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Received March 3, 2025, accepted April 19 2025, date of publication April 28 2025.

Original Research Article 

Mongolian Medical Equipment Regulations: Challenges in Clini-
cal Engineering Development

Gerelt-Od Namdag1, Amarsaikhan Dashtseren2, and Munkh-Erdene Luvsan1*

1 Department of Health Policy, School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
2 Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

* Corresponding Author Email: munkherdene@mnums.edu.mn

ABSTRACT

To effectively deliver healthcare services, it is essential to strengthen and expand the education system for qualified clinical 
engineers and technicians.  This should be combined with measures such as providing modern equipment to health facilities 
and making spare parts available.  Internationally, one clinical engineer is typically responsible for approximately 100 pieces 
of equipment, while each large piece of equipment, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), 
positron emission tomography (PET scan), and angiography machines, is assigned to a dedicated engineer. However, in our 
country, no standard exists linking the number of engineers to the quantity of medical equipment. The Law on Drugs and Medical 
Devices, adopted in 2024, stipulates that general hospitals, specialized centers, and specialized hospitals must have a dedicated 
unit responsible for the use and safety of medical equipment, while other healthcare institutions must employ a full-time or 
subcontracted engineer. However, biomedical engineers and technicians are not classified as “medical specialists” under the 
Law on Health. Although four universities nationwide train biomedical engineers and technicians, the number of graduates still 
does not meet the growing market demand. There is also a need to diversify and develop biomedical engineers in line with in-
ternational standards, including certification. These findings underscore the need for structural reforms in clinical engineering 
training, legal recognition, and workforce planning in Mongolia.

Objective: To assess the human resource needs and legal framework for medical equipment specialists and compare them 
with the WHO and regional country regulations.

Methods: We used analytical, cross-sectional, and descriptive study designs. A total of 272 engineers and technicians were 
interviewed using a pre-prepared questionnaire that included questions on work experience, postgraduate training, qualification 
level, and workload. We also reviewed WHO and regional regulations regarding the professional descriptions and certification 
of biomedical engineers. The data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics 26, and the results are presented in figures and tables. 

Results: The study population comprised 72.4% males, 95.6% full-time employees, and 68.8% bachelor’s degree holders. 
However, the majority (90.4%) did not have a specialty degree. Regarding on-the-job and other training, 73.5% had not received 
any training.  The training status of professionals was not dependent on the organization they worked for.  However, there was 

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Namdag, Dashtseren, Luvsan: Mongolian Medical Equipment Regulations: Challenges in Clinical Engineering Development

J Global Clinical Engineering Vol.7 Issue 2: 2025 26

a statistically significant difference between foreign training 
and manufacturer-provided training. The professionals sur-
veyed had received relatively little training since they started 
working. As their years of experience increased, the number 
of manufacturer-organized training sessions also increased. 
However, there was no relation between years of experience 
and the number of domestic, foreign, or postgraduate training 
sessions. Additionally, the number of medical devices man-
aged per engineer varied, and the legal framework regulating 
social security, rights, and obligations remains insufficient. 
It also varied compared to WHO recommendations, medical 
engineering professional descriptions, and certifications 
across countries in the region.

Conclusion: Clinical engineers and technicians face a heavier 
workload. The lack of postgraduate training opportunities, an 
insufficient legal framework, and variations in medical engi-
neering professional descriptions and certifications across 
countries in the region present significant challenges for the 
sector. Based on these findings, the study proposes strategic 
recommendations including legal recognition, certification 
systems, continuing professional development, and workforce 
planning policies to address these barriers and strengthen 
clinical engineering in Mongolia.

Keywords—Human resources, Healthcare specialist, 
Legal framework.             

Copyright © 2025. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms 
of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY): Creative Commons - At-
tribution 4.0 International - CC BY 4.0. The use, distribution or reproduction in 
other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright 
owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is 
cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or 
reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

BACKGROUND

In Mongolia, health products and technologies, one of 
the six main components of the health sector systems de-
veloped by the World Health Organization,1 are regulated 
by the Law on Health,2 the revised version of the Law on 
Drugs and Medical Devices,3 and the Law on Metrology.4 
To effectively deliver healthcare services, it is essential to 
strengthen and expand the education system for qualified 
engineers and technicians of medical equipment. This 
effort should be complemented by equipping healthcare 
institutions with modern medical devices and ensuring the 
availability of spare parts. In Mongolia, the state budget 
for medical equipment ranged from 9 to 41 billion tugriks 

between 2017 and 2021. Since 2018, maintenance costs 
for major technologies such as magnetic resonance imag-
ing (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and angiography 
devices, previously covered by the organizations’ operat-
ing expenses, have been separately allocated in the state 
budget. However, since 2020, healthcare institutions have 
been responsible for these costs.5 Article 40.1 of the revised 
Law on Drugs and Medical Devices states that “Healthcare 
institutions specified in Articles 15.1.4, 15.1.5, 15.1.7, 
15.1.11, 15.1.12, and 15.1.13 of the Law on Health shall 
have a unit responsible for the use and safety of medical 
equipment, and other healthcare institutions shall have a 
full-time or contracted clinical engineer who shall perform 
the corresponding functions.”3 However, the rights and 
obligations outlined in Articles 28.1 and 28.4 of the Law 
on Health, particularly Article 28.1.5, which states that 
professionals should have the opportunity to “improve 
their professional skills and participate in postgradu-
ate training at the expense of the institution every five 
years,”2 do not apply to clinical engineers. The WHO also 
published a report titled “Human Resources for Medical 
Devices: The Role of Biomedical Engineers as part of its 
Medical Device Technical Series”, highlighting the global 
concern over the need for certification of professionals 
in the field of Biomedical Engineering (BME).6 

The Mongolian standard sets the minimum staffing 
ratio of clinical engineers to technicians (4:2) for both 
specialized and general hospitals,7,8 and 1 per 100 pieces 
of equipment for Family Health Centers,9 soum (district) 
and village health centers,10 and maternity houses.11 Ad-
ditionally, the National Center for Blood Transfusion and 
Research and the National Center for Zoonotic Diseases 
have a 2:1 ratio,12,13 while the National Center for Pathol-
ogy follows a ratio of 1:1.14 Nevertheless, a report by the 
Ministry of Health of Mongolia indicated that, in practice, 
one engineer is responsible for 220 pieces of equipment 
in central hospitals and specialized centers, while one 
engineer manages 319 pieces of equipment in both the 
capital and local areas.15

According to the Order No. 439 issued in 2006 by the 
Minister of Health of Mongolia, one engineer is typically 
responsible for approximately 100 pieces of medical equip-
ment, with one engineer dedicated to each major device, 
such as MRI, CT, PET scan, and angiography machines.16

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27 J Global Clinical Engineering Vol.7 Issue 2 2025

Namdag, Dashtseren, Luvsan: Mongolian Medical Equipment Regulations: Challenges in Clinical Engineering Development

The ME Uptime Project (2018), jointly conducted by 
the Ministry of Health of Zambia and the Tropical Health 
and Education Trust (THET) with the support of WHO, 
recommended that “1 BMET per 100 units of equipment is 
adequate,” emphasizing the need for structured biomedi-
cal maintenance staffing.17 

According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, the 
demand for biomedical engineers is projected to grow 
by 5% from 2022 to 2032, outpacing the growth of many 
other occupations.18 This increase is driven by advance-
ments in healthcare technology and the rising demand 
for medical services due to an aging population.18

In Mongolia, two government and two private univer-
sities offer training programs for biomedical engineers 
and technicians. According to the 2023 statistics, ap-
proximately 900 engineers and technicians have been 
trained.19 Although human resource requirements for 
medical equipment maintenance were established by the 
Minister of Health orders in 2006 and 2018, implementa-
tion remains limited.16,20 Only 43% of the 16 healthcare 
institutions under the Ministry of Health have inde-
pendent clinical engineering departments. Among the 
25 healthcare institutions under the capital city health 
department, 24% have only 1 to 2 engineers. Moreover, 
95% of the 21 provincial healthcare institutions operate 
with just 1 to 2 engineers and lack dedicated medical 
technical departments.15

Therefore, it is necessary to assess the adequacy of 
clinical engineers in the healthcare sector and compare 
the legal framework with that of other countries in the 
region.

 OBJECTIVE

To assess the human resource needs and associated 
legal framework for medical equipment specialists and 
compare them with the WHO recommendations and 
regional country regulations.

 METHODS

The study followed an analytic, cross-sectional, and 
descriptive study design. Human resource needs were 
assessed through indicators such as employment contract 
specifications, qualifications, training, years of experience, 

and workload. A structured questionnaire was used to 
collect data on the number of engineers and technicians 
currently working in the medical equipment field, their 
qualifications, and training from 76 healthcare institu-
tions in the capital and local areas. Additionally, data 
was collected from 272 currently working specialists, 
covering job roles, contract types, main specialties, years 
of experience, and training. Mongolian laws, standards, 
rules, and regulations related to human resources for 
medical equipment, as well as WHO recommendations 
and regulations in regional countries, were also reviewed.

For the descriptive analysis, the mean, standard deviation, 
and 95% confidence interval of the mean were calculated 
for quantitative variables with normal distribution. For 
non-normal distributions, the median and interquartile 
range were calculated. Outliers in quantitative variables 
with non-normal distribution (defined as x ≤ Q1−1.5IQR 
or x ≥ Q3+1.5IQR) were removed. After removing outli-
ers, the mean, standard deviation, and 95% confidence 
interval of the mean were recalculated.

To assess differences in quantitative variables between 
groups, the Mann–Whitney U test was used for two inde-
pendent groups, and the Kruskal–Wallis H test was used 
for three or more groups. Differences were considered 
statistically significant if the P-value was less than 0.05.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

The study methodology was discussed at the Institu-
tional Review Board meeting of the Mongolian National 
University of Medical Sciences on January 21, 2022 (No. 
2022/3-01), and permission to conduct the study was 
obtained.

 RESULTS

We surveyed 272 professionals, comprising 83.9% of 
engineers and technicians working in the healthcare sector. 
Of the professionals surveyed, 72.4% were males, 95.6% 
were full-time employees, and 68.8% held a bachelor’s 
degree. However, the majority (90.4%) of specialists did 
not have a professional degree (Table 1). This is attrib-
uted to the lack of a legal framework, professional career 
development roadmaps, job descriptions, and planning.



Namdag, Dashtseren, Luvsan: Mongolian Medical Equipment Regulations: Challenges in Clinical Engineering Development

J Global Clinical Engineering Vol.7 Issue 2: 2025 28

TABLE 1. General characteristics of medical equipment specialists in organizations, by percentage.

Indicators Total,
n = 272 MH* PGH† RDTC‡ DGH§ DHCII SGH¶ SH†† ECMOHSC# SO**

Gender

Female 27.6 85.7 26.7 33.3 25.0 37.5 25.0 50.0 27.9 21.6

Male 72.4 14.3 73.3 66.7 75.0 62.5 75.0 50.0 72.1 78.4

Terms of the employment contract

Contract 4.4 - 8.9 - - 12.5 50.0 - 4.9 0.9

Full-time 95.6 100.0 91.1 100.0 100.0 87.5 50.0 100.0 95.1 99.1

Education level

No 
education 0.7 - 4.4 - - - - - - -

High 
school 2.6 - 4.4 5.6 - - - - 6.6 -

Bachelor 68.8 71.4 53.3 44.4 87.5 87.5 100.0 50.0 57.4 80.2

Licentiate 19.1 - 35.6 44.4 12.5 12.5 - - 24.6 9.0

Master 8.8 28.6 2.2 5.6 - - - 50.0 11.5 10.8

Qualification

None 90.4 100.0 77.8 94.4 100.0 87.5 100.0 100.0 90.2 93.7

Consultant 0.7 - - - - - - - 1.6 0.9

Qualified 8.8 - 22.2 5.6 - 12.5 - - 8.2 5.4

Notes: *Maternal houses, †Provincial General Hospitals, ‡Regional Diagnostic and Treatment Centers, §District General 
Hospitals, IIDistrict Health Centers, ¶Soum General Hospitals, ††Specialized Hospitals, Capital Department of Health 
institutions, #Emergency Centers, Ministry of Health Specialized centers, **Supply Organizations.



29 J Global Clinical Engineering Vol.7 Issue 2 2025

Namdag, Dashtseren, Luvsan: Mongolian Medical Equipment Regulations: Challenges in Clinical Engineering Development

TABLE 2. Training of biomedical engineers and technicians, by type of organizations.

Indicators
Total UB Health Department Local Private Ministry of Health

P
n % n % n % n % n %

Internal 
training  0.371

Not 
attended 

at all
200 73.5 24 72.7 44 65.7 86 77.5 46 75.4

Attended 72 26.5 9 27.3 23 34.3 25 22.5 15 24.6

Foreign 
training 0.0001

Not 
attended 

at all
258 94.9 32 97.0 67 100.0 109 98.2 50 82.0

Attended 14 5.1 1 3.0 0 0.0 2 1.8 11 18.0

Postgraduate training 0.140

Not 
attended 

at all
187 68.8 23 69.7 44 65.7 84 75.7 36 59.0

Attended 85 31.3 10 30.3 23 34.3 27 24.3 25 41.0

Manufacturer training 0.0001

Not 
attended 

at all
176 64.7 33 100.0 58 86.6 36 32.4 49 80.3

Attended 96 35.3 0 0.0 9 13.4 75 67.6 12 19.7

Notes: Percentages may not add up to exactly 100% due to rounding, institutional differences in respondent numbers, 
and missing values for some variables.



Namdag, Dashtseren, Luvsan: Mongolian Medical Equipment Regulations: Challenges in Clinical Engineering Development

J Global Clinical Engineering Vol.7 Issue 2: 2025 30

As for the status of on-the-job and other training 
received by the surveyed professionals, 73.5% had not 
received any training. The training status did not depend 
on the organization they worked for. However, there was 
a statistically significant difference between the organi-
zations in the availability of foreign and manufacturer 
training (Table 2).

Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2 show that the profession-
als surveyed receive relatively little training after starting 
their occupation. The average duration of postgraduate 
training is 32 days (95% CI, 22.8–41.2) in government 
organizations and 19.8 days (95% CI, 9.5–30.1) in private 
organizations (Figure 1).  

FIGURE 1. Internal training participation by organizations.

Manufacturers are equally represented in government 
and private organizations, with 17.2 (± 16.3) days of train-
ing. The maximum duration of postgraduate training was 
93 days in government organizations, while it was 70 days 

FIGURE 2. Manufacturer training participation by organizations.

in private organizations, indicating that training was more 
concentrated in government organizations (Figure 2).  

As the number of years of experience in the field in-
creases among the surveyed professionals, participation 
in training organized by the manufacturer increases. 
However, participation in domestic, foreign, and post-
graduate training was not associated with the years of 
experience (Table 3).

As the number of years of experience in the field in-
creased among the surveyed professionals, participation 
in training organized by the manufacturer also increased. 
On the other hand, participation in domestic, foreign, and 
postgraduate training was not significantly associated 
with years of experience (Table 3).



31 J Global Clinical Engineering Vol.7 Issue 2 2025

Namdag, Dashtseren, Luvsan: Mongolian Medical Equipment Regulations: Challenges in Clinical Engineering Development

 
TABLE 3. Training of biomedical engineers and technicians, by years of experience.

Indicators
1–3 years 4–6 years 7–9 years 10+ years

P
Number % Number % Number % Number %

Internal training  0.437

Not attended at all 72 78.3 39 73.6 32 71.1 51 67.1

Attended 20 21.7 14 26.4 13 28.9 25 32.9

Foreign training 0.197

Not attended at all 90 97.8 51 96.2 43 95.6 69 90.8

Attended 2 2.2 2 3.8 2 4.4 7 9.2

Postgraduate training 0.064

Not attended at all 71 77.2 37 69.8 30 66.7 44 57.9

Attended 21 22.8 16 30.2 15 33.3 32 42.1

Manufacturer training 0.001

Not attended at all 74 80.4 28 52.8 25 55.6 44 57.9

Attended 18 19.6 25 47.2 20 44.4 32 42.1



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J Global Clinical Engineering Vol.7 Issue 2: 2025 32

DISCUSSION

In the ISCO-08 system of International Standard Clas-
sification of Occupations published by the International 
Labor Organization-ILO, biomedical engineers are clas-
sified under the Group 2149 category, “Engineering pro-
fessionals not elsewhere classified.”21 In Mongolia, Order 
No. 16, “National Lists, Classifications and Definitions of 
Occupations and Jobs”, issued by the Minister of Labor 
and Social Protection on February 10, 2010, Biomedical 
engineers are classified under the Group 2149 category, 
“Engineering professionals not elsewhere classified.”22

The World Health Organization’s Medical Devices 
Technical Series report, Human Resource Development 
and the Role of Biomedical Engineers, highlights that BME 
is not officially classified within the health category in 
international and national occupational classifications.23 

This lack of recognition impacts the assessment and de-
velopment of the profession, hinders acknowledgment of 
its critical role, and negatively affects the sustainability 
of human resources in the health sector.6 Over the past 
decade, the rapid advancement of medical science and 
technology has led to continuous investments in new 
healthcare technologies, significantly increasing the 
workload of engineers and technicians.

According to our findings, there are 324 (± 234) pieces 
of equipment per engineer, which exceeds international 
standards. This highlights the need for additional profes-
sional human resources in the healthcare sector. Addition-
ally, there is a need for continuous training of existing 
specialists, improvement of the legal framework, and the 
development and implementation of job descriptions and 
career development plans. The Law on Drugs and Medical 
Devices (revised version) mandates that large hospitals 
establish medical equipment units and requires other 
healthcare organizations to employ full-time or contracted 
clinical engineers. However, clinical engineers and tech-
nicians are not classified as “medical specialists” under 
the Law on Health, which regulates social security, rights, 
and obligations for human resources in the sector. This 
results in a regulatory gap, violating provisions such as 
the requirement for professionals to improve their skills 
and attend postgraduate training at the organization’s 
expense every 5 years.

A study on the prevalence of biomedical engineers per 
10,000 population in the WHO Western Pacific Region 
found that Japan had 1.58, Malaysia 0.82, Mongolia 0.81, 
and Kiribati 0.27, while China had 0.03 and the Republic 
of Korea had < 0.01.24 A study by the WHO (2015) found 
that the proportion of male engineers (77%) was three 
times higher than that of female engineers (23%). However, 
five countries, namely Argentina, Ukraine, Macedonia, 
Malaysia, and Sudan, reported that the number of female 
engineers exceeded that of males. In contrast, Laos, Mi-
cronesia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Vanuatu 
did not register any female engineers at all.24 According 
to the WHO research, Mongolia has 240 Biomedical or 
Clinical Engineering specialists.24 

Regarding the structural organization and human 
resource supply for the maintenance and reliable opera-
tion of medical equipment, as of 2023, 43% of the 16 
healthcare institutions under the Ministry of Health had 
an independent clinical department staffed with 10 to 
20 engineers and technicians. In contrast, 24% of the 25 
healthcare institutions under the Ulaanbaatar City Health 
Department (UBHD) had only 1 to 2 engineers, while 95% 
of the 21 provincial healthcare institutions had just 1 to 
2 engineers, without an independent medical technical 
department.

The WHO emphasizes the need for long-term, sustain-
able efforts to train highly skilled engineers and techni-
cians to ensure the normal and reliable operation and 
maintenance of medical equipment. This approach will 
help reduce maintenance costs and improve the quality 
of medical care and services.25 

In Mongolia, medical equipment engineers are referred 
to as “Biomedical Engineers”, regardless of the field they 
work in (hospitals, supply organizations, factories, etc.). 
They are also typically certified as consulting healthcare 
engineers or certified healthcare engineers.26

A series of technical documents issued by the WHO has 
defined BME as follows: “Biomedical engineering” includes 
equivalent or similar disciplines, whose names might be 
different, such as medical engineering, electromedicine, 
bioengineering, medical and biological engineering, and 
clinical engineering.27



33 J Global Clinical Engineering Vol.7 Issue 2 2025

Namdag, Dashtseren, Luvsan: Mongolian Medical Equipment Regulations: Challenges in Clinical Engineering Development

However, in some countries, the term “Biomedical en-
gineer” is used interchangeably with “Clinical engineer” 
in hospitals.

The American College of Clinical Engineering defines 
a clinical engineer as “a professional who supports and 
advances patient care by applying engineering and mana-
gerial skills to health care technology”.28

The Association for the Advancement of Medical Instru-
mentation describes a clinical engineer as, “a professional 
who brings to health-care facilities a level of education, 
experience, and accomplishment which will enable him to 
responsibly, effectively, and safely manage and interface 
with medical devices, instruments, and systems and the 
user thereof during patient care”.29

Japan has a government-certified Clinical Engineering 
Technologist (CET) designation. To become a CET, one 
must graduate from a university, college, or vocational 
school with a degree in clinical engineering and pass a 
national examination. CETs specialize in the operation 
and maintenance of medical equipment. In 1987, the 
Clinical Engineering Law was enacted, regulating CETs 
as medical professionals who specialize in the operation 
and maintenance of life-saving equipment.30 

In Taiwan, the Taiwan Society for Biomedical Engineer-
ing certifies clinical engineers, medical device technicians, 
and biomedical engineers. It has been administering 
formal certification exams since 2007.30

In 2005, international clinical engineer certification was 
introduced in China. The Medical Engineering Division of 
the Chinese Medical Association organizes the examina-
tion. In 2012, the Chinese Registered Clinical Engineer 
Certification program was launched, with the examination 
including both theoretical and practical tests.30 

In Mongolia, medical equipment engineers are awarded 
consulting and specialized engineering degrees following 
Order No. 213 of the Minister of Health, dated September 
2, 2005, titled “On Organizing Training for Granting Spe-
cialist and Consulting Engineering Degrees to Healthcare 
Engineers.”26

These findings demonstrate that despite the establish-
ment of basic legal provisions, significant gaps remain in 

human resource development and regulation for clinical 
engineering. The data show limited access to training, a 
high equipment-to-engineer ratio, and the lack of pro-
fessional recognition.  Compared to WHO, IMDRF, and 
the regulations of countries like Australia, Japan, Korea, 
China, and the Philippines, Mongolia’s medical device 
regulation shows gaps in terminology, classification, 
post-market surveillance, packaging, labeling, advertis-
ing, and disposal. However, import regulations align with 
international standards.31 

 As highlighted by Ayala (2022), the role of clinical 
engineering has progressed alongside the increasing 
complexity of medical technologies—extending beyond 
equipment maintenance to encompass integrated man-
agement, innovation, and participation in policy-making 
processes.32 

As Mijares (2023) emphasizes in his study of clini-
cal engineering in Venezuela, the interaction between 
health technologies and national political systems plays 
a critical role in determining the quality and accessibility 
of medical care. The research underscores that sustain-
able clinical engineering development requires not only 
technical expertise, but also alignment with coherent 
public health policies and transparency in procurement 
and evaluation processes.33

Based on the findings and challenges discussed above, 
the following policy strategies are recommended to 
strengthen the clinical engineering profession in Mongolia. 

Recommendations:

Establish a national certification and accreditation 
system for clinical engineers, aligned with WHO and 
IMDRF standards.

Revise the Law on Health to recognize clinical engi-
neers as health professionals, ensuring their inclusion in 
workforce development and social protection policies.

Develop structured career pathways and continuing 
professional development (CPD) requirements, including 
the implementation of a system for mandatory training 
every 3 to 5 years.



Namdag, Dashtseren, Luvsan: Mongolian Medical Equipment Regulations: Challenges in Clinical Engineering Development

J Global Clinical Engineering Vol.7 Issue 2: 2025 34

Define institutional staffing norms based on the level 
of healthcare facilities and the quantity and complexity 
of medical equipment. Large hospitals should establish 
dedicated clinical engineering units or departments.

Implement a nationwide technical training program 
in collaboration with foreign universities and medical 
equipment manufacturers.

CONCLUSION

Clinical engineers and technicians in Mongolia face 
significantly higher workloads. The lack of structured 
postgraduate training, legal recognition in the health sec-
tor, and insufficient support for professional development 
present critical challenges to the field. Internationally, 
countries such as Japan, Taiwan, and China have adopted 
national certification systems and legal frameworks that 
formally recognize clinical engineering as a healthcare 
profession. Aligning with WHO recommendations and 
regional best practices, this study recommends estab-
lishing a national certification and accreditation system, 
revising health laws to include biomedical engineers as 
health professionals, and implementing structured career 
pathways with mandatory continuing education. These 
measures will help ensure safe and effective medical de-
vice management, improve healthcare service delivery, 
and foster long-term sustainability of the BME workforce 
in Mongolia.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Conceptualization, A.D., M.-E.L., and G.-O.N.; Meth-
odology, M.-E.L.; Formal Analysis, M.-E.L. and G.-O.N.; 
Writing–Original Draft Preparation, M.-E.L. and G.-O.N.; 
Writing–Review & Editing, M.-E.L.; Supervision, A.D.; Proj-
ect Administration, M.-E.L.; Funding Acquisition, G.-O.N.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The research team would like to thank the health 
professionals, collaborating organizations, and colleagues 
who contributed to the data collection process.

FUNDING

This research received no external funding.

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

 Not applicable.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The authors declare they have no competing interests.

ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE

The study methodology was discussed at the Institutional 
Review Board meeting of the Mongolian National University 
of Medical Sciences on January 21, 2022 (No. 2022/3-01), 
and permission to conduct the study was obtained.

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

Not applicable.

FURTHER DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.
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