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Received January 2, 2024, accepted November 8 2024, date of publication November 20 2024.

Original Research Article 

Application and Innovation of 3D Printing in Medical 
Equipment Maintenance

Lei Jiang

Department of Medical Devices, Deyang Luojiang People’s Hospital, Deyang, Sichuan Province, China.

* Corresponding Author Email: ljxrmyy@163.com 

ABSTRACT

With the continuous progress of technology, 3D printing technology is setting off a revolution in medical equipment maintenance. 
The traditional supply chain and manufacturing process often lead to long maintenance times and high medical equipment costs. 
However, after the introduction of 3D printing technology, medical equipment maintenance will usher in a brand-new solution. 
Through 3D printing, medical institutions can manufacture the required parts independently, without relying on suppliers’ de-
livery, thus greatly shortening the maintenance time. In addition, 3D printing can also be customized and optimized according 
to specific needs, improving the functionality and performance of medical equipment. Therefore, the application innovation of 
3D printing in medical equipment maintenance will bring great potential and opportunities to the medical industry and provide 
better medical services for patients. This innovation will make medical equipment maintenance faster, more economical, and 
efficient, and meet individual needs, bringing unprecedented development opportunities for the medical industry.

Keywords—3D printing, Medical equipment, Maintenance, Innovate.

Copyright © 2024. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY): Creative Commons - 
Attribution 4.0 International - CC BY 4.0. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright 
owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduc-
tion is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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 Jiang: Application and Innovation of 3D Printing in Medical Equipment Maintenance

INTRODUCTION

3D printing plays an important role in medical equip-
ment, providing a cost-effective solution for hospitals and 
medical institutions to replace some special structural 
plastic parts.1 By using 3D printing technology, we quickly 
created high-quality customized alternatives to suit the 
specific needs of medical devices, resulting in cost sav-
ings for hospitals. 3D printing has many advantages over 
conventional manufacturing methods. First, it enables 
complex structures to be printed in an integrated manner 
without additional assembly work. This not only reduces 
the manufacturing time but also improves the reliability 
and stability of the product. Second, 3D printing also offers 
a more flexible material selection. We can select different 
kinds of plastic materials to print according to medical 
device use environment and functional requirements. By 
doing so, we can ensure that medical devices have the 
durability, corrosion resistance, and high-temperature 
resistance to meet various complex medical needs.2 
Therefore, the application innovation of 3D printing in 
medical equipment maintenance was further analyzed 
in this study.

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION 
STATUS OF 3D PRINTING IN THE MEDICAL 

INDUSTRY

Principle and Development of 3D Printing Technology

3D printing (three-dimensional printing) is a tech-
nology for manufacturing three-dimensional objects 
by stacking specific materials layer by layer. Compared 
with the traditional “subtractive manufacturing process”, 
3D printing is an “additive manufacturing process”. Its 
working principle is based on the core concept of “layer-
by-layer stacking.” It can be understood that the digital 
model is divided into a series of ordered two-dimensional 
sections (slices) according to the Z axis (perpendicular 
to the horizontal plane), and these sections are stacked 
layer by layer using specific materials, finally forming a 
three-dimensional entity.

3D Printing Process

(1) Three-dimensional model design stage: First, 
a three-dimensional digital model must be created or 
scanned using CAD-Computer Aided Design software or 
other 3D modeling tools.

(2) Model data optimization stage: No matter in the 
process of scanning entities to obtain 3D point cloud 
reprocessing modeling or direct entity modeling, cer-
tain supporting structures can be added to maintain the 
shape and stability of printed objects and the supporting 
structures can be removed after printing.

(3) Section processing stage: The three-dimensional 
model is imported into the 3D printing software, which will 
segment the model into extremely thin two-dimensional 
sections, commonly known as “sections”, which will guide 
the 3D printer to build objects layer by layer.

(4) Layer-by-layer stacking stage: the 3D printer uses 
specific materials (such as plastic, metal powder, and 
ceramic) to stack layer by layer according to the slice 
information. After each layer is stacked, the printhead 
moves to the next layer and repeats the stacking process 
until the entire object is built.

Key Technologies

Material selection. 3D printing uses various materials, 
including plastic (such as ABS, PLA), metal powder, ceramic, 
glass, etc., and different materials have different physical 
and chemical properties suitable for different application 
scenarios. In the maintenance of medical equipment, it is 
very important to select the appropriate materials, which 
need to have the characteristics of durability, biocompat-
ibility, and mechanical properties to ensure that the equip-
ment, after maintenance, can run normally and meet the 
medical standards. First, medical institutions can work 
with professional material suppliers to jointly evaluate 
and test the performance of different materials to find 
materials suitable for medical equipment maintenance. 
Second, medical institutions can conduct laboratory tests 
and clinical trials to assess different materials’  durability, 
biocompatibility, and mechanical properties. Through 
independent research development and testing, medical 



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  Jiang: Application and Innovation of 3D Printing in Medical Equipment Maintenance

institutions can ensure that the selected materials meet 
the medical industry’ s requirements and maintenance 
equipment needs. Third, medical institutions should estab-
lish strict quality control procedures, including material 
procurement, inspection, and verification.3 Fourthly, a 
feedback mechanism is established to timely collect and 
analyze the performance data of the equipment after 
maintenance and make adjustments and improvements 
according to the data results, to promote medical institu-
tions to continuously optimize the material selection and 
quality control procedures and improve the effectiveness 
and reliability of the equipment maintenance. 

Printing accuracy. The accuracy of 3D printing depends 
on several factors, including the printer's design, the slic-
ing process’ s accuracy, the material's nature, and so on. 
In the 3D printing process, medical institutions can take 
measures to establish an effective quality control process 
and improve the quality and reliability of printed parts. 
First of all, medical institutions can determine the optimal 
printing temperature, printing speed, height, and other 
parameters through experiments and tests. The printing 
parameters of different materials and parts may differ, 
so they must be adjusted and optimized according to the 
specific situation. Optimizing the printing parameters 
can improve the surface quality, dimensional accuracy, 
and strength of parts. Secondly, before printing, medical 
institutions can use 3D modeling software to check the 
design documents to ensure no error in geometry and size 
and conduct finite element stress analysis under certain 
conditions. The printed parts are divided into a limited 
number of smaller elements. The analysis module applies 
each element’ s appropriate physical conditions (such as 
load and boundary conditions). The analysis results can 
be reported, including information about the product 
stress distribution, safety factors, and shape variables, 
to ensure the intensity reliability of the printed parts. 
Thirdly, medical institutions can also track and trace the 
quality control process of each printed part by estab-
lishing detailed documents and records and reviewing 
and analyzing them when necessary. Finally, medical 
institutions should ensure that 3D printing equipment 
is in good working order, maintained, and calibrated ac-
cording to the manufacturer's recommendations. Periodic 
maintenance and calibration can ensure the equipment’ s 

stability and consistency and improve the printed parts’ 
quality and reliability.

Application Status of 3D Printing in the Medical 
Industry

Implant Printing

Dental implants: 3D printing technology is introduced 
in dental restorations such as reseeding and the appli-
cation in digital processing of dentures, thus obtaining 
the final product manufacturing materials with medical 
certification.

Orthopedic implants: 3D printing technology can produce 
more advanced and qualified implants and prostheses, 
which also increases the delivery speed of customized 
implants. From design to manufacturing a customized 
implant, it can be completed within 24h at the earliest.

Adjuvant Therapy

Rehabilitation devices: The US team of Mak-er worked 
with Stratasys, a 3D printing company, to make prosthetic 
limbs for a child for as little as $350, while conventional 
prosthetic limbs cost as much as $40,000. Artificial limbs 
need to be replaced many times during children’ s growth. 
If traditional artificial limbs are purchased, it will burden 
families heavily.4

Teaching of anatomical model: When 2D images formed 
by X-ray films, MRI, and CT scans are used to study and 
simulate surgical anatomical structures, the guiding 
significance is low, while 3D printed models can provide 
more detailed, intuitive, and stereoscopic anatomical 
information due to the characteristics of high fidelity.5

Drug Research

Conventional manufacturing methods are unsuitable for 
producing individualized drugs and complex geometries, 
limiting the ability to produce customized dosage forms. 
The advantages of 3D printing of drugs include accurate 
drug size and dose control, high repeatability, and the 
ability to produce dosage forms with complex drug release 
characteristics. According to patients’ age, weight, and 
disease severity, the development of personalized drugs 



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 Jiang: Application and Innovation of 3D Printing in Medical Equipment Maintenance

through 3D printing can improve efficacy and reduce 
adverse reactions.6, 7

Biological Printing

A multidisciplinary research team from the University 
of Minnesota, Virginia Tech, the University of Maryland, 
Princeton University, and Johns Hopkins University 
has designed a custom-made nerve guide tube with 3D 
printing, which is filled with biochemical signals that can 
cause the growth of motor and sensory nerves to help 
the recovery of the sensory and motor functions of the 
damaged nerves.8

Maintenance of Medical Equipment

Xu et al.9 conducted reverse modeling on the fractured 
syringe pump fitting through parametric modeling, con-
ducted stress analysis and strengthening on the model, and 
finally made the replacement using the FDM process. Shen 
et al. 10 used the 3D scanner to obtain three-dimensional 
information on the damaged parts of the washing and dis-
infection machine and processed repair through software, 
finally making the available parts through a 3D printer.

Visual Teaching and Training

By presenting the internal structure and working 
principle of medical equipment in the form of the physical 
model, we can provide medical staff with a more intuitive 
and visual tool to help them better understand the use of 
equipment and maintenance procedures. First, through the 
3D printing technology, we can make the physical models 
of medical equipment. These models can accurately display 
the internal structure and components of the equipment 
so that medical staff can understand the working principle 
of the equipment more clearly. Compared with traditional 
teaching methods, this visual approach is more vivid and 
intuitive, which helps to improve the learning effect. By 
observing and operating these models, medical staff can 
better understand the use of the equipment and operating 
procedures.11 Secondly, 3D printing technology can also 
make a detachable model so that medical staff can under-
stand the internal structure of the equipment in depth. 
They can disassemble the model and observe the position 
and function of each component better to understand the 
equipment's working principle and maintenance process. 

This hands-on participation can enhance medical staff's 
learning interest and participation and improve their 
understanding and mastery of the equipment. Finally, the 
models produced by 3D printing technology can also be 
used to simulate the actual operation. Medical staff can 
use these models to practice and be familiar with equip-
ment and maintenance processes. This practical teaching 
method can help them master the skills and improve work 
efficiency and accuracy.12

Development Opportunities and Challenges of 3D 
Printing

Development Opportunities for 3D Printing

(1) Technological innovation and integration, combining 
3D printing technology with advanced technologies such 
as artificial intelligence and big data will push it towards 
intelligence and automation and improve production ef-
ficiency and quality. The development of material science 
will promote the diversification of 3D printing materials 
so that more materials (such as metal, plastic, ceramic, 
etc.) can be used to make superior performance products.

(2) Growth of market demand. With the wide applica-
tion of 3D printing technology in aerospace, automotive, 
medical, and other fields, the market demand will con-
tinue to grow. The advantages of 3D printing technology 
in personalized customization and complex structure 
manufacturing will promote its popularity in the con-
sumer goods market.

(3) Policy support and promotion. Various govern-
ments have issued policies to support the development 
of 3D printing technology, including providing funds and 
establishing an innovation platform. 3D printing technol-
ogy has been included in the national strategic emerging 
industry development plan, becoming an important force 
in promoting the transformation and upgrading of the 
manufacturing industry.

Challenges for 3D Printing

(1) Large-scale production cost. Although 3D printing 
technology has advantages in prototyping and small-scale 
production, it still faces the challenge of high cost in large-
scale production. The high price of industrial-grade 3D 



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  Jiang: Application and Innovation of 3D Printing in Medical Equipment Maintenance

printing equipment and materials used and the limitations 
of processing methods and processing efficiency make 
it difficult to reduce the cost of large-scale production.

(2) Print quality and consistency. Minor errors that may 
occur during 3D printing, such as excessive or insufficient 
extrusion, can cause problems such as porosity, cracks, 
or deformation in the finished product. These defects not 
only waste resources but also increase the unpredictability 
of traditional manufacturing methods.

(3) Intellectual property protection. The popularity of 
3D printing technology makes copying products easier 
and puts higher requirements for intellectual property 
protection. How to effectively protect the intellectual 
property rights of designers and manufacturers has be-
come an urgent problem to be solved in the development 
of 3D printing technology.

(4) Technology and standard system. Currently, the 
scale of the 3D printing industry is limited, the degree of 
marketization is relatively limited, and the application 
cases of mass manufacturing are few. The corresponding 
application standard system still needs to be established 
and improved to promote the standardization and devel-
opment of 3D printing technology.

ADVANTAGES OF 3D PRINTING IN MEDICAL 
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE

Rapid Manufacturing and Customization Capabilities

In the traditional maintenance process, we often need 
to wait for the supplier's delivery, which costs a lot of 
time. With 3D printing technology, medical institutions 
can immediately manufacture the required parts without 
waiting.13 At the same time, 3D printing can also be cus-
tomized according to the specific needs of the design to 
meet the personalized requirements of different devices.

Cost and Resource Savings

The traditional supply chain and manufacturing process 
need many intermediate links, which wastes time and a lot 
of resources. 3D printing technology can directly convert 
design into physical products, reducing the intermediate 
links, thus saving costs and resources.

Improve Equipment Maintenance Efficiency and 
Reduce Downtime

3D printing can improve equipment maintenance 
efficiency and reduce downtime. In the traditional main-
tenance process, we often need to wait for the supply or 
transportation of parts, which leads to prolonged equip-
ment downtime.14 However, with 3D printing technology, 
medical institutions can immediately manufacture the 
needed parts, dramatically reducing repair time and 
improving equipment availability.

APPLICATION INNOVATION OF 3D PRINTING IN 
MEDICAL EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE

The existing modeling techniques can be divided into 
wireframe, surface, solid, assembly, parametric, feature, 
and other types according to their different usages.15 In 
this study, Autodesk Inventor Professional 2019 was used 
to conduct solid modeling for the patient to monitor the 
protective shell (with handle). Solid modeling establishes 
a 3D solid model using basic voxel combination through 
collection operation and basic deformation operation. 
The generated solid model consists of a series of straight 
lines, arcs, points, and free curves, which describe the 
outline of the product.16

Modeling

Using vernier calipers to physically measure the exte-
rior dimensions of the patient’ s monitor and then use 3D 
modeling software to combine the measured dimensions 
with the parameters to design the protective shell of the 
monitor, taking into account the thermal expansion and 
contraction of the print material, the tolerance of the 
design is controlled at ± 0.03 mm (FDM fused deposi-
tion), and the modeling of the part is completed. The part 
is assembled in the Inventor software. See Figures 1–3.

Inventor Stress Analysis (Finite Element Analysis)

Stress analysis, i.e., finite element analysis, converts 
an engineering system from a continuous system to a 
finite element system (discrete system) for solving and 
calculating engineering problems: The stress analysis 
environment in Inventor is dedicated to isotropic mate-
rials, such as metals, plastics, and glass; Stress analysis 



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 Jiang: Application and Innovation of 3D Printing in Medical Equipment Maintenance

can find out the dangerous points, i.e., the parts with 
stress concentration or strain concentration, which are 
often the potential positions of part failure. Optimization 
design, according to the results of the stress analysis, can 
be part or component design optimization, for example, 
by adjusting the thickness of the material, shape, or the 
layout of the reinforcement to reduce stress concentration 
and improve the structure strength; Validation design, in 
the product design stage, you can use stress analysis to 
verify the rationality of the design, through the simulation 
of the actual working environment of the force, you can 
predict the performance and life of the product.

(1) Specify the part as ABS material, as shown in 
Figure 4:

(2) According to the actual use of parts, set constraints, 
as shown in Figure 5:

FIGURE 1. Model of protective case part 1 of monitor.

FIGURE 2. Model of protective shell part 2 of monitor.

FIGURE 3. Assembly model of protective shell parts of 
monitor.

FIGURE 4. Specified part material.

FIGURE 5. Setting constraints.



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(3) Based on the actual use of the parts, set the load 
situation. The net weight of the monitor is about 4 KG, 
and the corresponding load is about 40 Newton (N), as 
shown in Figure 6:

(4) Set the finite element analysis grid, the average 
element size is set to 0.05, as shown in Figure 7:

(5) Running results, the maximum displacement of 
0.1609 mm, as shown in Figure 8:

(6) The minimum safety factor is 15, as shown in 
Figure 9:

According to the Autodesk Support website,17 the 
safety factor is the ratio of the allowable stress to the 
actual stress. A safety factor of 1 indicates that the stress 
is within the allowable limit, a safety factor of less than 
1 indicates a possible failure and a safety factor greater 
than 1 indicates that the stress is within the allowable 
limit. The minimum safety factor in this design is 15, and 
a safety factor greater than 1 indicates that the design is 
reasonable.

Part Printing

Slicing Software

Use slicing software to load the model file with the 
.STL format and conduct slicing operation. slicing is to 
cut the 3D model into a series of slices, and each slice 
represents the part that the printer needs to print layer 
by layer during the printing process.

Set Print Parameters

In the slicing software, you need to set the printing 
parameters, such as printing temperature, filling density, 
layer thickness, shell, etc. The settings of these parameters 
need to be adjusted according to the printer model, print-
ing materials, and printing requirements.

FIGURE 6. Setting load.

FIGURE 7. Setting finite element analysis grid.

FIGURE 8. Maximum displacement.

FIGURE 9. Minimum safety factor.



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Export Print File

After setting the parameters, export the sliced file to 
a format that the printer recognizes.

Start Printing

Transfer the exported print file to the 3D printer, 
prepare the print material, and start the printer, and the 
printer will print the model layer by layer according to 
the parameters and paths set in the slicing software.

Aftertreatment

The surface of the printed model may be rough and 
needs to be ground and polished. You can use sandpaper, 
polishing paste, and other grinding tools to make the 
model surface smoother, as shown in Figure 10.

CONCLUSION

In actual maintenance, the original cost of spare parts 
is much higher than 3D printing, and the purchase of 
original spare parts costs about 300 Yuan, while the cost 
of 3D printing is under 50 Yuan; Parts usually take one 
week to arrive, while 3D printing can be done in one day, 
saving maintenance costs and reducing maintenance time.

In this study, the significant advantages of 3D printing 
technology in terms of speed, precision, and cost control 
are demonstrated through the manufacturing example 
of the protective shell of the monitor, which is especially 
suitable for the rapid manufacturing of single spare parts 
required for the maintenance and later improvement of 
medical devices. Currently, 3D printing technology is still 

in the preliminary application stage in hospital equipment 
maintenance. This research aims to deeply explore this 
technology, optimize the design of 3D models, improve 
production efficiency, and ensure that it can quickly re-
spond to the needs of clinical departments to maximize 
the social benefits of medical equipment.

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