







































Creating Computer Confidence : An Investigation into Current Privacy and Security Concerns of the Senior Demographic


 Global Journal of Education and Allied  

Research (GJEAR) 
Volume.14, Number 4; April-2023; 

ISSN: 2837-3707 | Impact Factor: 7.80 

https://zapjournals.com/Journals/index.php/gjear  

Published By: Zendo Academic Publishing 

 

 

pg. 10 

TECH LITERACY FOR SENIORS: OVERCOMING INTERFACE CHALLENGES 

THROUGH HUMAN GUIDANCE 
 

  
1Emily Katherine Anderson, 2Benjamin James Patel, 3Olivia Elizabeth Thompson    

 

Article Info  Abstract 

Keywords:  
Senior Citizens, Technology 

Adoption, Internet Usage, User 

Interfaces, Human Assistance 

 The integration of technology into the daily lives of senior citizens 

remains a challenge, despite the potential benefits it offers. While 

seniors are familiar with basic device functions, they often miss out on 

the advanced capabilities that could enhance their lives. This study 

addresses the technological divide within the senior demographic and 

examines their distinct perspective on device usage. Older adults' 

internet usage patterns are explored, highlighting the unique challenges 

they face in adopting new technologies. 

This research sheds light on the overlooked population of older adults 

in the context of rapidly advancing technology. The study emphasizes 

the disparities in user interfaces that may seem intuitive to younger 

generations but appear intimidating to seniors. Notably, older adults 

prefer human assistance when engaging with technology due to their 

familiarity with in-person learning experiences. The value of learning 

from technologically literate individuals is highlighted, emphasizing 

the deeper understanding gained through observation of user behavior 

and thought processes. 

As technology continues to evolve, it is imperative to bridge the gap for 

senior citizens, enabling them to access the full range of benefits that 

modern devices offer. This research underscores the importance of 

tailored approaches to technology adoption among older adults and 

emphasizes the significance of considering their unique perspectives 

and preferences. 
 

 

1. INTRODUCTION  

Members of the senior demographic often hesitate to integrate technology into their daily lives. While this 

demographic is often familiar with device functions such as making phone calls, they are often found missing out 

on the valuable capabilities that devices can offer [1]. Most devices have capabilities to track medications, request 

goods and services, and search current news topics, all within just a few clicks [1].    

Unfortunately, older adults are an overlooked population as technology is advancing in a way that is not easily 

adaptable for the older generation [2][3]. Previous research has shown that the older demographic is using the 

Internet for common tasks, but with a very different perspective compared to a younger generation [4]. While 

                                                      
1 Department of Computer Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada3   

https://zapjournals.com/Journals/index.php/gjear


Global Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences (GRJMSS) Vol. 14 (4) 
 

pg. 11 

many people have been raised with device use in their daily lives, this is not the case for many seniors. Interfaces 

that seem quite intuitive to an average person, may be quite intimidating and difficult for another to approach.    

Many seniors prefer to have a real human assist them when using technology as they are accustomed to in person 

learning experiences and can comfortably engage in the experience [5][6]. Because of the familiarity of this type 

of interaction and the connection that can built by reading another’s physical behavior, this learning method has 

been preferred by many individuals [5][6]. Additionally, when seniors engage in learning from a technologically 

literate individual, they get an understanding of how to use the device and get to observe the user’s behaviour 

and thought process [3].    

1.1. Covid-19 Influence   

The COVID-19 pandemic completely changed human behaviour as the globe was forced to remain inside their 

homes to try and conquer the virus. The elderly and many other groups were categorized as especially vulnerable 

and required extra protection from the virus [7]. Though there is consistent improvement in medicine, the best 

course of action for these groups is to remain in isolation [7]. Over two years later, there are still social restrictions 

on individual’s behaviours. People are required to maintain limited contact from others and are suffering the 

consequences of isolation. [8].    

While in isolation many individuals have utilized the Internet to complete daily tasks. In hopes to maintain regular 

behaviours, organizations enhanced and broadened user capabilities on their websites. The additional functions 

commonly include pre-ordering and online payment, as well as online appointment bookings [9].    

Seniors traversing these new online services are also challenged with the lack of human connection available to 

them. Confused customers, resource shortages, and employee illness has overwhelmed companies and their 

customer service departments [10].  Resultingly, consumers have the option to endure the extended wait for a 

customer service representative or navigate the interface on their own. Moreover, individuals were restricted from 

visiting other households and were required to maintain social distance when communicating with another 

person. A large population of seniors lost their connection to their family, friends, and caretakers.    

The encouraged use of technology and deprivation of human connection has left the senior demographic 

especially vulnerable to the risks present on the Internet. Personal information is often required to access certain 

functionalities online and many users may not consider where this data is transmitted or to who. It is necessary 

that users understand that there are real security threats online, even if they do not seem as dangerous as a crime 

in real life [11].   

While the Internet may be overwhelming for seniors, it is important that they have the knowledge to maintain 

their security and privacy. Before learning how to use new apps and websites, it is crucial to understand the 

threats that may be encountered and how to react. Once the senior demographic has the knowledge and resources 

to identify and avoid risks, they will be able to confidently ease into learning how to use emerging technologies.    

This paper aims to develop a deep understanding of how elders’ perception of privacy and behaviour on the 

Internet has changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis will be completed by first understanding the 

trends and changes that are influencing behaviour and the associated potential attacks. Once this background is 

developed, a survey will be conducted to get current perspectives from the target demographic. Using the 

background and survey results a list of prominent knowledge gaps can be identified. Finally, a comprehensive 

collection of resources and tools will be complied to address the knowledge gaps.   

2. BACKGROUND  

To maintain some normalcy, many individuals transferred their daily activities to an online platform. A Canadian 

survey found that 75% of individuals engaged in more Internet related activities since the beginning of the 

pandemic, and almost half of Canadians started using the Internet for new tasks [12]. Within these statistics, it 

was found that more than half of Canadian senior citizens increased their Internet usage [12]. A previous study 

identified that as the elder demographic migrates their actions to online platforms, they will be at a higher risk to 

be a victim of cybercrime. This population is less tech-savvy than younger demographics and is more prone to 

becoming a victim to Internet fraud ploys [4]. Previous research has identified that there is a need for a sufficient 



Global Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences (GRJMSS) Vol. 14 (4) 
 

pg. 12 

teaching system to assist elders in technology security, and with the modern societal changes this need is escalated 

drastically [2]. It is of paramount importance that each person is educated on the information and resources 

required to protect themselves. The typical Internet behaviour of elders has previously involved bonding over 

social media sites, consulting healthcare websites, and searching for a booking travel and tourism experiences 

[13][14]. Elders are becoming more dependent on their devices and are comfortable within their established 

routine [13]. As they use their preferred websites more frequently, and observe their peers doing the same, there 

is a deeper level of trust for the website [13]. Similar work has shown that elders prefer to use a tool they are 

familiar with, and do not feel a need to use other tools if it is not necessary. Regardless of this opinion, many new 

tools are required for daily tasks, to reduce the amount of human interaction during the pandemic [15]. These 

new systems require that all individuals have the technological literacy requited to successfully use these tools.    

2.1. Adapting to Current Structures   

Because of its ease of use, the Internet has become a necessary part of people’s routine [16]. When the global 

quarantine forced Internet dependency, elders did their best to quickly adapt. The pandemic caused high levels 

of uncertainty and the Internet provided great information sources [17]. Despite the benefits, seniors are 

sometimes not comfortable with new applications and are hesitant to use them [3]. It has previously been found 

that elders are comfortable using websites that someone else has taught how to use [3]. For example, elders could 

independently use a booking site that a travel agent had demonstrated to them but were not comfortable 

downloading and using a newer app like Uber [3]. The hesitation to explore new tools is driven by fear of misuse 

and the possible resulting consequences [3]. Unfortunately, the lack of use has led to an increase in potential 

vulnerabilities as there is a high level of unfamiliarity [15].   

2.2. Common Attacks   

Because of the understood behaviours of the senior demographic there are certain attacks that are target towards 

these individuals.   

2.2.1. Phishing Attacks   

Seniors are a prime target for phishing attacks based on their financial standing, trusting demeanor, lack of 

knowledge, and poor response procedures [4]. This population is typically unsuspecting of fraudulent messages 

as they are used to in person transactions and have a more stereotypical perception of a criminal [18]. Because of 

elders generally trusting demeanor, they have been identified as the most susceptible target for phishing messages 

[19]. Currently many individuals are trying to make meaningful connections using the Internet which escalates 

the potential of being a victim to phishing [20] [21].   

2.2.2. Illegitimate Websites    

Illegitimate websites can be seen as stand-alone sites, popups, or overlays of otherwise legitimate sites [22]. The 

malicious sites are typically showing false security alerts, giveaways, or mocking real websites [22]. Elders 

usually have low experience interacting with obscure websites so it is unlikely they will have success identifying 

fraudulent websites [4].   

3. METHODS  

This work aims to investigate the knowledge and perspectives of the senior population regarding their current 

Internet interactions. Previous work has noted that firsthand information is essential to obtaining accurate data 

[18]. An online survey was created and distributed to a group of elders. Using the data from the survey, the main 

knowledge gaps were identified, and a collection of useful resources was compiled.  

3.1. Survey of Knowledge and Perspectives    

The survey was created to gain a deeper understanding of elder’s perception of privacy and behaviour on the 

Internet has changed during COVID-19. The topics of the survey include privacy concerns, privacy attitude, 

perceived threat, confidence to protect self, and the cost of security [2] [14]. The categorization of the “elder 

demographic” has been listed as many different ages. Many technologies related studies have established this age 

as 55, so that is the threshold used in this survey [23]. The survey was developed with each of the established 

concern areas as the discovery goal. The question structure asks general questions on knowledge and perception, 



Global Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences (GRJMSS) Vol. 14 (4) 
 

pg. 13 

as well as how the pandemic has changed the related behaviour. The online website Qualtrics was used to 

assemble and share the survey to the public. When the survey completed, the results were interpreted using R for 

analysis and visualization. The results were interpreted using R for statistic analyses and the results are presented 

as percentages to maintain anonymity of the participants. The responses were recorded in multiple choice and 

text entry format for quantitative and qualitative analysis.   

4. SURVEY RESULTS  

4.1. General Information   

  
Figure 1. Age distribution of survey participants   

The survey was available to the public from November 15 to 25 of 2021 and 11 participants completed the survey. 

The demographics of the survey included 100% females, with ages ranging from 55-80 (Fig. 1). The most 

common devices of the participants include laptops, smart and tablets/ iPads (Fig. 2). The “other” in Figure 2 are 

one Apple Watch and one smart doorbell. All participants claimed that they currently use the Internet every day 

and 70.8% of participants expressed that they use the Internet more frequently than prior to the pandemic (Tab. 

2 in 7.7.2).   

The most common uses of the Internet are to purchase goods and services, as well as watch streamed video 

content (Fig. 3). The increase of Internet purchases is most prominent for privacy related concerns.   

  
Figure 2. Percentage of participants that own each device   



Global Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences (GRJMSS) Vol. 14 (4) 
 

pg. 14 

Participants answered that the Internet is extremely beneficial to daily life and have provided personal notes 

stating that they have been able to learn new hobbies and make global connections using the Internet. 72.7% of 

respondents said they do prefer to use the Internet for their daily tasks, while only 9.1% said that they did not 

(Tab. 1 in 7.2.1). Some participants said that using the Internet is the easiest way for them to check traffic and 

search for other information, as well as stay entertained while completing other activities.   

  
Figure 3. Change of Internet use during the COVID-19 pandemic   

4.2. Privacy Attitude   

100% of the survey participants said that privacy and security on the Internet are absolutely to them, with many 

comments regarding that they prioritize keeping information safe and a high concern regarding cyber attacks 

(Tab. 1 in 7.2.1).    

When visiting frequently used sites over half of the participants said that they are more willing to trust the links 

or information requests from that website. 45.5% said that they are somewhat more willing to trust, and 36.4% 

expressed that they are absolutely more willing to trust these sites (Tab. 1 in 7.2.1). When asked about trusting 

websites that are suggested by family or peers 54.5% said that they are absolutely willing to trust, and 36.4% said 

that they are somewhat more likely to trust the website (Tab. 1 in 7.2.1).   

4.3. Privacy Knowledge   

The survey results showed that 81.8% of participants regularly update their devices, and 63.6% understand why 

these updates are (Tab. 1 in 7.2.1). The direct feedback was very promising with many participants explaining 

that the updates can fix bugs and security, with one participant even explaining how patches are deployed. When 

asked about the diversity and strength of passwords, 72.7% said that they use both and understand the reasoning 

for the requirement (Tab. 1 in 7.2.1). The participants expressed an understanding of preventing hackers and 

maintaining security. Though some participants did note that it was difficult to remember all their passwords for 

each site.   

 

 

 

  



Global Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences (GRJMSS) Vol. 14 (4) 
 

pg. 15 

 

4.4. Perceived Threat    

  
Figure 4. Perspective on potential threats   

The participants of the study all expressed that they feel nervous about their privacy on the Internet and face the 

risk of a privacy breach whenever they do share personal information (Fig. 4). More than a few participants 

shared that they had been victim of a financial scam on the Internet and are nervous of it happening again. When 

asked about personal knowledge of phishing scams 63.6% said that they do know what they are, and 27.3% said 

that they somewhat understand them (Fig. 4). Though only 9.1% stated that they are worried about being victim 

to phishing scams, with 63.3% stating that they are somewhat worried (Fig. 4).   

4.5. Confidence to Protect Self   

Looking into the participants desire to protect self, majority stated that they want to protect themselves from the 

potential scams (Tab. 1 in 7.2.1). It was expressed that the pandemic has not changed the level of concern 

regarding potential scams on the Internet.    

54.5% said that they do not know how to verify the legitimacy of emails or messages, and only 27.3% said that 

they are confident in their verification methods (Fig. 4). Similarly, 45.5% of participants stated that they do not 

know how to verify the legitimacy of websites, with 18.2% sure of their verification techniques (Fig. 4). Some 

promising verification techniques were explained including immediately deleting unrecognized messages, 

running anti-virus software, and looking for ‘https’ in the URL. Participants have also used separate email 

accounts for sensitive accounts and ones that may be less legitimate.   

4.6. Expected Cost of Security  

Regarding the perceived cost of privacy there are many barriers that may keep individuals from achieving their 

goals. When asked if Internet security is personally attainable 54.5% stated that they believe it is possible, but 

they have not achieved it. 36.4% stated that they have achieved it, and 9.1% said that they do not believe that 

Internet security is attainable. Despite this array of answers, 100% of participants said that they would increase 

their security of they were provided with the resources (Tab. 3 in 7.2.3). Participants stated that there are both 

knowledge and monetary barriers keeping them from attaining Internet security (Tab. 3 in 7.2.3). From a list of 

options of potential resources 100% said that they would like access to a software that alerts to scams of viruses, 

72.7% said that they would utilize education resources, and 63.6% said that laws or legislation specifically 

regarding the Internet safety of seniors on the Internet would be beneficial (Tab. 3 in 7.2.3).   

5. DISCUSSION  

There have been efforts to assist elders and protect them from cyber crime, but these measures are insufficient 

for proper protection [4]. For over half a century there has been a conscious effort to engage and empower older 



Global Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences (GRJMSS) Vol. 14 (4) 
 

pg. 16 

adults to learn about technology and the Internet, yet there are still shortcomings [24]. Many different 

methodologies have been proposed, and significant progress has been made. There was a high level of enthusiasm 

regarding the participants willingness to use the Internet for their daily tasks. I believe that elders have become 

more adapted to using the Internet compared to previous studies [2]. The results of the survey show that elders 

are commonly using the Internet for purchasing goods or services and accessing bank and government sites. 

Because of the high sensitivity of information associated with these tasks, there is a higher importance to better 

protection systems. The most prominent concerns include confidently securing online financial transactions, 

identifying fraudulent websites, messages and other scams, and the memory of passwords. Additionally, the 

participants had a strong awareness of many of the threats online, but there was an optimistic bias present that 

participants did not think it would happen to them. Overall, participants had an impressive amount of personal 

knowledge and provided strong techniques that are currently used.   

5.1. Identifying Suspicious Sources    

A significant level of trust in family and friend recommended websites was expressed from the results of the 

survey. This trust is not always unwarranted, but individuals should always do some independent inspection of 

the site to look for malicious components. The survey results showed that participants were unfamiliar with what 

to look for when trying to verify websites, emails, and other messages (Fig. 4.4). Though navigating to a new 

area of the Internet can be intimidating, avoiding it all together can be more dangerous. Using a browser extension 

(7.1.2) to alert suspicious websites when browsing will provide reassurance while navigating a search page [25].    

Additionally, there are ways to manually verify a website. Techniques include searching the URL to ensure that 

there is an “s” in “https” or that a lock symbol in the URL [26]. Another tactic is to take a moment to really look 

at what is on the website. Poor grammar or low-quality logos are a good indication that the website is fraudulent 

[26].    

When verifying the legitimacy of an email or message it is important to take a step back and consider what the 

content is. Typically, if a message is “too good to be true”, it is not true [27]. If someone receives a suspicious 

message from a known or unknown contact, it is wise for them to contact that person or company via a different 

method [27]. For example, if a friend suddenly emails begging for thousands of dollars for an emergency, it is 

smart to use another platform, such as calling to confirm their identity.    

During financial transactions it is especially important to understand that relatives and banks usually do not put 

an intense time pressure on individuals. If there is a short time-period given with the message, it is most likely 

fraudulent [27]. A collection of useful resources to learn more about identifying and responding to scams on the 

Internet can be found in section 7.1.1.    

Many of the participants explained that they are aware of scams, but there was a drastic difference in responses 

when asked about the worry of the scam happening to them. Figure 4.4 shows how the proportion shifts between 

knowledge of scams and the idea of it happening to them. This optimistic bias is a major downfall as it suggests 

people may not take their privacy as serious as they claim [28]. Though participants claimed that privacy is a 

concern there is still a nuance that the attack won’t happen to them. In the future I hope to see similar results to 

those questions but driven by an increase of confidence to protect oneself.   

5.2. Securing Financial Transactions  

Contradictory to the optimistic outlook many of the participants expressed that they had been victim to a financial 

scam. These breaches can occur from many different attacks such as phishing, fake transfers, or even physically 

stealing your card [29]. To prevent the attack there are an array of methods that can be taken such as using prepaid 

cards, or a middleman such as PayPal [30] [31]. A prepaid card acts almost exactly as a credit card does and can 

be used for online transactions without having to share your real banking information. Though there are some 

fees involved this method can be beneficial, especially for unfamiliar websites. Another option for secure 

payment or transfer is a middleman tool that encrypts your banking information and limits the amount of 

accessible funds. These tools are listed in 7.1.3.    



Global Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences (GRJMSS) Vol. 14 (4) 
 

pg. 17 

In the case of a successful breach, it is important that the user has no liability for the unauthorized charges [29]. 

If you are using your banking card online, it is important to contact your financial institutions and inquire about 

this feature.   

5.3. Password Security  

The survey showed that many participants did use strong and diverse passwords, but some did have difficulty 

remembering each of them. One participant said that they use mostly numerical passwords for security, but this 

may be more difficult to remember. Using a tool such as a password manager can be very beneficial for 

maintaining accounts. Password managers securely encrypt all sensitive information that is needed to login to a 

site [32]. The password manager also has capabilities of generating long and complex passwords when registering 

for a new account or updating current accounts [32]. This information is locked in the secure vault and can only 

be accessed using a master key [32]. By having the password manager in place, the user only has to remember 

one password but maintains the security that a diverse set of passwords provides. Some recommended password 

managers are listed in 7.1.2.  

5.4. Learning Tools  

Many respondents of the survey said that they struggled with the monetary barrier of ensuring security. Many 

operating systems offer a free built-in firewall, but some need to be installed and enabled [33]. Learning how to 

enable and effectively use these can be a challenge for some elders. A group of technological women realized 

they were spending countless hours teaching older adults to develop their computer skills [34]. This team 

developed a website where volunteers offer tutorials and live help sessions to teach computer topics to elders 

(7.1.4).    

Overall, there have been many developments in resources and tools to assist all people and seniors in achieving 

privacy and security while on the Internet. Some legislation has been established to penalize cyber criminals, but 

these efforts had little effect [20]. There is such a rapid change in technology and tools, that legislation and other 

protective measures may not be able to keep and maintain protection. The best way to protect elders is by 

providing a strong education so they can use their devices confidently [4].   

Previous research has provided feedback stating that elders do want to learn how to use new apps and services 

but feel like they have a lack of resources for learning how to use them so avoid them all together [3]. By 

increasing awareness and providing trustworthy tools will encourage elders to become more involved in the 

technology world. There will never be an absolute way to ensure security but encouraging a privacy mindset 

promotes users’ success [35].   

6. CONCLUSIONS  

Since the beginning of the pandemic, we have seen major changes in peoples’ interaction and reliance on 

technology. Though the world has moved to a more technology integrated atmosphere, elders have had little 

opportunity to make the necessary adaptations.  

It is difficult to make accurate assumptions about a demographic we are not a part of. To assist the senior 

demographic in their transition into the evolving technology landscape it is necessary to understand where their 

needs lay. Getting direct feedback from this demographic allowed for genuine understanding of the knowledge 

gaps that need attention. The results of the survey show that this demographic has a great foundational knowledge 

of using the Internet and governing their privacy and security. The most prominent obstacle is the lack of 

awareness of the tools that are available for elders to ensure their privacy and security on the Internet. Promoting 

the conversation of the resources available and the need for them will increase awareness of the subject and give 

more opportunity for involvement.    

Individual’s will be able to build their confidence to protect themselves with the utilization of the tools provided. 

Once user confidence is built, I expect that this demographic will be able to adapt to current technology trends 

and ultimately thrive in the digital environment.    



Global Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences (GRJMSS) Vol. 14 (4) 
 

pg. 18 

6.1. Future Work   

The survey group in this project provided valuable information regarding the current knowledge gaps of the elder 

demographic. Future research could further explore this demographic by involving a larger sample with a more 

diverse range of participants. This study would provide deeper insight to more specific needs of seniors using 

technology.  Deploying a large-scale project could bring more attention to the actual needs of seniors and provide 

developers with the incentive and necessary topics needed to build a comprehensive site for seniors.  

The development of one platform that encompasses the information and attributes of the previously listed 

resources would be extremely beneficial for educating the senior demographic. Incorporating personal connection 

into learning platforms would also restore some normalcy to the participants learning style. For example, in an 

online class for technology education it would be interesting to see a feature that allows the participants to connect 

with other students to discuss their takeaways from the lesson and further deepen their knowledge. A system that 

connects similar participants for collaborative engagement in a e-learning environment would be extremely 

beneficial in this setting.     

Additionally, investigation into what the technologic landscape will look like after the pandemic would be an 

interesting topic for further work. Many of the newly created interfaces may be abandoned and left with copious 

amounts of personal information. A study on personal information management techniques would compliment 

the resource suggestions in this work.    

7. APPENDIX  

7.1. Resource Topics and Links   

7.1.1. Identifying Scams   

• Senior Fraud Protection Kit   

This document includes some information about why seniors are targeted for attacks, as well as a check list for 

identifying a scam and a plan of action in the case of an incident.   

https://www.caregiverstress.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/1 Seniors Fraud Protection Kit_ US.pdf   

• Internet Safety Guide for Seniors   

This blog post discusses phishing, password theft, social media scams, and banking fraud.  

https://www.safetydetectives.com/blog/the-ultimate-Internet-safety-guide-for-seniors/   

• The Little Black Book of Scams   

The author explains that “knowledge is power” and understanding these concepts can help improve personal 

security.   

https://www.competitionbureau.gc.ca/eic/site/cb-bc.nsf/eng/04333.html   

• Seniors’ guide to staying cyber safe during COVID-19   

This brochure includes some techniques for making secure passwords as well as scam avoidance and response. 

https://www.getcybersafe.gc.ca/en/resources/seniors-guide-staying-cyber-safeduring-covid-19   

• Recent scams and fraud   

A lists of scams currently targeting individuals and businesses that are sorted by delivery mechanisms as well as 

information of procedures if you are a victim.   

https://antifraudcentre-centreantifraude.ca/index-eng.htm  

7.1.2. Security Tools   

• 1Password   

The most intuitive password manager and has the option to schedule a demonstration of its functions, though this 

does come with a monthly fee.   

https://1password.com/   

• Bitdefender   

A free alternative is Bitwarden, which only requests an annual fee when you choose to upgrade to apremium 

package. https://bitwarden.com/   

• Bitdefender Traffic Light   

https://antifraudcentre-centreantifraude.ca/index-eng.htm
https://antifraudcentre-centreantifraude.ca/index-eng.htm
https://antifraudcentre-centreantifraude.ca/index-eng.htm
https://antifraudcentre-centreantifraude.ca/index-eng.htm
https://antifraudcentre-centreantifraude.ca/index-eng.htm
https://antifraudcentre-centreantifraude.ca/index-eng.htm
https://antifraudcentre-centreantifraude.ca/index-eng.htm
https://antifraudcentre-centreantifraude.ca/index-eng.htm


Global Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences (GRJMSS) Vol. 14 (4) 
 

pg. 19 

A free browser extension that scans the pages you visit for malware and phishing attempts.  

https://www.bitdefender.com/solutions/trafficlight.html   

7.1.3. Securing Online Payments   

• Visa Reloadable Prepaid Cards   

These cards have the zero-liability feature that ensures compensation in the event of an unauthorized transaction.   

https://www.visa.ca/en CA/pay-with-visa/cards/prepaid-cards.html   

• PayPal   

Securely send money to other users or complete online transactions with services to help remediate fraudulent 

transactions.  paypal.com/ca/home   

7.1.4. Learning New Tools   

• Connected Canadians   

This organization provides a wide array of groups and individual help sessions, covering many topics.  

https://www.connectedcanadians.ca/   

7.2. Survey Results   

7.2.1. Yes/No Questions   

Table 1. General results from the survey   

  
7.2.2. Internet Use and Recent Changes   

Table 2. Frequency of Internet use and influence from the pandemic   



Global Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences (GRJMSS) Vol. 14 (4) 
 

pg. 20 

  
7.2.3. Future Resources   

Table 3. Feedback on the future of privacy and security resources   

  
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  

The authors would like to thank everyone that participated in the survey as well as the family members that 

inspired this research!   

REFERENCES  

M. Myint, “SAFESTART: Simplifying Technology for Seniors,” 2020 Intern Reports, Apr. 2020. Available: 

https://digitalcommons.imsa.edu/intern_reports_2020/31  

Chakraborthy, Rajarshi, S. Bagchi-Sen, Rao, R. H, Upadhyaya, andShambhu, “An exploration of security and 

privacy behavior of elders on the Internet and comparison with younger adults,” WISP 2012 Proceedings., 

p. 16, 2012.   

M. Shirgaokar, “Expanding seniors’ mobility through phone apps: Potential responses from the private and public 

sectors,” Journal of Planning Education and Research, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 405– 415, 2020, publisher: SAGE 

Publications Inc.    

E. L. Carlson, “Phishing for elderly victims: As the elderly migrate to the Internet fraudulent schemes targeting 

them follow note,” Elder Law Journal, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 423–452, 2006.   

F. Molloy, “The Teachers Experience of Practice-based Education in Hybrid Delivery Mode,”  

International Journal on Integrating Technology in Education (IJITE), vol. 10, no. 4, Art. no. 4, Dec. 2021, doi: 

10.5121/ijite.2021.10401.   

G. Yaw Koi-Akrofi, E. Owusu-Oware, and H. Tanye, “Challenges of Distance, Blended, and Online  

https://digitalcommons.imsa.edu/intern_reports_2020/31
https://digitalcommons.imsa.edu/intern_reports_2020/31
https://digitalcommons.imsa.edu/intern_reports_2020/31


Global Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences (GRJMSS) Vol. 14 (4) 
 

pg. 21 

Learning: A Literature based Approach,” IJITE, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 27–39, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.5121/ijite.2020.9403.   

Kuy, Tsai, Raymond, Bhatt, JayChu, Q. D., G. Pritesh, Gupta, Rohit, Gupta, Reshma, Hole, M. K., Hsu, B. S., 

Hughes, L. S., L. Jarvis, S. Jha, A. Annamalai, M. Kotwal, J. V. Sakran, S. Vohra, T. L. Henry, and C. 

Ricardo, “Focusing on vulnerable populations during COVID-19,” Academic Medicine, p. 

10.1097/ACM.0000000000003571, 2020.    

Hagerty and Williams, “The impact of COVID-19 on mental health: The interactive roles of brain biotypes and 

human connection,” Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health, vol. 5, p.100078, 2020.    

S. Kohli, B. Timelin, V. Fabius, and S. M. Veranen, “How COVID-19 is changing consumer behavior –now and 

forever,” p. 6.   

A. Haleem, M. Javaid, and R. Vaishya, “Effects of COVID-19 pandemic in daily life,” Curr Med Res Pract, vol. 

10, no. 2, pp. 78–79, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.cmrp.2020.03.011.   

A. P. Sethi and R. Subramoniam, “USE OF TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION, BUT AT WHAT  

COST?,” IJITE, vol. 08, no. 01, pp. 13–18, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.5121/ijite.2019.8102.   

S. C. Government of Canada. Internet use and COVID-19: How the pandemic increased the amount of time 

Canadians spend online. Last Modified: 2021-06-24. Available: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/45-

28-0001/2021001/article/00027-eng.htm  

M. J. Kim, W. G. Kim, J. M. Kim, and C. Kim, “Does knowledge matter to seniors’ usage of mobile devices? 

focusing on motivation and attachment,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 

vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 1702–1727, 2016, publisher: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.    

Sheng, Xiaojing, Simpson, and P. M., “Seniors, health information, and the Internet: Motivation, ability, and 

Internet knowledge,” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 740–746, 

2013, publisher: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers.   

S. C. Government of Canada. Evolving Internet use among Canadian seniors. Last Modified: 2019- 

07-10. Available: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11f0019m/11f0019m2019015eng.htm [16] K. Zickuhr 

and M. Madden, “Older adults and Internet use,” Pew Research Center, p. 23, 2012.   

E. M. Suh, “Culture, identity consistency, and subjective wellbeing.”Journal of Personality and Social 

Psychology, vol. 83,no. 6, p. 1378, 2002, publisher: US: American Psychological Association.    

R. Chakraborty, R. Rao, V. Sankaranarayanan, and S. Upadhyaya, “Mediated Internet experience for senior 

citizens,” Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw., p. 11, 2008.    

T. Lin, D. E. Capecci, D. M. Ellis, H. A. Rocha, S. Dommaraju, D. S. Oliveira, and N. C. Ebner, “Susceptibility 

to spear-phishing emails: Effects of Internet user demographics and email content,” ACM Trans Comput 

Hum Interact., vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 32:1–32:28, 2019.    

M. S. Clark, R. Oullette, M. C. Powell, and S. Milberg, “Recipient’s mood, relationship type, and helping.” 

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 53, no. 1, p. 94, 1987, publisher: US: American 

Psychological Association.   

https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/45-28-0001/2021001/article/00027-eng.htm
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/45-28-0001/2021001/article/00027-eng.htm
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/45-28-0001/2021001/article/00027-eng.htm
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/45-28-0001/2021001/article/00027-eng.htm
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/45-28-0001/2021001/article/00027-eng.htm
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/45-28-0001/2021001/article/00027-eng.htm
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/45-28-0001/2021001/article/00027-eng.htm
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/45-28-0001/2021001/article/00027-eng.htm
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/45-28-0001/2021001/article/00027-eng.htm
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/45-28-0001/2021001/article/00027-eng.htm
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/45-28-0001/2021001/article/00027-eng.htm
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11f0019m/11f0019m2019015-eng.htm
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11f0019m/11f0019m2019015-eng.htm
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11f0019m/11f0019m2019015-eng.htm
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11f0019m/11f0019m2019015-eng.htm


Global Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences (GRJMSS) Vol. 14 (4) 
 

pg. 22 

X. Li, M. Zhou, J. Wu, A. Yuan, F. Wu, and J. Li, “Analyzing COVID-19 on online social media: Trends, 

sentiments and emotions,” arXiv:2005.14464 [cs], 2020   

What are scam websites and how to avoid scam websites. Section: Resource Center. Available: 

https://www.kaspersky.com/resource-center/preemptive-safety/scam-websites  

C. W. Phang, Y. Li, J. Sutanto, and A. Kankanhalli, “Senior citizens’ adoption of e-government: In quest of the 

antecedents of perceived usefulness,” in Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference 

on System Sciences, 2020, pp. 130a–130a, ISSN: 1530-1605.  [24] C. C. Sharpe, Online Resources for 

Senior Citizens. McFarland, 2003,  Bitdefender  TrafficLight  -  free  add-on  for 

 secure  web  browsing.  Available: 

https://www.bitdefender.com/solutions/trafficlight.html?sm id=siteshare  11 ways to check if a website is 

legit or trying to scam you | home bank of California. Available: https://www.hbc.bank/11-ways-to-check-

if-a-website-is-legit-or-trying-to-scam-you/  

Scam alert: That text from your bank about possible fraud may not be from your bank. Section: NewsChannel 5 

Investigates. Available: https://www.newschannel5.com/news/newschannel-5investigates/scam-alert-

that-text-from-your-bank-about-possible-fraud-may\\-not-be-from-yourbank “it  won’t  happen 

 to  me”:  The  optimism  bias.  Available: 

https://ekuonline.eku.edu/blog/psychology/optimism-bias/  

A. White. Here’s how credit card fraud happens and tips to protect yourself. Section: Select: Resources. Available: 

https://www.cnbc.com/select/credit-card-fraud/ Prepaid credit cards. [Online]. Available: 

https://www.visa.ca/en CA/pay-withvisa/cards/prepaidcards.html   Send  money,  pay  online 

 or  set  up  a  merchant  account  -  PayPalCA.  Available: 

https://www.paypal.com/ca/webapps/mpp/home  

M. Fukumitsu, S. Hasegawa, J.-Y. Iwazaki, M. Sakai, and D. Takahashi, “A proposal of a password manager 

satisfying security and usability by using the secret sharing and a personal server,” in 2016  

IEEE 30th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA), 2016, pp. 

661–668, ISSN: 1550-445X.   

J.  Mora.  Best  antivirus  software  protection  for  seniors  (2021). 

 Available: https://dailyhomesafety.com/antivirus-for-seniors/ Connected Canadians. Available: 

https://www.connectedcanadians.ca  

R. Gross and A. Acquisti, “Information revelation and privacy in online social networks,” in Proceedings of the 

2005 ACM workshop on Privacy in the electronic society, ser. WPES ’05. Association for Computing 

Machinery, 2005, pp. 71–80.  

  

https://www.kaspersky.com/resource-center/preemptive-safety/scam-websites
https://www.kaspersky.com/resource-center/preemptive-safety/scam-websites
https://www.kaspersky.com/resource-center/preemptive-safety/scam-websites
https://www.kaspersky.com/resource-center/preemptive-safety/scam-websites
https://www.kaspersky.com/resource-center/preemptive-safety/scam-websites
https://www.kaspersky.com/resource-center/preemptive-safety/scam-websites
https://www.kaspersky.com/resource-center/preemptive-safety/scam-websites
https://www.kaspersky.com/resource-center/preemptive-safety/scam-websites
https://www.kaspersky.com/resource-center/preemptive-safety/scam-websites
https://www.kaspersky.com/resource-center/preemptive-safety/scam-websites
https://www.kaspersky.com/resource-center/preemptive-safety/scam-websites

