






































 Global Journal of Education and Allied  

Research (GJEAR) 
Volume.13, Number 9; September-2022; 

ISSN: 2837-3707 | Impact Factor: 6.79 

https://zapjournals.com/Journals/index.php/gjear  

Published By: Zendo Academic Publishing 

 

 

pg. 1 

EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIPLOKNEMA 

BUTYRACEA (CHIURI) AND CHEPANG COMMUNITIES IN NEPAL 

 
1Dr. Rajendra Kumar Thapa, 2Prof. Sita Devi Sharma, 3Dr. Ji-Hoon Parka and 4Dr. Soo-

Min Lee 

 

Article Info  Abstract 

Keywords: Diploknema 

butyracea, Chiuri, Chepang 

community, cultural 

significance, ecological 

diversity 

 Diploknema butyracea (Chiuri) is a tree species native to the Himalayan 

region, belonging to the Sapotaceae family. Known by various names 

across different cultures, it holds cultural, religious, and economic 

significance. This study explores the cultural and ecological relevance 

of Chiuri within the marginalized Chepang community. The Chepangs, 

known for their reliance on natural resources, have intricate indigenous 

knowledge of plant use. The tree's cultivation on derelict lands 

("khoriya") is a crucial part of their livelihood strategy. With 

approximately 68,399 Chepangs residing in specific districts, the 

Chepang-Chiuri relationship plays a substantial role in their socio-

economic fabric. Chiuri's distribution spans Nepal's mid-hill districts 

within subtropical broadleaved forests. Its growth is facilitated by the 

nation's diverse geography and climate. This paper examines Chiuri's 

characteristics, such as its slow growth and broad leaves, offering 

insights into its biology. By delving into Chiuri's significance, 

cultivation, and role within the Chepang community, this study sheds 

light on the interplay between culture, ecology, and sustainable 

livelihoods in the Himalayan context. 
 

 

 

Introduction   

Diploknema butryracea (Chiuri) belongs to the order Ericales, the family of Sapotaceae of the plant kingdom 

(Chowdhury et al., 2020). There are different names for Diploknema butyracea, Chiuri in Nepali, Madhuspa in 

Sanskrit, Phulwara in Hindi; Yoshi, Chyumli, Isi, Imseva, Chihuli, Ibuchi Pu Ma in Chepang, Tamang, Rai, 

                                                      
1Faculty of Agriculture, Ramnagar Technical and Management College (Agriculture and Forestry University),Nawalparasi, 

Nepal. 
2Institutue of Agriculture and Animal Science, Lamjung Campus (Tribhuvan University), Lamjung, Nepal 
3National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of 

Korea. 
4Department of Applied Plant Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea. 

https://zapjournals.com/Journals/index.php/gjear


Global Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences (GRJMSS) Vol. 13 (9) 
 

pg. 2 

Limbu, Tharu, Newar communities respectively (Bhattarai et al., 2021; Kumar et al., 2012; Siddiqui et al., 2004). 

It is also known as the "Butter tree of Nepal." Chiuri is mostly found in those countries which lie in the lap of the 

Himalayas region, like Nepal (Joshi et al., 2018).  

Chepangs are marginalized communities who are mostly known for the practice of shifting cultivations and 

depend upon natural resources for their livelihood strategy (Aryal et al., 2009; Piya & Maharjan, 2013). Chepang 

people have a primitive way of living and have indigenous knowledge regarding using different plants (Rijal, 

2011). According to the census 2068, about 68,399 Chepangs are found mainly in Makwanpur, Chitwan, Kaski, 

Gorkha, Lamjung, and Tahanu districts. Chepangs are closely related to the Chiuri and have cultural and religious 

importance within them. They cultivate those trees mainly in a derelict land called "khoriya” in Nepali (Sharma, 

2011).  

Chiuri is found in 50 mid-hill districts along the subtropical broadleaved forest with an altitude of 400 to 1400 m 

from the sea level in Nepal (Figure 1). Nepal has a diverse geographical and climatic variation which provides a 

favorable environment for growing Diploknema butryracea. It is a medium-sized, slow-growing plant that ranges 

20-30 m in height. Leaves are broad and arranged alternately and with simple parallel venation, 6-12 inches in 

length and 3-6 inches in breadth (Joshi, 2010). Barks are  

3 cm thick, dark grey in color, and light in weight. It gives a milky white fluid when cut freshly. Flowers are long, 

creamy white, axillary, clustered solitary, and ranges from 50 to 72 per fascicles. Light green fruits are seen in the 

early stage and appear yellowish or orange color when fully ripe. One fruit usually contains 1-2 seeds, and fruits 

look berry or pear-shaped. The wasteland, pastures, and inferior, rocky ridges of soil facing southwest-facing 

slopes are found in the southwest-facing slopes (Lead, 2007). Its product is mainly ghee or butter, which is 

obtained from the seed kernel. Hence it is known as the "Butter tree of Nepal." The life cycle of the insects like 

shoot borer and bark beetles is completed in these plants and affects the plant causing various diseases and 

reducing photosynthesis and fruits production in plants which ultimately causes the necrosis of the plant. Bats 

help in pollination and collects nectar from the flower.  

  
Figure 1. Diploknema butyracea (Roxb.) H.J.Lam. (Chiuri) from Syangja District, Western Nepal.  

Production of Chiuri in Nepal   

Nepal has around 10.8 million mainly naturally growing trees of Chiuri and covers about 1900 hectares. Chepang 

earns USD 41.43 annually by selling Chiuri seeds which are low compared to the present market context. It has 

the possibility of producing 37,245 metric tons of Chiuri butter with a market value of about NPR five billion 

(USD 41.4) and 17,285 metric tons of honey potential (MEDEP, 2010). A fully grown tree can give 15 kg of seed 



Global Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences (GRJMSS) Vol. 13 (9) 
 

pg. 3 

and 1 quintal of fruits in 20 years. It was found that in the altitude up to 1000 m from the sea level, the growing 

of Chiuri trees acquires high height and gives high fruits and seeds (Tewari et al., 2015).  

Production of Honey from Chiuri in Nepal  

In Sanskrit, "Madhu" means honey, and phuspa means flower; from its name also, we can say the flower of Chiuri 

helps produce honey (Table 1). Bees bear flowers of the Chiuri during Nov-Jan, and honey obtained from it, is of 

higher quality.  

Table 1. Chemical composition in Nectar and Honey of Chiuri (Joshi & Pechhacker, 

2002)  

Parameters   Nectar  Honey  

Fructose  9.57  36.27  

Glucose  10.2  41.24  

Sucrose  0.28  7.16  

Dikojibiose  0.37  0.37  

Maltose  0.25  0.97  

Fructose/Glucose  0.98  0.88  

Total Sugars  20.56  86.01  

The average honey production from a single hive is 35 kg in the last two years, but in 2021 it may be up to 20 kg 

per hive due to the reduction of blossoming flowers. Bees feed on the flower of Chiuri and can get 80% of the 

total bee’s food diets and can harvest honey four 4 times within a single season (Bista & Paudel, 2021). Nectar 

helps the bee survive, and the bee helps maintain the ecosystem (Teshome & Guta, 2020). Honey obtained from 

bees that feed on the nectar of Chiuri flowers has high demand in the international market as it is suitable for 

human health (Figure 2).   

  

 
Figure 2. Composition of Chiuri flower (Kureel et al., 2009).  

  

  

Moisture 
% 20 

Protein  
% 6 

Fats 
0.50 % 

Sugar  
54 % 

Calcium 
8 % 

Phosporous 
2 % 

Ash 
% 5 

others … 

Moisture Protein Fats Sugar 

Calcium Phosporous Ash others 



Global Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences (GRJMSS) Vol. 13 (9) 
 

pg. 4 

1.1 Production of butter from Churi in Nepal  

It is estimated that Nepal exports 20 tons of Chiuri butter to Europe annually. The yield of butter is 42-47% of the 

weight of seeds (Figure 3). Ghee is the solidification of butter and appears white with a pleasant odor.    

  

 
Figure 3. Composition of Butter (Sundriyal & Sundriyal, 2003).  

Table 2. Chemical composition of butter obtained from Chiuri  

Parameters  Chiuri Butter   

Palmitic acid   (50-60)%  

Oleic acid  (30-40)%  

Linoleic acid  (2-10)%  

Steric acid  (0-5)%  

Processing of Butter  

Butter is extracted from the seed, and the extraction process by the traditional method is laborious and time-

consuming (Figure 5). It takes whole days to peel 100 kg seed of Chiuri (Devkota et al., 2013). For the processing 

of the butter traditionally, first, the fruits are harvested and collected in a basket. Then fruits are squeezed, and 

pulp is removed. After the removal of pulp, the seed is dried for 2-3 days and crushed down into powdered form 

with the help of a traditional instrument called "Dhiki," and obtained powdered form is placed on a plate above a 

boiling pan and streamed for some time. Then the butter is extracted by using "Khole " or "Chepuwa." While 

doing this process, 25-30% of the butter from the seed is obtained. In Modern techniques, seeds are dry in a fry 

fan and expel in expeller. This technique (40-45%) of butter is extracted from the seed (Singh et al., 2010). The 

oil thus obtained should be refined, unrefined Chiuri has a creamy, pale yellowish color, but a fully refined butter 

is pure white. Typically 18 kg of seeds are required to produce a liter of ghee, and one household generally 

consumes about 2-5 kg of ghee per year.  

  

  

Fats  
81 % 

Protein  
% 2 

Carbohydrates 
% 8 

Ash  
% 3 

Others 
% 6 

Fats Protein Carbohydrates Ash Others 



Global Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences (GRJMSS) Vol. 13 (9) 
 

pg. 5 

  
Figure 5. Diploknema butyracea (Roxb.) H.J.Lam. (Chiuri) seeds and fruits from Chitwan District Central Nepal.  

  

Other Products from Chiuri  

Chocolates, soaps, candles, juice, fertilizers, cosmetics items, and medicines can be manufactured from the fruits, 

seeds, and bark of trees (Khanka et al., 2009).  

Uses of Chiuri in Nepal  

Medical perspective  

The medicines obtained from the Chiuri are known as herbal medicines (Kumar et al., 2012). Every part of the 

Chiuri plant has some role in controlling different types of diseases in human beings. Butter made from Chiuri is 

rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamins (A, E) that helps to hydrates, nourishes our skin, repair hair, and 

shine. It is used to cure cracked feet, lips, and hands. It contains a high amount of palmitic acid (Table 2), which 

helps in softening the skin. The ghee extracted from the seed is used as body lotion and helps in therapy. It also 

works as antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic during headaches and rheumatism (Mishra, 2015; Shekhawat 

& Vijayvergia, 2010). Leaves are used as poultice to reduce pain, eczema in the body, Cushing's disease, and 

bronchitis (Yadav et al., 2012). Leaves extract helps in the death of Ehrlich Ascites carcinoma cells and control 

bleeding (Saluja et al., 2011). The barks treat diseases in humans like ulcers, itching, hemorrhages, inflammation 

of tonsils (Prashanth et al., 2010), leprosy, and diabetes (Tyagi, 2015; Thapa, 2019). Powder made from the bark 

of chiuri helps to maintain our blood sugar levels. Juices are applied against headaches, and seed powder is used 

for curing constipation (Kunwar & Bussman, 2009). The excellent form of bark mixed with ghee and honey 

increases sex vigor and vitality (Meena & Meena, 2016). Stem and barks contain the antibodies that work as an 

antidote for snakes and use them for snake bitter (Gaikwad et al., 2009). The fats obtained from the seed are used 

to cure pimples, burns, and emollients for cracked hands and legs (Manandhar, 2002).   

Household perspective   

From the harvested fruits, seeds are extracted and crushed with an expeller. The crushed seed is filtered and 

purified to obtain a light yellow-colored butter locally called "Makkhana." Then Makkhana proceeds to make 

ghee. Such extracted Ghee/Makkhana can be used for cooking, body lotion. The ghee is used as the primary fuel 

in "Diyo," which helps light the house during a power cut and unreached areas (Godiganur et al., 2009). Oilcake, 

the residue left after ghee production, can produce soaps and detergents as it contains saponins. It is also used for 

the productions of candles (Majumdar et al., 2012). Leaves can be used to make paper plates and strong woods; 

branches are helpful to make furniture. Both fruits and seeds are the edible part of the plants and can be used by 

humans and animals after detoxification as foods and feeds. The fruits which look yellow supplies carbohydrates 

to the body or can be used for the purification of alcohol after certain industrial activities (Swain et al., 2007). 

Nectar is used for the manufacturing of sugar candy (Joshi, 2010). Generally, all the fruits of the tree mature 



Global Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences (GRJMSS) Vol. 13 (9) 
 

pg. 6 

simultaneously, and Nepal does not have any mechanism for the post longevity of the fruits, so the fruits can be 

used for making jams, squash, and juices. 

Agricultural perspective   

After extracting the ghee from the seed, the remaining part can be used as manures in banana and paddy 

cultivations due to its pesticide properties. It can also be used as homicide, nematicides, molluscicides, and 

rodenticides. The bark of trees contains tannins which are used to kill the fish. The thick and soft pulp, which is 

sweet present in the pericarp, is used to prepare the jaggary through crushing and boiling in the conventional 

method. The insects like honeybee suck nectar of flowers, hornets, wraps, and insects get their diets from (Chitale 

et al., 2018).  Nectar is rich in sugar content, and honey bees visit such flowers mainly in the winter season and 

ultimately give Chiuri honey. The bees and bats also suck the nectars of flowers; they are rich in aromatic 

compounds and helps to maintain co-evolution in the environment. This plant has a well-developed tap root 

system, due to which it helps in soil conservation, preventing soil erosion, conserving the water resources, and 

maintain balance in the ecosystem by exchanging gases (Noss, 2001).  

Management strategies  

Chiuri flower is slightly yellow in color and blossoms from October to January; fruit sets start to develop and 

mature from February to July. Fruit is green in color in the early stage, and in the mature stage, they are yellow. 

Chiuri, which are propagated from seed, is good in quality, and such obtained saplings have good germination 

capacity. Seeds should be sowed in the soil within 7 days after taking out the ripened fruits; the soil should contain 

1-part organic mulch, 1-part fine sand, and 1- part Fym. The seed should be soaked in cleaned water for 12 hrs 

before sowing. Sowing should be at 4 cm deep from the ground surface. Care should be given, especially in the 

early stage. After one year, we can get a 20-40 cm plant and be transplanted to a specific area. Training and 

pruning operations can be done to give the tree shape and obtain better fruit quality. Chiuri plant can give fruits 

from 12 years up to 70 years. Trees are tall, and harvesting should be done carefully so that harvester as well as 

fruits, branches do not get hurt.  

Relation of Chiuri with Chepang communities  

Chepang communities in Nepal are found in the upper slopes of the Mahabharat ranges, and they are the semi-

nomadic people who mainly depend on the forest for their livelihood (Chhetri et al., 1997). It is a minority 

community that is involved in the conservation of Diploknema butyracea. In Chepang communities, it is found 

that the families having more trees are said to be rich. Moreover, during the marriage ceremony bride's family 

gives trees of Diploknema butyracea to the groom's family as a gift. The link between Chepang communities and 

Chiuri is so strong that when trees are sick, people will treat them with the help of local healers instead of cutting 

them. Trees are divided equally among family members (Bhattarai et al., 2021).  At midnight a hungry hoax ran 

away from her stable and went to the millet field for feeding. After being saturated, she began to return to the 

stable. On the way, she fell from the high cliff and get stuck halfway. None of them managed to rescue her, and 

after some time, she died. In the same place, the Chiuri tree was first grown with the help of fertilizers from the 

carcass. Some findings are compared to the plant's parts, such as fruit of Chiuri secrets white fluid compared with 

the milk of buffalo, oil obtained from seeds is compared with buffalo butter. Seeds are usually black and are 

compared with millets. Hence Chiuri is regarded as the milking buffalo for Chepang Communities (Bhattarai et 

al., 2021).  

Conclusions  

Chiuri plants are of great importance in human life and maintain the ecosystem, but only a few people work for 

the conservation of Chiuri. Plants are destroyed by the forest fire, which occurs during the summer months, and 

people often cut the branches during harvesting time. Strong winds and heavy rainfall also affect the plants. People 



Global Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences (GRJMSS) Vol. 13 (9) 
 

pg. 7 

are only concerned with benefits without making any attempt for its conservations. People do not know training 

and pruning operations, insects &pest affected plants part remains in the plant and ultimately necrosis occurs. The 

yield of Chiuri is decreasing year by year. The fruits obtained are also not well utilized; it gets rotten due to the 

lack of sound processing techniques and posts storage facilities. As the Chiuri plant propagates through seeds and 

takes a long time to obtain a yield, the correct price of Chiuri people's product hesitates to adopt Chiuri cultivation 

as their primary occupation. EIA (Environment Impact Analysis) should be done before conducting the 

development works in the hilly areas. Government, NGO, INGOs, following public participation, should work 

for the conservation of an indigenous variety of Nepal and try to obtain maximum benefit from the plant by 

applying modern tools and technology regarding harvesting, processing, and marketing of Chiuri products which 

ultimately contributes to eradicating the Chepangs from poverty line and increases the economic status of the 

country. 

Conflicts of interest. There are no conflicts of interest.  

ORCID 

Samiksha Dahal: https://orchid.org/0000-0002-5812-9574  

Sandesh Subedi: https://orchid.org/0000-0001-5873-3205  

Niroj Paudel: https://orchid.org/0000-0003-1635-3559  

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