit poll results assessed by the ruling team| imedinews https://imedinews.ge › 16 Salome Zurabishvili appointed as the Foreign Minister of Georgia on Saturday. www.radiotavisupleba.ge. (Read on Novemebr 30 of 2018.) https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 26 in such conditions means that we are taking part in illusions and lies of the government. I can not take part in this lie." 17 Since 2012, when government in Georgia has changed, Salome Zurabishvili returned to the politics in 2013, she offered her candidacy for the Presidential elections, but she was citizen of Georgia and France at the same time, so the Central Election Commission rejected her Presidential candidaacy. 18 from 2016 to December 12 of 2018 she was a member of a Parliament until was elected as a President. 19 On September 9 of 2018, the party "Georgian Dream" supported independent candidate, Salome Zurabishvili, as the Presidential candidate. 20 Since August 23 of 2018, the Presidential candidate Salome Zurabishvili gave up French citizenship. 21 Grigol Vashadze (born in 1958 in Tbilisi) - Georgian diplomat and politician; Has been granted the diplomatic rank of the plenipotentiary and extraordinary envoy. In 1981 he graduated from Moscow State Institute of International Relations, Faculty of International Law. In 1981-1988 he worked at the Department of International Organizations at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union and later in the Space and Nuclear Weapons Division. In 1988- 1990 he was a graduate of the Diplomatic Academy. From 1990 to 2008, Vashadze was busy with private business and managed companies founded by him: "Georgia Arts Management" and "Gregory Vashadze and BR". In 2004, with the invitation of Mikheil Saakashvili, Nino Ananiashvili arrived in Georgia with her husband (Grigol Vashadze) and became the art director of the ballet troupe. Grigol Vashadze on February 2 of 2008, was appointed by Saakashvili as Georgia's Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Culture, Monument Protection and Sports of Georgia on November 2, and from December 6 of 2008 to 2012 was a Minister of Foreign Affairs 22 The main achievement of Grigol Vashadze was the so-called "non recognition" policy after the August 2008 war, which aimed to hinder the recognition of independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia at international level. He speaks Russian, English, Portuguese, Italian, Spanish and French languages. 23 17 Salome Zurabishvili's path to the Presidency. www.ghn.ge. Read on: December 4 of 2018. 18 Salome Zurabishvili opened the first office of her public movement. civil.ge. Read on: December 4 of 2018 19 Salome Zurabishvili's political timeout www.radiotavisupleba.ge. (read on: December 2 of 2018). 20 Salome Zurabishvili about the Presidential elections. www.radiotavisupleba.ge. (Read on: December 11 of 2018). 21 Parliamentary elections 2016 – second round. cec.gov.ge. (read on: November 30 of 2018.) 22 Georgian Dream will support Salome Zurabishvili during the Presidential elections. on.ge. (Read on: November 18 of 2018.) 23 21.Salome Zurabishvili refused the French citizenship. netgazeti.ge. Read on: November 16 of 2018. https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 27 "War with compromises". Presidential candidates failed to involve citizens into discussions about the long-term strategy of the State and their election campaign was built on mutual demonization and unconstructive opositioning. The leaders of the National Movement were not avoiding dirty methods and in the majority of cases they lied using mass media; National movement TV "Rustavi 2" successfully utilized the successful method of releasing numerous records that were related to Bidzina Ivanishvili and other State official’s corrupt business deal with Zaza Okuashvili founder of "Omega" and TV 1. To discredit Salome Zurabishvili and radicalize the situation the opposition TV channel violated every norm of the journalism ethics, began from ranking Zurabishvili supporters as "secondary citizens" continued with releasing recordings on TV and manipulating with bereaved fathers’ interests, this launched quite crowded protest, where the leaders of the National Movement were drawn as "defenders of truth”. In the second round TV company "Imedi" was actively involved in the campaign "without rules" against Vashadze. There were compromises about private life, as well as fragments from their past, and many other, but central positions, and the defining influence was if which candidate defended Russia's interests and betrayed the country; After the war in 2008, the perception of Russia as the enemy was not very difficult. “The Russian factor" took the central place in the war with compromises. All the opposition forces emphasized the remarks made by Salome Zurabishvili at different times, citing his writings: "That night Saakashvili opened fire on Georgians, his compatriots, opened fire and launched rockets ... led to an expected Russian military reaction, achieved expected defeat and" planned" loss of territories. He has not yet been convicted for this crime. "I'm not supporting the establishment of American base in this country, because anyone knows the geopolitical situation, they understand that establishing the US base is more dangerous than security. This does not mean that we are refusing to partnership." 24 In the first round, the self-confident ruling elite Stated that the Presidential candidate does not need an electoral program and also was in using compromises, as such approach does not correspond to Salome Zurabishvili's European election campaign. In the second round the situation is extremely tense and government supporting TV channel "Imedi" switches to emergency regime and releases lots of compromises on Grigol Vashadze: was accused of working with the KGB, workings at Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR was discredit; His political Statements were used against him: "Russian citizenship - in general Russia - is a part of my life, does not have any significance, if I have a Russian passport in my pocket or not." 25 "We are part of Russian culture and we have two native languages." 26 24 Grigol Vashadze's biography, online edition “civil.ge”. 25 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia - Biography; Read on: 3/18/2011 26 Nino Kharadze. Salome Zurabishvili vs Grigol Vashadze. Tb; Radio “Freedom” 2018 https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 28 "Georgian Dream" focuses on the resolution adopted by the Council of Europe about the 2008 war, which was signed by United National Movement deputies of the European Parliamentary Assembly: "However, on August 7, 2008, by bombing Tskhinvali by the Georgian military forces without warning, escalation moved to new, open and full-scale warfare. Using heavy artillery and cluster bombs, which posed serious danger to the civilian population, was disproportionate use of military force by the Georgian side, despite the fact that this was happening within its territory, and as such action was a violation of international humanitarian law and of the commitments undertaken by the State to decide the conflicts with peaceful means. 6 .... This has led to the occupation of important part of Georgian territory, as well as damages to the economic and strategic infrastructure, which may be considered as either a direct attack on the sovereignty and therefore a violation of the Charter of the Council of Europe, or Russia's attempt to expand its influence on the nearest border country, by violating its obligations, including refusal of such concepts."27 Salome Zurabishvili's Statements did not go byond the scope of the adopted resolution, but the united opposition's propaganda machine managed to beat Salome Zurabishvili with former military high- ranking officials, life threatening messages were sent towards the Presidential candidate; The candidate who moved to the second round was supported by previous National party members "European Democrats" and their leader Davit Bakradze (who received 10% of the vote in the first round), also, the "Republican Party", which was always came to power with "someone else's train," they were followed by other political unions. The support of "European Democrats" did not mean the mechanical transition of votes in favor of Vashadze, as their electorate did not share the prospect of National Movement coming to power with the. Three non-governmental organizations Transparency International, Young Lawyers Association and Fair Elections blame the authorities for making false IDs without evidence and openly defended the interests of the National Movement. The ruling party only woke up in the second round and realized that the danger to their unilateral hegemony in the political space was real (in fact loosing the fight for the weak position of President, made pardoning of Saakashvili Akhalaia and others, made instability and civil war in the country at least realistic) and launched completely different kind of campaign: in the second round, Moshe Clughauft, a polit-technical adviser was invited from Israel, working in favor of Zurabishvili, at this time anti United National Movement banners appeared, videos and slogan "principle choice" appeared in Tbilisi. With the advice of Moshe Clughauft along with Salome Zurabishvili, on the banners appeared the faces of Bidzina Ivanishvili and other party leaders, indicating that the Presidential candidate was supported by the ruling party. Salome Zurabishvili started the second 27 Minister of Foreign Affairs Grigol Vashadze again in concession of Russian citizenship, 2011 https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 29 round of the election campaign with a very aggressive message: she will not give up Georgia to Russia and Vashadze and specified that the choice is between Russia and Europe. The number of voters needed to be increased in the second round because many Georgian Dream supporters did not participate in the first round; The second round of the election campaign was built on the threat of expected destabilization and the possible return of the "National Movement" government; The banners appeared with pictures of Saakashvili, Akhalaia, Kardava and Adeishvili, "no to Nazis, not the evil" written on them. In 2012 Parliamentary elections Bidzina Ivanishvili convinced citizens to take part in elections and this decided the fate of the elections, but the Georgian Dream's government could not justify the expectations of the people and consequently trust in it’s leader decreased. Ivanishvili realized everything and he returned to the post of party chairman in April 2018. The government's promise to increase the pensions (180 GEL) by 20 GEL was not enough (Vashadze’s promise of 400 GEL pension was more charming); Ivanishvili criticized the rules of unfair play in the banking sector. A year-old initiative to dismiss the debtors from debt was activated and specified only prior to the second round, that only those debtors would be dismissed from their debts whose loan base did not exceed 2000 GEL. After the elections, approximately 600000 debtors were dismissed from their debts (4 billion GEL) and this obligation was taken by the Cartu Foundation, which was founded by Ivanishvili. This fact played an important role in the favor of Presidential candidate. Ivanishvili had previously provided assistance to the citizens when he was performing "State functions" - covering pension debts and paying salaries to Saakashvili's government officials. According to the CEC data, in the second round 56.23% participated from 3,558,437 voters, from which the candidate of the Georgian Dream, Salome Zurabishvili received 59.52% (1147627 votes), and the candidate of the United Opposition Grigol Vashadze received 40.48% (780633 votes). The CEC data was very close to the results of the exit polls (GALLUP INTERNATIONAL and EDISON Research). 28 International observers assessed the second round of the Presidential elections as conducted in a competitive environment and the candidates were given the opportunity to conduct the pre-election campaign freely, but one of the candidates had an advantage - said in a preliminary report of the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights Office (OSCE / ODIHR) and its partners-eu Ossetian Parliamentary Assembly (OSCE PA), the European Parliament (EP) and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE). The election process has been negatively affected with both rigid rhetoric and violent incidents, as well as the use of administrative resources and the involvement of high-ranking officials of the ruling party in the pre-election campaign. An assessment was made that the margin in the second round of elections between the party and the State became vague: 29 28 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIXpF_jTbb0 (Seen on December 18 of 2018) 29 http://portal.coe.ge/downloads/Resolutions/Res1633(2009)Geo.pdf) (Seen on December 15 of 2018) https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 30 Observers outlined government initiative of dismissing the debts of 600,000 citizens. This can be regarded as a bribery; For the second tour, there was a sharp inequality between financial donations, in favor of a candidate supported by the ruling party; The Central Election Commission appointed the second round of the Presidential election in the middle of the week, which did not express the interest of the voters and raised doubts about political motivation; The Public Broadcaster has taken a biased position against the opposition. Private media maintained a polarized position; National-Democratic Institute of the United States of America assessed the elections of 28 November. According to the NDI report, the second round of the Presidential election was negative and damaging to democracy: 30 Overall, "Elections, by both NATO and other international organizations, including the OSCE, have been assessed as open and fair. However there was some criticism towards high political rhetoric and we saw it. There was a demand for the creation of a tranquil political environment and we hope that this will happen in future elections, but the final assessment was positive." 31 Conclusion. The second round of Presidential elections was appointed for the first time in the history of Georgia. Salome Zurabishvili’s Presidential election campaign was based on the methods of European type "political game" and was almost empty of emotional speeches and populist promises (while populism and emotions are a sign of leadership skills in Georgian reality and corresponds to the psycho-emotional State of Georgians) and mostly emphasised the functions of the President as an arbitrator and above party person (in the opinions of Salome’s closed persons she is more convincing when speaking in French and English:: Mouche Cloughaft claims that Salome is a leader and thus she hardly accepts advices), but she used the method of accusing the opponent in being pro-Russian. As for Vashadze, he referred to political force united around Ivanishvili as "government" and aimed to change it (respectively, the "dream" was figting to maintain power, as Vashadze announced pardons and early elections, which meant at least civil conflicts and the prospect of changing the government), he was supported by interests of several non-governmental organizations, defenders of National Movement. Vashadze's supporters were mainly the electorate of Mikheil Saakashvili (Vashadze unsuccessfully played the role of the leader), the absolute majority of which participated in the elections, and the angry voters who were part of the pensioners, but the involvement of the population in the second round increased, the possibility of returning of the National Movement and the threat of destabilization surpassed the negative attitude towards the government and increased the number of votes in favor of Salome Zurabishvili. The government initiative of nullifying the debts played a significant role. Because of this fact, the observation missions did not undermine the legitimacy of the elections, but none of them suggested that the 2018 Presidential election was a "step towards democracy". 30 https://droa.ge/?p=38356 (Seen on November 30 of 2018) 31 International Election Observation Mission Georgia - "Presidential Elections, Second Tour" 28 November 2018. https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 31 The elections showed that there is an acute crisis inside the ruling political elite and it does not derive from ideological confrontation, but rather from the business interests of individual groups or even political ambitions. "The short but fervent Presidential campaign has outlined the astuteness and emptiness of the Georgian political elite" 32 Low activity of citizens in the first round of the Presidential election indicates the alienation and distrust towards the political elite. The high trust mandate of the population, which "Dream" has received in the 2012 elections, is expiring. We are talking about the third political force, whose ideological orientations will be clearly formed and will replace the government in the future, but the contours of such force is nowhere to be seen. We could call the Presidential election of 2018 an elections without "a leader" because the Presidential candidates were not able to show leadership skills and the success of the "National Movement" and "Georgian Dream" candidates was behind the activeness of the forces backing them and we could share a perturbing phrase: the choice was made between "the bad and worse" but President Salome Zurabishvili in his inaugural speech announces new democratic values in Georgian politics, which gives positive expectations to society. The President that her biggest challenge is to overcome aggressive, violent political orientations and establish modern, democratic culture: "unity of the country, the consolidation of the society and the strengthening of our place in Europe - this is my main goal. I will convince fellow citizens that national consent for development and unification of Georgia is essentially important."33 For the first time in the history of Georgia the woman became the President and the transfer of the position was peaceful and civilized, "thus another democratic step", which can not be disagreeable. Salome Zurabishvili emphasized the necessity of protecting the political heritage and for the first time in the Georgia's latest history evaluated the activities of the predecessor President positively; It should be noted that every President has put his bricks on the road to the building of independent and democratic Georgia; A century ago, the leaders of the first Republic adopted a modern and progressive constitution at that time; Zviad Gamsakhurdia played the greatest role when he appointed a referendum and adopted the act of restoring Georgia's independence. Eduard Shevardnadze was the first to pave the way to the European and Euro-Atlantic space; 32https://www.osce.org/ka/odihr/elections/georgia/404678?download=true&fbclid=IwAR3vDPFXRlibXlfYZ18HSHuzhgLlQ5XZ VyyC0wRTOYAsXWrl1k8c_KhV9bE (Seen on December 15 of 2018) 33https://www.osce.org/ka/odihr/elections/georgia/404678?download=true&fbclid=IwAR3vDPFXRlibXlfYZ18HSHuzhgLlQ5XZ VyyC0wRTOYAsXWrl1k8c_KhV9bE (Seen on December 15 of 2018) https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 32 Mikheil Saakashvili laid the basis for many important reforms at the initial stage of his administration; During the Presidency of Giorgi Margvelashvili steps were taken towards strengthening the democratic processes and stability. My purpose is to do everything to ensure the development of our State, its European future, irreversible and so nothing could hinder our main goal.34 During the transition period, the greatest harm to the unity of the society was dealt by the national movement government, who denied Ilia's admonision about the objective regularity of inheritance ("son should know where his father has stoped") and removed older generation from social activities, shifted the focus on differentiative options of generations and social groups and practically divided the public consciousness. Salome Zurabishvili is well aware of the threat of solidarity and support and indicates: "Solidarity is essential for strengthening our society - first of all, solidarity between generations, which historically characterized us. It should not be lost." 35 In Georgian political thinking, the ruling and opposition elites have strengthened the excessive hopes of western partners and international organizations, the key to the independence of the country was completely withdrawn36 and activated the consciousness of false expectations, which is part of the Georgian mentality ("Imitate the stranger"). "Georgia's political strategy lies in the fact that, says Professor M. Bichuashvili, the Georgian national State should be built on the basis of global international organizations: NATO will create the Georgian army, the International Monetary Fund will strengthen the economy, the OSCE will resolve the issue of territorial integrity, the Hague will elliminate all of the injustice". 37 Zurabishvili made her emphasis on culture and rich traditions and emphasized: "Georgians can be usefull to the world with its old, wealthy, original culture that stands on Christianity. Georgian civilization can boldly establish its place in the world. Our identity is historically revealed in tolerance. The tradition of peaceful coexistence with people of different origin and beliefs has been with us for centuries. Georgia is also famous for the fact that there is no example of anti-Semitism here. Tolerance is something that todays world lacks. We must 34https://www.osce.org/ka/odihr/elections/georgia/404678?download=true&fbclid=IwAR3vDPFXRlibXlfYZ18HSHuzhgLlQ5XZ VyyC0wRTOYAsXWrl1k8c_KhV9bE (Seen on December 15 of 2018) 35https://www.osce.org/ka/odihr/elections/georgia/404678?download=true&fbclid=IwAR3vDPFXRlibXlfYZ18HSHuzhgLlQ5XZ VyyC0wRTOYAsXWrl1k8c_KhV9bE (Seen on December 15 of 2018) 36 Tabeshadze, T. James Appathurai says that the final assessment of Georgia's Presidential election was positive. Tbilisi: First Channel 37 Vakhtang Natsvlishvili, "Presidential Election: Anger and Hopelessness in Georgia" 2018. https://ge.boell.org/ka/2018/.../saprezidento-archevnebi-brazi-da-uimedoba-sakartvelo. (Seen on January 18 of 2018) https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 33 strengthen this tradition so that we become an example for others. We should increase the awareness of Georgian culture and identity on the international arena". 38 Zurabishvili focused on the necessity of development of the regions of Georgia. The President knows well that unequal development of the regions has often led to separatism and the country's dismemberment: "the path of development goes through the strong and prosperous regions. I think it is noteworthy that the inauguration of the President is held not in the capital of the country but in one of the regions of Kakheti, and it is my choice”. The modern, European-type State implies equal development of regions and capital. The foundation of Georgia was historically always its regions and their strength. We can combine this historical experience and a modern European example ... I am sure that every Georgian's dream is returning of as many emigrants as possible to their villages and abandoned houses." 39 When speaking about foreign policy orientation, Zurabishvili's position is firm and consistent: "Russia, as a neighbor of the Caucasus, should realize that if he wants to be a full member of the international community and to restore normal relations in the region, it should prove recognizes all international law verbally and factually. This is necessary to establish equal and peaceful ties with its neighbors. I believe that Georgia will be united. We should remember that people living in the occupied territories are our citizens and we should condone them. Past unites us with Abkhazians and Ossetians, we are relatives of each other, we have mixed families! We need to find ways to get to the new generation and pave them a way to Europe. Today, as never before, Abkhaz language and identity needs protection! "40 Let's conclude the conclusion by quoting David Ost, that democracy is born where angry people, driven with power and wealth, become solidarity to each other and demand something that already belongs to them. 41 So far, the government and opposition only produce hatred on the Georgian political scene, and there is no force visible that will be able to chanell this hatred in favor of democracy. 38https://www.osce.org/ka/odihr/elections/georgia/404678?download=true&fbclid=IwAR3vDPFXRlibXlfYZ18HSHuzhgLlQ5XZ VyyC0wRTOYAsXWrl1k8c_KhV9bE (Seen on December 15 of 2018) 39https://www.osce.org/ka/odihr/elections/georgia/404678?download=true&fbclid=IwAR3vDPFXRlibXlfYZ18HSHuzhgLlQ5XZ VyyC0wRTOYAsXWrl1k8c_KhV9bE (Seen on December 15 of 2018) 40https://www.osce.org/ka/odihr/elections/georgia/404678?download=true&fbclid=IwAR3vDPFXRlibXlfYZ18HSHuzhgLlQ5XZ VyyC0wRTOYAsXWrl1k8c_KhV9bE (Seen on December 15 of 2018) 41 35. https://www.President.gov.ge/ka-GE/prezidenti/inauguracia.aspx. Salome Zurabishvili's inaugural speech (Seen on December 27 of 2018) https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 34 Used literature: 1. Constitution of Georgia. Tb; 1995 2. Constitution of Georgia. Tb; 2004 3. Constitution of Georgia. Tb; 2018 P. 25 4. Constitution of Georgia. Tb; 2018 P. 42 5. Constitution of Georgia. Tb; 2018 P. 29 6. https://www.google.com/search?q= GEL impairment dynamics since 2014 7. https://www.allnews.ge/.../150556- 8. A.Tukvadze. Transformation of the political system in modern Georgia, in the journal: Central Asia and the Caucasus 2006 2(44) Sweden, Sweden 103-112. 9. A.Tukvadze. Comparative analysis of political culture. Tb; 2014 P. 125. 10. A.Tukvadze, U. Bluashvili. Peculiarities of Georgian character. See International reviewed and referential Scientific Journal. "Science and Life". Tb; 2011 1(3) P. 101–102. 11. netgazeti.ge/news/314260/ Netgazeti | Unfulfilled promises of candidates (seen on 27.11.2018) 12. S.F.Johns. Democracy in Georgia https://.www.cicerofoundation.org.legtures.StephenJonesGeorgia.pdf (seen on March 3 of 2017) 13. The results of the first round of the elections were summarized | imedinewshttps://imedinews.ge › 14. The exit poll results assessed by the ruling team| imedinews https://imedinews.ge › 15. Salome Zurabishvili appointed as the Foreign Minister of Georgia on Saturday. www.radiotavisupleba.ge. (Read on Novemebr 30 of 2018.) 16. Salome Zurabishvili's path to the Presidency. www.ghn.ge. Read on: December 4 of 2018. 17. Salome Zurabishvili opened the first office of her public movement. civil.ge. Read on: December 4 of 2018 18. Salome Zurabishvili's political timeout www.radiotavisupleba.ge. (read on: December 2 of 2018). 19. Salome Zurabishvili about the Presidential elections. www.radiotavisupleba.ge. (Read on: December 11 of 2018). 20. Parliamentary elections 2016 – second round. cec.gov.ge. (read on: November 30 of 2018.) 21. Georgian Dream will support Salome Zurabishvili during the Presidential elections. on.ge. (Read on: November 18 of 2018.) 22. Salome Zurabishvili refused the French citizenship. netgazeti.ge. Read on: November 16 of 2018. 23. Grigol Vashadze's biography, online edition “civil.ge”. 24. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia - Biography; Read on: 3/18/2011 25. Nino Kharadze. Salome Zurabishvili vs Grigol Vashadze. Tb; Radio “Freedom” 2018 26. Minister of Foreign Affairs Grigol Vashadze again in concession of Russian citizenship, 2011 27. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIXpF_jTbb0 (Seen on December 18 of 2018) https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 35 28. http://portal.coe.ge/downloads/Resolutions/Res1633(2009)Geo.pdf) (Seen on December 15 of 2018) 29. https://droa.ge/?p=38356 (Seen on November 30 of 2018) 30. International Election Observation Mission Georgia - "Presidential Elections, Second Tour" 28 November 2018. 31. https://www.osce.org/ka/odihr/elections/georgia/404678?download=true&fbclid=IwAR3vDPF XRlibXlfYZ18HSHuzhgLlQ5XZVyyC0wRTOYAsXWrl1k8c_KhV9bE (Seen on December 15 of 2018) 32. National Democratic Institute (NDI), elections of 2018, https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/NDI%20Georgia_runoff%20election%20Press%20relea se_GEO.pdf (Seen on December 15 of 2018) 33. Tabeshadze, T. James Appathurai says that the final assessment of Georgia's Presidential election was positive. Tbilisi: First Channel 34. Vakhtang Natsvlishvili, "Presidential Election: Anger and Hopelessness in Georgia" 2018. https://ge.boell.org/ka/2018/.../saprezidento-archevnebi-brazi-da-uimedoba-sakartvelo. (Seen on January 18 of 2018) 35. https://www.President.gov.ge/ka-GE/prezidenti/inauguracia.aspx. Salome Zurabishvili's inaugural speech (Seen on December 27 of 2018) 36. , .. . : .Volume 19, 1(2017). P. 72. 37. M. Bichashili. Lectures in political force theory. Tb; 2006 P. 113. 38. 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XIX , , , „ “ , . , 1921 , , . , , , . , , , . . : “ , , , , .”4 , . , , . , , , , , . , . , , . . 1922 .5 , , , https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 46 , “ ” , . , . 1932 , , III . : “ .” 6 , . , , , , . , 1939 , , . , , 1943 1917 12 . , , . , , . , 1927-1952 , , . 1977 . 1988 . . -20 80- . - , . , . , . , . , . , 25.11.1979 , , . : , , 1988-1989 https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 47 . , . , 1990 .“7 , , . 1991 , 1992 . . „ “ , „ “ . , . , 1993 ( , ) , . 1193 31 . , 2004 #174 . , , . 1992 , . , . , , . .8 - II- . 1992 7 , . 1995 . , , . , , . , , . . . XIII , 1995 18-19 https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 48 . 9 , , . , . , , . 14.09.1993 : “ , ”, . , , . . 2003 “ ” . . 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(1999) The Democratic Invention. Journal of Democracy. Vol. 10. No. 2 (April) Shavtvaladze, M. (2018) The State and Ethnic Minorities: The Case of Georgia. Region Vol. 7, No. 1 (January), pp. 43-68 https://ezproxy.iliauni.edu.ge:2111/stable/26537991?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=Georgian+ religious+nationalism&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DGeorgian%2Breligious%2Bnati onalism%26acc%3Don%26wc%3Don%26fc%3Doff%26group%3Dnone&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_solr _cloud%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly- default%3A1fd76708a8fef65236c54299eabc927b&seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents (22.10.2020) https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 53 The Problem of Ethno-Religious Nationalism in Georgia Tinatin Kavtaradze PHD student in public administration, Georgian Institute of Public Affairs (GIPA), Faculty of Social Sciences, Ilia State University, Faculty of Arts, Lecturer in Social Sciences https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3703-9294 ABSTRACT This research aims to demonstrate the range of Georgian orthodox church constructing the Georgian ethnoreligious nationalism. how ethnoreligious identity affects the functioning of a modern state? The pre- modern tradition of identity was based on religion and dynasty. Religious identity, under the church (mostly in eastern Christianity), could be associated with some ethnos. For example, Kartvelian”, in the middle ages, is determiner not for ethnos but faith. From this derived the term – Kartvelian (Georgian) by faith. Ethnoreligious nationalism and liberal nationalism are different. According to the tradition of state nationalism, religion is not a determinative factor for nationalism. Even non-Christian can be Georgian. The ethnoreligious nationalism is a non-modern project created during the modernity. In the period of nationalism religious identity, in some cases, was transformed into an ethnoreligious identity that contradicts a liberal understanding of the modern nation by which the idea of nation is not limited by religion or ethnos. Georgian orthodox church is an important factor forming Georgian ethnoreligious nationalism. based on this, we can claim that the church’s anti-western trends, often, hinder the functioning of the modern state. This trend was formed in the period of the Russian empire and the Soviet Union. This point of view is dramatically different from the 1918-1921 years’ church’s aspiration for which western and liberal values were natural and vital setting. Keywords: Church, Secularism, State https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 54 Georgian Scientists Vol. 3 Issue 3, 2021 https://doi.org/10.52340/gs.2021.08.05 , https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7911-9319 ( ) . , . . . . ( , , , ), , . , , . , . : , , https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 55 . , . . . , , , , . , , , ? , , , , (Fiske 1988; Fiske and Pavelchak 1986; Fiske et al. 1987; Locksley, Hepburn and Ortiz 1982; Macrae and Bodenhausen 2001). , , „ “ (Fiske and Taylor 1984 ), ? ? ?. , , - , , - . (1986) , , . (2001) , , . : „ “ , , , . , , , . , - , (Fiske et al. 1987; Fiske and Pavelchak 1986). , , . : , „ “ , . , ( ) . , . , (Wittenbrink and Hilton 1997) , , , , , . https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 56 , „ “. , : , (Gawronski et al. 2003; Fiske and Neuberg 1990; Prato and Bargh 1991; Quinn, Mason and Macrae 2009). , . , , : (Andersen and Klatzky 1987; Kunda and Thagard 1996), ( , ), (Andersen and Klatzky 1987) . , , . (Kunda and Thagard, 1996) , - ), . , , , , (Kunda and Thagard 1996; Kunda, Sinclair and Griffin 1997). , , . , , - - (Kunda and Thagard 1996; Kunda, Sinclair and Griffin 1997). ? - . , - , . , , . , , , , , (Kunda and Thagard 1996; Kunda, Sinclair and Griffin 1997). , , ( ) . : , , , , . , , , . , https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 57 . 2016-2019 . , , , , , IT, . , , , - . , , - . , , , . , , . (Kunda & Thagard, 1996). , ) . , . . 1 , , . , . (Macrae and Bodenhausen 2001), . 27 i. . , ( , , , ( ) .), , , . 90 . 30 50 ), , 20 . . , , - ? ?). . . 10 . https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 58 . , - ( ), (IT). , : , , , „ “. , , , ( ) , , , 10 8 - , , , , , , , „ “ , . , , , . , - . 2 , , : ) ) , ( ). , ( , , IT, ) . , . . , , : , , , , ( , , ), , . , 20 . . , , . . , , . . , - . https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 59 . 220 (165 , 55 ). 20 . 42 . , . . - 18 - 23 . , . , ( 20 ) . 17% . 1 . 1. , , IT, IT 36–50 90% 51–60 41% 24% 58% 46%, / 33% 31.3%, 31.3%, 28.1%, 28.1%, 21.9 % / 39.4%, 52.8% 33.3%, 27.8% . 90.0 % 21-35 100.0% 52.6%, 36.9%, 47.4%, 36.8% 26.3% .23.7%, 23.7% 20% 39.0%, 25.0%, 19.4% 19.4% 69.0% . 16.7. % 36-50 78.6% 21–35 45.2% 67.5% 37.0%, 25.9%, 41.2% 20.6%, 50.0%, . / 52.4%, 31.0% 36-50 74.4% 21-35 28.2% 51 – 60 28.2% 37.5%, 30.0% 30.0%, - 25.0% 56.4% 46.2% - 23.5% , 23.5%, 20.6% 23.5%, 26.3% 36 – 50 .92.3% 21-25 . 33.3% 51-60 . 28.2% 51.3% .25.6% . 23.1% 100.%, 52.6%, 28.9% 34.5%, 31.0%, 31.0% 38.7%, 25.8% 3.2% : IBM SPSS, (Method: Between group linkage) https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 60 , , . , : , , , , , . , . 3 - . , , 8-11 , 1-4 , - 5-7 , . , , , , , , . , . , 290 . , , 224 (139 75 , 18-23 .) . 11 ( (+5) 1 , (-5) 11 ). , 95% 6.5% . ; , , - . , 290 , , IT- , . , , . , (1997) , , . , , . , , ( ), (S), , -1 +1 , 0 1. https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 61 11 , +5 -5. „ “ (8-11 ), „ “ (1-4) . 5-7 , , , . , , ( ) ( ). SPSS 20, (Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis, Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization). , , P <.05 , . 44 ( . 2 3). https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 62 2. 44 , ANOVA Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. FAC61 .. 549.388 4 137.347 268.853 000 FAC62 , 494.881 4 123.720 221028 .000 FAC63 170.186 4 42.547 49.999 .000 FAC64 ( ) 107.168 4 26.792 29.524 .000 FAC65 , 341.355 4 85.339 122.360 .000 FAC66 , ., , . 123.575 4 30.894 34.605 .000 FAC67 , , , , . 282.526 4 70.632 94.150 .000 FAC68 304.198 4 76.049 104.068 .000 FAC69 208.435 4 52.109 63.808 .000 FA 70 265.694 4 66.423 86.794 .000 FAC71 62.592 4 15.648 16.516 .000 FAC72 , 214.571 4 53.643 67.247 .000 FAC73 86.578 4 21.645 23.720 .000 FAC74 102.489 4 25.622 28.526 .000 FAC5 , , , , 57.267 4 14.317 15.035 .000 FAC6 / . 498.755 4 124.689 224.150 .000 FAC7 100.107 4 25.027 27.387 .000 FAC8 42.476 4 10.619 10.998 .000 FAC9 11.596 4 2.899 2.919 .020 FAC10 , 23.564 4 5.891 5.996 .000 FAC11 / 16.711 4 4.178 4.226 .002 FAC12 / 51.525 4 12.881 13.455 .000 FAC13 253.042 4 63.260 81.454 .000 FAC14 16.606 4 4.152 4.199 .002 FAC15 16.526 4 4.131 4.178 .002 FAC16 , 14.632 4 3.658 3.693 .005 FAC18 24.086 4 6.021 6.132 .000 FAC19 36 76.435 4 19.109 20.436 .000 FAC20 12.945 4 3.236 3.262 .011 FAC22 26.637 4 6.659 6.797 .000 FAC23 25.777 4 6.444 6.573 .000 FAC24 12.069 4 3.017 3.039 .017 FAC25 37.651 4 9.413 9.706 .000 FAC26 18.944 4 4.736 4.800 .001 FAC27 33.424 4 8.356 8.582 .000 FAC35 24.773 4 6.193 6.311 .000 FAC37 ( ) 64.593 4 16.148 17.076 .000 FAC38 24.920 4 6.230 6.349 .000 FAC39 41.075 4 10.269 10.622 .000 FAC40 15.514 4 3.879 3.919 .004 https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 63 FAC41 29.642 4 7.410 7.585 .000 FAC47 16.305 4 4.076 4.122 .003 FAC48 15.983 4 3.996 4.039 .003 FAC52 10.041 4 2.510 2.524 .039 3. 44 Eta Eta Squared Eta Eta Squared FAC61 .701 .491 FAC13 .476 .226 FAC62 .665 .442 FAC14 .122 .015 FAC63 .390 .152 FAC15 .122 .015 FAC64 .309 .096 FAC16 .114 .013 FAC65 .552 .305 FAC18 .147 .022 FAC66 .332 .110 FAC19 .261 .068 FAC67 .502 .252 FAC20 .108 .012 FAC68 .521 .272 FAC22 .154 .024 FAC69 .432 .186 FAC23 .152 .023 FA 70 .487 .237 FAC24 .104 .011 FAC71 .237 .056 FAC25 .183 .034 FAC72 .441 .194 FAC26 .130 .017 FAC73 .280 .078 FAC27 .173 .030 FAC74 .305 .093 FAC35 .149 .022 FAC5 .226 .051 FAC36 .034 .001 FAC6 .668 .446 FAC37 .240 .058 FAC7 .299 .089 FAC38 .149 .022 FAC8 .195 .038 FAC39 .192 .037 FAC9 .102 .010 FAC40 .118 .014 FAC10 .145 .021 FAC41 .163 .026 FAC11 .122 .015 FAC47 .121 .015 FAC12 .215 .046 FAC48 .120 .014 FAC52 .095 .009 https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 64 , ( P <.05 ) . : F (4,1115)= 1.60, p=.17> .05.; , F (4,1115)= .65, p=.62> .05; F (4,1115)= .49, p=.74> .05; F (4,1115)= 1.28, p=.28> .05; F (4,1115)= 2.30, p=.06> .06; F (4,1115)= 2.28, p=.06> .05; F (4,1115)= 1.77, p=.13> .05; F (4,1115)= 1.43, p=.21> .05; F (4,1115)= .61, p=.65> .05 . . , ( ) , 0.5 ii. , , - - ( . 4). https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 65 4. , , , IT- 44 ( ) . . it FAC61 .. 9 9 6 7 5 FAC62 , 9 9 9 9 6 FAC63 9 9 8 7 6 FAC64 ( ) 9 8 7 7 6 FAC65 , 9 3 7 6 6 FAC66 , ., , . 3 3 6 6 4 FAC67 , , , , . 4 4 6 8 5 FAC68 5 5 7 9 7 FAC69 3 3 6 8 6 FA 70 7 7 8 6 10 FAC71 7 8 9 7 9 FAC72 , 7 7 7 5 9 FAC73 8 8 7 6 9 FAC74 7 7 7 6 9 FAC5 , , , , 7 8 6 6 5 FAC6 / . 5 5 9 5 4 FAC7 7 6 6 6 8 FAC8 4 4 6 6 7 FAC9 8 8 8 5 8 FAC10 , 8 8 7 6 9 FAC11 / 6 6 6 6 8 FAC12 / 8 7 6 7 6 FAC13 9 7 9 7 6 FAC14 7 8 6 7 5 FAC15 6 6 4 4 4 FAC16 , 5 5 5 4 4 FAC18 6 6 6 8 8 FAC19 36 9 9 8 6 9 FAC20 4 4 5 4 7 FAC22 7 7 8 8 9 FAC23 8 8 6 7 9 FAC24 5 6 6 7 6 FAC25 6 6 6 7 6 FAC26 7 6 7 6 7 FAC27 8 8 8 7 9 FAC35 7 7 7 7 7 FAC37 ( ) 6 6 7 9 8 FAC38 4 4 5 4 3 FAC39 8 7 8 6 7 FAC40 7 8 7 7 8 FAC41 6 5 6 6 5 FAC47 8 9 8 7 8 FAC48 7 7 7 8 6 FAC52 7 7 7 6 6 , . , , , , , , , . , ) 5-7 ) 1-4 https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 66 , ). , , , , . , ( ), ; , . , . , , , . , , , , , , , , . , , , , , . , - , , , , . , ( ), , ( , , , , , ); , ; , , , . . , IT - . IT , , , ; , , . . IT , . 11 . , 18-23 . , , - , , . , , . , ( ), , , . . , , - https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 67 , . IT- , . , , , . , , . , . , . , , , , , . , , . , , . , . , , , . , , , . , . , , , . , , , . , . , , , . , , . , , - IT- . , , . , , - ), (FAC 41 - 6 ) ). , , , . https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 68 100% , . , , . , , . : 1. Andersen, Susan M., & Roberta L. Klatzky. (1987). Traits and Social Stereotypes: Levels of Categorization in Person Perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 2, 235-246 2. Fiske, Susan Tufts, & Shelley E. Taylor. (1984). Social cognition. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. 3. Fiske, Susan Tufts, and Mark Pavelchak. “Category Based Versus Piecemeal Based Affective Responses: Developments in Schema-Triggered Affect.” In Handbook of Motivation and Cognition: Foundations of Social Behavior, Ed. R.M. Sorrentino and E.T. Higgins. 167-203 . New York: Guilford Press, 1986. 4. Fiske, Susan Tufts, Steven Neuberg, Ann E. Beattie, and Sandra J. Milberg. “Category-based and attribute- based reactions to others: Some informational conditions of stereotyping and individuating processes.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 23, no 5 , (1987): 399-427 5. Fiske, Susan Tufts. “Compare and Contrast: Brewer’s Dual Process Model and Fiske et al.’s Continuum Model.” In Advances in Social Cognition Vol 1, Ed. T.K. Srull & R.S. Wyer Jr. 65-76. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1988. 6. Gawronski, Bertram, Katja Ehrenberg, Rainer Banse, Johanna Zukova, & Christoph Klauer. (2003). It’s in the Mind of the Beholder: The Impact of Stereotypic Associations on Category-Based and Individuating Impression Formation. Journal of experimental Social Psychology, 39, 16-30 7. Kunda, Ziva, and Paul Thagard. “Forming Impression from Stereotypes, Traits, and Behaviors: a Parallel - Constraint – Satisfaction Theory.” Psychological Review 103, no 2(1996): 294-308 8. Kunda, Ziva, Lisa Sinclair and Dale Griffin. “Equal Rating but Separate Meanings: Stereotypes and the Construal of Traits.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72, no 4 (1997): 720-734 9. Locksley, Anne, Christine Hepburn, and Vilma Ortiz. “Social Stereotypes and Judgments of Individuals: An instance of the Base Rated Fallacy.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, no 18 (1982): 23-42 10. Macrae, C. Neil, & Calen, V. Bodenhausen. (2001). Social Cognition: Categorical Person Perception. British Journal of Psychology, 92, 239-255 11. Pratto, Felicia, & John A. Bargh. (1991). Stereotyping Based on Apparently Individuating Information: Trait and Global Components of Sex Stereotypes under Attention Overload. The Journal of experimental Social Psychology, 27, 26-47 12. Quinn, Kimberly, Malia Mason, & Macrae, C. Neil. (2009). Familiarity and Person Construal: Individuating Knowledge Moderates the Automaticity of Category Activation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 852-861 13. Wittenbrink, Bernd, Pamela L. Gist, and James L. Hilton. “Structural properties of stereotypic knowledge and their influences on the construal of social situations.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72, no 3 (1997): 526-543 i , . https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 69 ii , , . SOCIAL STEREOTYPES AND COGNITIVE MECHANISM OF THEIR PROCESSING Miranda Giorgashvili Full professor, Tbilisi Open Teaching University https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7911-9319 A B S T R A C T Given study tests cognitive model related to social information processing - Parallel Constraint Satisfaction Theory. The study was conducted as one of the research steps within another scientific project, which explored stereotypic mode of impression formation. Unlike other models, PCST presents stereotypic mode of thinking as the process, in which received information just as a neural impulse flows in the endless web of mental associations in observer’s mind and automatically acxites/inhibites certain information stored in there. We decided to test these two cognitive processes on the content of real social stereotypes. We explored stereotypes of five social categories (Cook, Lecturer, Doctor, IT and Typical Georgian Man). Then, we measured the level of acxitation/inhibition of certain characteristics within the stereotype of each category. After comparing the level of character activation-deactivation between each category, as well as to the textual characterizations obtained from focus groups about the same categories, it became clear that activation/deactivation process indeed takes place. Moreover, associations activate/deactivate in such a way, that they automatically fit (satisfy) the content of stereotype, held by the observer about perceived social category. Keywords: Stereotypic thinking, Information processing, Impression formation https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 70 Georgian Scientists Vol. 3 Issue 3, 2021 https://doi.org/10.52340/gs.2021.08.06 , , , , 1 .: 593 75 58 18 : www.cu.edu.ge – . , , , . . , , . , , , . : „ “, „ “, „ “, “, „ “ https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 71 1 . , . . . , (Meyer-Sahling 2004; Dimitrov et al. 2006, .225–29; Verheijen 2007; Oleinik 2009). 90– , (Shelley 1999; Handelman 1995, .281–93; Favarel-Garrigues 2003; Bebler 2001; Taylor 2011; Gerber and Mendelson 2008; Kolennikova et al. 2008; Waller and Yasmann 1995; Volkov 2002, .126–54). ? ? - , (Max Weber 1978, .226–41), (traditional domination) . . , . „ “ , (Erdmann and Engel 2007). , . „ “, ( , ) . , . https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 72 , . , ( (Kitschelt et al. 1999, .39). 1.1 . . , (Hensell 2012). “ (‘Economy and Society’) (Weber 1978). „ “ ( . ‘patrimonium’ – , ) , , . . (Weber 1978). – , . „ “ . , , . , , , , „ “ (Weber 1978). , , , , . , , – “ (Neopatrimonialism) (Eisenstadt 1973). https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 73 XX 60–70– : . , . , . , . . , . , 2010). , . , , (Erdmann and Engel 2007, .97–104). , . , . , ( ) (Bratton and van de Walle 1997, .61–65; Chehabi and Linz 1998a, .7–10, 13–17; Geddes 1999, .121–22). . , . (Shmuel N. Eisenstadt) , “ „ “ „ “, . , ; „ , “ 2002). , . , . 90– – . , . , . – . (Stephen E. Hanson) , https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 74 (Hanson 2010). , , , , ( . ( 2012). , , . – , , . , , . (Aleksandr Fisun) , „ “ . (Henry Hale) „ “ , . (rent-seeking) ( ), . , . , , . , . : 1. „ “ ( ); 2. „ “ ( ); 3. „ “ ( , ) ( 2010). (Jean-Francois Medard) , , . https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 75 „ “, , . . : „ , , “, , „ “ (Medard 1982). , , . , , (Weber 1978, .236). , , . , , , . , . (Bendix 1960, .331–41). , ( ) . , (oikos) , (Weber 1978, .1010). , . . , (Breuer 1991, .55). ... , “ (Weber 1978, .236). , (Weber 1978, .220; Poggi 2006, .100). . – , ( ) (Weber 1978, .228–41, 1025–69). https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 76 (Weber 1978, .1010–68). , , . ( ) . (Weber 1978, .231–35; Poggi 2006, .102). , , , . , , . . , (Erdmann and Engel 2007, .111). , (authority type) (authoritarian regimes) . , (Pitcher et al. 2009; Seizelet 2006; Erdmann and Engel 2007, .111–13). , . . . , , “ (Fishman 1990, .428). ( ) , - , , . . (Fishman 1990, .428; Chehabi and Linz 1998b, .10–13). , . , . , . , . https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 77 1.2 , (Migdal 2001; Migdal and Schlichte 2005; Sharma and Gupta 2006). ( . Reckwitz 2002). (Migdal and Schlichte 2005, .14–40). , , . , . , . , , , . , , , ( ) (Migdal and Schlichte 2005, .14–40). . , . , , .1 , . (Barbara Geddes) , , , ( ) „ ( )“ (Geddes 1999, .121). (Weber 1978, .222, 232). , ( . : ). 11 – , . (Pierre Bourdieu 1994). ( ) ( ) (Bourdieu 2005). , , . (Hensell 2009, . 58–69). https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 78 ( ). , , . . (Lande 1977, .20; Eisenstadt and Roniger 1984, .29–50). : , , , . – . , , (Clapham 1982, .18–33; Eisenstadt and Roniger 1984, .220–45). , ) . . , , (Scott 1972, .45–46). , . , ( ) (Weber 1978, .233). , , (Rose-Ackerman 1999, .82). ( , “. , ( ). . , , ( ). . , ( ) , (acquisition) – . ( ) , , (Scott 1972, .21). , , https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 79 , (Scott 1972, .21–23). , , , . , , (Rose-Ackerman 1999, .9–38). – , (Della Porta and Vannucci 1999; Scott 1972, .54–91; Rose-Ackerman 1999, .9–38, 91–126). . , , – „ “, „ “ (rent-seeking) „ “ (Eisenstadt 1973; Rudolph and Rudolph 1979; Clapham 1985, .48–60; Bratton and van de Walle 1997; Chehabi and Linz 1998a; Erdmann and Engel 2007). , – , , . . , , . , , , . . , ( ), . , . , . https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 80 : , “ ( . ); , , , , (Barzelay and Galleo 2010; Painter and Peters 2010). ( . : Dahlstrom, Lapuente, Teorell 2011) (Peter Evans) (James Rauch) , . „ “ (‘1978). (Keiser and Baer 2005). : , ] [ ] “ (Weber 1978, 264). „ “ (Dahlstrom et al. 2011). , , , (Evans and Rauch 1999) „ “ (Weberian state hypothesis). , , – . – „ “ – , 1970–1990 . „ “ , , , , . , (Evans and Rauch 1999) ( ) (Dahlstrom et al. 2011), - , https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 81 , . , , , . , ( , „ “ (Hensell 2009, .49–70)). . . , , (semi-democratic) . . . 1.3 . „ “ XVIII- . 1745 . “, , , , , „ “ „ “ . , „ “ . 1918 . , . „ “ , , ( 2004). „ “ , . , . , „ ” , , – , , , , . , https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 82 ” 2005). , , . , , , . , . , „ “ , . , , , ( ) . ”. , , . : , ; – , ; , , . ; , , ; ; , ; . . (Michel Crozier) „ “ (1964). . , ( ) . . , . . . , . , , ( ) https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 83 , , , . ( ) , , . . , , , . “. , . : (…) … “ (Weber 1947). (Anthony Giddens) , , . , , „ ”, – – – , ” ( 1999, .270). (Barry Bozeman) , , – , , , – , , , – , – , , “. , . , , . , – “ (Bozeman 1999). , . https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 84 – , : „ . , , ; , . , , , . , “ (Bozeman 1999). (Ludwig von Mises) : „ , . ... ” (Mises 1944). (Gyorgy Gajduschek) : ? ?“ , , , “, , , „ “ – , . “ (Gajduschek 2003). (Jacques Ziller) , „ “ (Rechtsstaat) . , „ ” , , : , , ” (Ziller 2003). . , , . (Otto Von Bismarck) – , , , “ (Bismarck 1884). https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 85 1. Clapham, C. 1982. ‘Clientelism and the State’, in Clapham, C. (ed.) (1982) Private Patronage and Public Power. Political Clientelism and the Modern State (London, Frances Pinter), pp. 1–35. 2. Dahlstrom, C., Lapuente V., Teorell J. 2011. Dimensions of bureaucracy II: A cross-national dataset on the structure and behaviour of public administration. QoG (The Quality of Government Institute) Working Paper Series 2011:6. 3. Dimitrov, V., Goetz, K. H. and Wollmann, H. 2006. Governing after Communism. Institutions and Policymaking (Lanham, MD, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers). 4. Eisenstadt, S. N. 1973. Traditional Patrimonialism and Modern Neopatrimonialism (Beverly Hills, CA, Sage Publications). 5. Eisenstadt, S. N. and Roniger, L. 1984. Patrons, Clients and Friends. Interpersonal Relations and the Structure of Trust in Society (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press). 6. Emerson, R. M. 1972. ‘Exchange Theory, Part II: Exchange Relations and Networks.’ pp. 58-87 in Sociological Theories in Progress, edited by J. Berger, M. Zelditch, and B. Anderson. Vol. 2. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 7. Erdmann, G. and Engel, U. 2007. ‘Neopatrimonialism Reconsidered: Critical Review and Elaboration of an Elusive Concept’, Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 45, 1, pp. 95– 119. 8. Erdmann, G. 2003: Neopatrimoniale Herrschaft - oder: Warum es in Afrika so viele Hybridregime gibt, in: Bendel, Petra et al. (eds.): Zwischen Demokratie und Diktatur. Opladen: Leske + Budrich, pp. 323-342 9. Evans, P. 1989. ‘Predatory, developmental, and other apparatuses: a comparative political economy.’ Sociological Forum 4(4): 561–587. 10. Fishman, R. M. 1990. ‘Rethinking State and Regime: Southern Europe’s Transition to Democracy’, World Politics, 42, 3, pp. 422–40. 11. Geddes, B. 1999. ‘What Do We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years?’. Annual Review of Political Science, 2, pp. 115–44. 12. Hanson St. E. 2010. Post-Imperial Democracies: Ideology and Party Formation in Third Re- public France, Weimar Germany, and Post-Soviet Russia. - Cambridge; N. Y.: Cambridge Univ. Press. 13. Hensell, S. 2009. Die Willku r des Staates. Herrschaft und Verwaltung in Osteuropa (Wiesbaden, VSVerlag). 14. Hensell, S. 2012. The Patrimonial Logic of the Police in Eastern Europe, Europe-Asia Studies, 64:5, 811-833 15. Kitschelt, H., Mansfeldova, Z., Markowski, R. & To ka, G. 1999. Post Communist Party Systems. Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party Cooperation (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press). 16. Magaloni, B. 2006. Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and its Demise in Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 17. Migdal, J. S. & Schlichte, K. 2005. ‘Rethinking the State’, in Schlichte, K. (ed.) (2005) The Dynamics of States. The Formation and Crises of State Domination (London, Ashgate), pp. 1– 40. 18. Oleinik, A. (ed.). 2009. Reforming the State without Changing the Model of Power? On Administrative Reform in Post-Socialist Countries (London, Routledge). 19. Shelley, L. I. 1999. ‘Post-Socialist Policing: Limitations on Institutional Change’, in Mawby, R. https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 86 I. (ed.) (1999) Policing across the World. Issues for the Twenty-first Century (London, UCL Press), pp. 75–87. 20. Verheijen, T. 2007. ‘Public Administration in Post-Communist States’, in Peters, B. G. & Pierre, J. (eds) (2007) Handbook of Public Administration (Los Angeles, CA, Sage Publications), pp. 311–19. 21. Weber, M. 1947. The theory of social and economic organization. New York: The Free Press. 22. Weber, M. 1958. The three types of legitimate rule. Berkeley Publications in Society and Instit utions, 4(1), 1-11. 23. Weber, M. 1978. Economy and Society. An Outline of Interpretive Sociology [edited by G. Roth & C. Wittich] (Berkeley, CA, University of California Press). 24. , . 1999. . . 25. , . 2010. : . - . – 4. – . 158-187. 26. , . 2002. : (I) // . 2. .72-73. https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 87 Review and analysis of patrimonial and meritocratic governance concepts Tamar Charkviani Associated Professor, Caucasus School of Humanities and Social Sciences Caucasus University, 1 Paata Saakadze Str. 0102, Tbilisi, Georgia Web-site: www.cu.edu.ge Abstract A theoretical and methodological approach of the paper is the analysis of general neopatrimonial and social network theories – to understand both the dominant trend and variations in reform trajectories in Georgian civil service. This work introduces the concepts of neopatrimonialism, bureaucracy, meritocracy and informal networks examining their origins and defining characteristics. This is followed by consideration of the nature of the public sector in Georgia, exploring the implications of neopatrimonialism for public sector capacity and performance. In setting up the contrast between neopatrimonial and meritocratic bureaucracies, we have chosen to emphasize two points that lend themselves to relatively objective empirical assessment. The first is the importance of meritocratic recruitment, ideally based on some combination of education and examination, second is a predictable career ladder, which provides long term tangible and intangible rewards for those who have been recruited into the bureaucracy. Key words: ‘Civil Service’, ‘Bureaucracy’, ‘Meritocracy’, ‘Neopatrimonialism’,‘Informal Networks’ https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 88 Georgian Scientists Vol. 3 Issue 3, 2021 https://doi.org/10.52340/gs.2021.08.07 : ) , , , , 1 .: 593 75 58 18 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7936-9526 , , - , , , . . : , , , https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 89 . 2012 , : „ . . , “2. , . , . , , , , , . , , , . , , , , , , . , , , , . 2 World Bank (2011) World Development Report 2012, Gender Equality and Development https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 90 1. 1.1. - . ( ) , , . : ; . ( ) : ; ; ; ; . 1.2. . . - : - , , , . https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 91 (face to face interview), . . , ( , .). ; ( ) . , , . . , , . , . 1.3 - , , . : , . , - . 9 27 ( . 1). https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 92 1. : 1. 8. 15. 23. 2. 9. 16. 24. 3. 10. 17. 25. 18. 26. 4. 11. 19. 27. 5. . 12. 20. - 13. 21. 6. 7. 14. 22. 81 , . 50-70 . - , , . : , . . , , . https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 93 ( ) . , ( , .). 4 6 ( . 2). 2. : - - , : – , , . , : . . . https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 94 . . - : ( )/ ( ). . . - . : , , , , , . 350 . 150 ( , 18- 60 ) 200 ( . 3). 3. 3 43% 31% 26% 62% 38% 18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 56+ 8% 39% 31% 17% 5% 90% 6% 4% 0% ( ) SPSS . 3 . https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 95 , , , . 2. 2.1 , . , 60%- , , , 3% , 30% , . 1). , . 1. , ? , . , (60% 3%) . , 60% 3% 30% 7% mamakacebi TamaSoben wamyvan (dominant) rols qalebi TamaSoben wamyvan (dominant) rols mamakacebi da qalebi Tanabar rols TamaSoben miWirs pasuxis gacema https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 96 , . , 53%- , , 47%- , . , , . 47%- 63% ( . 2). 2. , . , , . : , , 47%- , , 46% , . , , , - 77% . . : ? ( ) 38% - , 9% , 53% . , 63% 37% mamakaci qali https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 97 . , , , , . . 2.2 . . , . , . . , . , . , . , , . : ? ( . 3): 3. ? https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 98 , - . “ ” ”. “ ” : , , ; “ ” - , . , , . , . . ? ( . 4). 4. ? 91% 71% 59% 31% 6% 100% 96% 14% 9% 29% 41% 69% 94% 0% 4% 86% mamakacebs qalebs politika sazogadoebrivi saqmianoba mecniereba/ganaTleba xelovneba Sou-biznesi, samodelo biznesi biznesi sporti ojaxi https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 99 , “ ” “ ”. (76%) . : , - , , , , , , , , - . , , „ “ - . (24%) , . , 24%- (65%) (35%). , , 69% 31% 81% 19%21% 79% 57% 43% 12% 88% 33% 67% 84% 16% 48% 52% 55% 45% 90% 10% 38% 62% 89% 11% i n t e l e q t i s a q m i s s x v i s T v i s g a d a b a r e b a p a s u x i s m g e b l o b i s g r Z n o b a m l i q v n e l o b a W o r a o b a a q t i u r o b a m e q r T a m e o b a m i z n i s m i s a R w e v a d y v e l a f e r z e w a s v l a s a k u T a r i p o z i c i i s d a c v i s u n a r i d a m o u k i d e b e l i g a d a w y v e t i l e b e b i s m i R e b a k o n f l i q t u r o b a l i d e r i s u n a r e b i mamakacebi qalebi https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 100 . . , - , , , - , , . , 62% , 7% . , , 65%- , 7%- . , , . , : , , , . , , , , . , , . , . : , ( . 5.). 5. ? https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 101 , , , . 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( ). 2016. . 2. 2014-2016 “ https://mod.gov.ge/assets/up-modul/uploads/pdf/gender/genderuli-Tanasworobis-erovnuli- samoqmedo-gegma.pdf 3. 2014 2016 “; 5.1.3. ; 4. ., / (CSS) 2012. , , 2012 ( ). 5. ., / , 2010. 6. Phillips A. and Taylor B. Sex and Skill // Feminist Review, 1986. Andermahr S., Lovell T., Wolkowitz C. A Concise Glossary of Feminist Theory. Arnold: L., N. Y., 1997. . 228. 7. World Bank (2011) World Development Report 2012, Gender Equality and Development https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 113 Self-government in terms of gender: The role and needs of women in local politics (Empirical Sociological Research) Tamar Charkviani Associated Professor, Caucasus School of Humanities and Social Sciences Caucasus University, 1 Paata Saakadze Str. 0102, Tbilisi, Georgia Web-site: www.cu.edu.ge Abstract The aim of the paper is to describe the current situation in Georgia in relevance to establishing the principles of gender equality in local self-government and identification of needs / requirements in order to improve the situation in the future in terms of budget, services, planning, legislation and promoting women's socio-economic and political life. The study emphasizes the importance of differentiating when identifying the needs of female and male officials in self-government. Key words: Local self-government, Gender equality, Citizen involvement, Local government official https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 114 Georgian Scientists Vol. 3 Issue 3, 2021 https://doi.org/10.52340/gs.2021.08.08 , , , ( , , , ) , , . , , , , . , , , „ “ : , , ( – ) ; , ( ) . , , ( ) . : , https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 115 , , , . ( ; , „ “ , , – „ “ „ “ , ), ( ), , , ; , . : , , , , . https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 116 ; : , , , . , : , , ; , , , . , , , , , ; , ; , , ( ), . : , , ( , ), , , , , , ; /French Raven (1959) / , , , . . (2010). , , ; , . , , , , , https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 117 , , , , . , . : , , , , , , – , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , . H -1. , “ , , , . H-2. : , , , . . „ “, , , , ; , , , : , , , , ; ; , , , , . “ ; : . (1469-1527) , , ; , https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 118 , „ “ ; , , , , , , . „ “ „ “ , ( , , ); , , ; , : , , , – . , , , , . , , .“ . 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(2014) , ; 125 https://journals.4science.ge/index.php/GS/index 135 Leadership theories and post soviet authoritarian leaders Heleen Gelashvili Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Head of learning management department Avtandil Tukvadze Associate Professor, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Akaki Abzianidze Professor, Georgian National University SEU Abstract Based on the theories (of personality traits’, situational, followers’, psychological) related to the emergence of political leadership, on the basis of comparative and qualitative methods, the characteristics of political leadership have been studied in the post-Soviet era. A leader uses the situation, relies upon the followers, and, in most cases, the great leaders awarded with charisma are characterized by a whole range of psychological features, but in all cases the determining role is played by the qualities of a leader, the majority of which are inherited. In our opinion, the argument provided by researchers that regular mortals may be gifted with the traits of a leader, is not convincing in disproving “the theory of traits ” due to two reasons: first, a leader is a human being, a social creature (human is a political being and separately, as a self- sufficient entity, it is either a beast or a god – Aristotle) and naturally they possess human features; second, a leader has to be characterized by a high degree (dosage) of distinguishing attributes and, most importantly, they are the main force in the process of striving towards the governance and all the other actions subordinate to them. This judgement is concerning the great leaders distinguished in the history of humankind, the actions of whom have changed the vector of the history development, and there are no leaders with such skills and capacity on the post-Soviet political stage yet. The hypothesis of the topic to be researched is as follows: the traits of leadership in the political arena of post-Soviet countries are determined by the dominance of the subject political culture, heavy social-economic background, the specifics of a national-psychological and mental development of a given nation, foreign policy orientations. Each of the above-mentioned variables influence the process of selecting leaders in different degrees (for example: in the reality of Georgia the foreign policy orientation is a significant condition to the position of a leader in the government, because the key of country’s independence lies outside the country and the inclination towards “looking up to the foreign/a foreigner” is relevant to Georgian mentality and the mindset of electorate, while in Russia a leader is mainly characterized and inspired by the Russian geo-political interests, orthodox-messiah ideas and mainly has to support the national idea consolidating the “Great Russian chauvinism” and Russian “Sovereign Democracy”, but in all settings the determining factor is the excessiveness of the subordinate political orientations (except for the Baltic countries) in the presence of which, according to Almond and Verba’s concept of political culture, the majority of citizens expect the desirable actions from the leader – the savior of the country and the state; all of this, in the environment of poor economic development and weak institutions, consequently leads to excessive number of populist, authoritative leaders in national governments. Keywords: post soviet leaders, theories of leadership, political culture, “Big Russian Chauvinism,” authoritarian