INTRODUCTION The nitration reaction of the aromatic compounds occurs in the liquid phase, generally in the form of benzene compounds and their derivatives, naphthalene compounds, and their derivatives. One of these aromatic compounds is toluene or called methylbenzene or phenylmethane, the compound is insoluble in water and colorless. With respect to nitration of glycerol and rate of reaction [7], [11] introduced a nitration balance system in glycerol- aqueous. [6] Whereas proposed several examples of glycerin synthesis of glycerin. [5] Then to produce of glycidyl nitrate from glycerol with 1.3 dinitroglycerin as the intermediate product. [8] found nitroglycerin kinetics parameters in the Continues stirred tank reactor process. The effect of temperature on glycerol nitration was studied [1]. Reaction order is required to set the rate equation of the reaction. The several compounds of nitration have been successfully modeled as the rst order of each reactant. [2] performed the nitration of benzene and several other reactive compounds used sulfuric acid, while [9] performed the nitration of benzene, chlorobenzene, toluene, and trimethyl benzene used triuoroacetic acid. [10] performed the same nitration reactants used perchloric acid as the rst- order reaction of each other [9]. The states that the rate of trinitroglycerin formation reaction of glycerol and nitric acid in the continues stirred tank reactor process of Biazzi is as follows: Where the values of n and m are 0.9350 and 1.117. [4] conducted a study on toluene nitration using microreactor and batch reactor, the study was conducted using nitric acid as a nitrating agent at constant reactor temperature. While the variables measured include reaction time, reaction temperature and acid concentration. It is used to know the performance of microreactor. The results of this study concluded that the use of microreactor to produce more reaction products than using reactor batch system. [12] conducted research and mathematical modeling of the nitration process of benzene compounds. The results of his research indicate that the reaction of nitration of aromatic compounds is inuenced by reactant composition, reaction rate, reactant diffusivity, mass transfer coefcient, acidity level, contact surface tension of the reactant and uid properties change during nitration reaction. [3] conducted a study on toluene nitration using reactor batches. The results concluded that transition reactions occur at high concentrations from low to high speed, an increase in product per unit of acid volume, and the total mass transfer coefcient increases slowly at a xed temperature. METHODS The study is used to know the effect of reactant velocity on the rate of glycerol nitration reaction in the microchannel. The microchannel geometry as in Fig. 1, While the specication of reactants seen in table 1. Table -1 REACTAN SPECIFICATIONS Fig. 1: Scheme two-dimensional of microchannel Where, Material = acrylic D1,D2,D3,D4 = 300 μm, w = 200 μm L1, L2, L3 = 2000 μm L4 = 4000 μm. T1, T2 = 5 mm. Fig. 2 shows a scheme of research equipment, consisting of four parts: lighting, optics, camera, and control. Lighting using Fluorescent Bulb type lamp, Daylight MA305-05, serves to clarify the color of the image. Optics using BH2 BH-P Olympus type BH2 microscope. This microscope is equipped THE STUDY ON VELOCITY TO GLYCEROL NITRATION REACTION RATE USING MICROCHANNEL HYDRODYNAMICS FOCUSED Original Research Paper Purwoko thMechanical Department State Polyteknic of Malang, Soekarno-Hatta 9 Street of Malang Engineering The article discusses the level of glycerol nitrate reaction based on ow rate. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ow velocity on the glycerol nitrate reaction rate with the correct experimental method. The Focal Channels ratio on microchannel uses a 1: 2 ratio (D Sheath = 300 µm). The ow rate variations used range from 50 μm/s, 100 µm/s, and 150 µm/s.The results of this study indicate that the rate of glycerol nitrate reaction is inuenced by the ow rate of the reactants. The faster the ow rate of the reactants in the inlet the greater the rate of glycerol nitration reaction, because with the greater ow rate will increase the number of collisions between reactant molecules. The greater the number of collisions, the greater the molecular energy of the reactants to move, thus increasing the reaction rate. The 0.65142 1.32858results showed that the ow rate of 50 μm/s resulted in nitration reaction rate r = - 0.00388 [C3H5(OH)3] [HNO3] . While 0.6998 1.3501the ow rate is 100 μm/s, the reaction rate is r = - 0.00388 [C3H5(OH)3] [HNO3] . and for a ow rate of 150 μm/s, the reaction 0.668276 1.391724rate of glycerol nitrate is r = - 0.00388 [C3H5(OH)3] [HNO3] . ABSTRACT KEYWORDS : velocity, glycerol, nitrate acid, reaction rate Sugeng Hadi Susilo* thMechanical Department State Polyteknic of Malang, Soekarno-Hatta 9 Street of Malang *Corresponding Author VOLUME-8, ISSUE-9, SEPTEMBER-2019 • PRINT ISSN No. 2277 - 8160 • DOI : 10.36106/gjra No. Reactan Molar mass (gr/mol) Density (gr/cm3) Reactan Volume (ml) 1 Glycerol 92,09 1,26 73 2 Nitric acid 63,01 1,51 186 130 X GJRA - GLOBAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH ANALYSIS with a 2 mm linear 2-way motion control. This microscope is integrated with AM7023B dino-capture camera. This serves to record reactant reactions in the output channel. The image data is stored as a jpg le on the computer. As for drain reactant using pump-type TS-1B / W0109-1B sprynge. This type consists of four channels. The four drive units can operate independently. This study used variations of a ow velocity of 50 μm/s, 100 μm/s, 150μm/s at a focal ratio of 1:2. Focus ratio is the discharge ratio focused on focusing discharge. The result is color data of reactants and reaction products. Then calculate the reaction rate by determining the empirical equation of the reaction rate n Order. Fig. 2: Set up Research Glycerol Nitration Reaction The nitration process of glycerol uses glycerol and nitric acid as reactants with sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The equation of the glycerol nitration reaction process is as follows: Reaction rate In order for a collision, it must have enough energy to overcome the energy barrier of activation and the molecule must have the right geometry to form the bond back. The speed of the reaction is called the reaction rate. The more collisions, the faster the reaction rate. The reaction rate is measured by a number of reactants that become the product over time. The reaction rate is a change in the concentration of the reactant or product over time. The study of reaction rates is called reaction kinetics. Reaction rate = Δ [A] / Δt 3) The chemical reaction with the stoichiometric equation is as follows: the unit of r is the concentration/time. How to determine empirical equations rate of reaction n order. If the reaction mechanism is not known, the n-order rate equation adjusts the data with the form of the equation: RESULT AND DISCUSSION Fig. 3: The relationship of concentration change (mole) of nitric acid to time (s) at variation ow 50 �m/s, 100 �m/s and 150 μm/s. Based on Fig. 3 can be calculated reaction rate using Guessing method to determining the order n. The data changes the concentration of reactants in the input into the equation 5. The results of nitrate acid reactant calculation at a velocity of 50 μm/s, 100 μm/s, 150 μm/s obtained data such as table 2, 3 and 4. Table 4. The change of nitrate acid concentration to time using the n-th Order Guessing method at velocity 50 μm/s. Table 4. The change of nitrate acid concentration to time using the n-th Order Guessing method at velocity 100 μm/s VOLUME-8, ISSUE-9, SEPTEMBER-2019 • PRINT ISSN No. 2277 - 8160 • DOI : 10.36106/gjra v =50 um/s n=1,98 t CA CA^(1-n)-CA0^(1-n) A/(n-1) B/t = k 0 3,0 0 0 0 10 2,12 0,1387 0,1321 0,01321 20 1,48 0,3470 0,3305 0,01652 30 1,13 0,5640 0,5371 0,01790 40 0,98 0,7059 0,6723 0,01680 50 0,82 0,9161 0,8725 0,01745 60 0,74 1,0563 1,0060 0,01676 70 0,67 1,2072 1,1497 0,01642 80 0,58 1,4562 1,3868 0,01733 Variance 1,8E-06 v =100 um/s n=2,02 T CA CA^(1-n)-CA0^(1-n) A/(n-1) B/t = k 0 3 0 0 0 X 131GJRA - GLOBAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH ANALYSIS Table 4. The change of nitrate acid concentration to time using the n-th Order Guessing method at velocity 150 μm/s. Where, t = Reaction time, CA0 = Initial concentration of reactants Nitric acid (mol), CA = Concentration of reactants Nitric acid after t (mol), n = Order, and k = Rate of reaction constant. From the calculation results can be made graph of concentration (CA^((1-n))-CA0^((1-n)))/((n-1))) to time as in Fig. 4, 5 and 6. Fig. 4: The concentration relationship (CA ^ ((1-n)) - CA0 ^ ((1-n))) / ((n-1))) over time at velocity of 50 μm/s. Fig. 5: The concentration relationship (CA ^ ((1-n)) - CA0 ^ ((1-n))) / ((n-1))) over time at velocity 100 μm/s. Fig. 6: The concentration relationship (CA ^ ((1-n)) - CA0 ^ ((1-n))) / ((n-1))) over time at velocity 150 μm/s. At Fig. 4, 5 and 6 obtained by value of the order, then calculate order value a and b. This is done by entering the value of the equation y at the value of k tting. Then enter the value of mole coefcient of glycerol at α and coefcient of mole amount of nitric acid at β. After that do the trial and error method on the value of b that get the difference k = 0. Table 3 shows the results of the ordering of n, a and b. Table 5. The results of ordering n, a and b at 50 um/s Table 6. The results of ordering n, a and b at 100 um/s Table 7. The results of ordering n, a and b at 150 um/s In table 5, 6 and 7 obtained, for ow rate 150 um/s the calculation results obtained data a order =0.668276 while b order = 1.391724 with the value k = 0.00388. Because the calculation of the rate of this reaction is based on the concentration of the reactant, and with increasing time there is a reduction of concentration so that the value of the constant is negative (-). So the equation of the reaction rate for glycerol nitration can be written as follows: r = - 0.00388 0.668276 1.391724[C H (OH) ] [HNO ] . For ow rate 100 um/s, the results 3 5 3 3 a order = 0,65929, b order = 1,36071 and value k = 0.00388. So 0,65929 the equation of the reaction rate: r = - 0.00388 [C H (OH) ]3 5 3 1,36071[HNO ] . While ow rate 50 um/s, the results a order = 3 0,65142, b order = 1,32858 with the value k = 0.00388. So the equation of the reaction rate for glycerol nitration can be 0,65142 1,32858written as follows: r = - 0.00388 [C H (OH) ] [HNO ] . It's 3 5 3 3 because of the faster the ow rate of reactants, the greater the chance of collisions between molecules, the greater the reaction occurs with the collision between reactant molecules. Faster streams will provide a ow force that enlarges the activation of energy and the molecules easily form bonds again in the form of reaction products, thus increasing the reaction rate. CONCLUSIONS The results of the study concluded that the equation of the reaction rate for glycerol nitration was inuenced by the ow rate of the reactants. The greater the ow rate will enlarge the reactant collision so as to enlarge the reaction order. It's seen that at a ow rate of 150 μm/s, the reaction rate is formulated r 0.668276 1.391724= - 0.00388 [C H (OH) ] [HNO ] , And respectively the 3 5 3 3 reaction rate formed at a speed of 100 μm/s and 50 μm/s can 0.6998 1.3501be written as follows: r = - 0.00388 [C H (OH) ] [ HNO ] 3 5 3 3 0.65142 1.32858and r = - 0.00388 [C H (OH) ] [HNO ] .3 5 3 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors would like to thank to State Polytechnic of Malang who have supported this research project. VOLUME-8, ISSUE-9, SEPTEMBER-2019 • PRINT ISSN No. 2277 - 8160 • DOI : 10.36106/gjra 10 2,2 0,1213 0,1178 0,0117 20 1,6 0,2937 0,2851 0,0142 30 1,18 0,5207 0,5055 0,0168 40 1,02 0,6572 0,6381 0,0159 50 0,88 0,8182 0,7943 0,0158 60 0,74 1,0410 1,0107 0,0168 70 0,64 1,2610 1,2243 0,0174 80 0,56 1,4945 1,4509 0,0181 Variance 3,6E-06 v =150 um/s n=2,02 t CA CA^(1-n)-CA0^(1-n) A/(n-1) B/t = k 0 3 0 0 0 10 2,3 0,1013 0,1034 0,0103 20 1,56 0,3060 0,3122 0,0156 30 1,2 0,4956 0,5057 0,0168 40 1,02 0,6400 0,6531 0,0163 50 0,88 0,7927 0,8089 0,0161 60 0,75 0,9849 1,0050 0,0167 70 0,67 1,1398 1,1631 0,0166 80 0,59 1,3363 1,3636 0,0170 Variance 4,3E-06 V = 50 um/s n 1,98 ḱ tting 0,0167 α 1 ḱ calculate 0,0167 β 3 ḱ difference -7,3E-13 b 1,32858 a 0,65142 k 0,00388 V = 100 um/s 2,02 ḱ tting 0,0171 1 ḱ calculate 0,0171 3 ḱ difference 9,82E-12 1,36071 0,65929 0,00388 V = 150 um/s n 2,02 ḱ tting 0,0179 α 1 ḱ calculate 0,0179 β 3 ḱ difference -9,1E-12 b 1,391724 a 0,668276 k 0,00388 132 X GJRA - GLOBAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH ANALYSIS REFERENCES [1] Astuti Erna, Supranto, Rochmadi, Prasetya Agus, Ström Krister & Andersson Bengt, 2014. 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