




































 Global Journal of Education and Allied Research (GJEAR) 
Volume.16, Number 6; June-2025; 

ISSN: 2837-3707| Impact Factor: 7.80 

https://zapjournals.com/Journals/index.php/gjear 

Published By: Zendo Academic Publishing 

 

 

pg. 9 

OVERCOMING THE CHALLENGES OF POVERTY TO DEMOCRACY 

THROUGH CONTINUING EDUCATION 

 
1 Emmanuel Idowu Ojobanikan 

Email: emmanuel.ojobanikan@funai.edu.ng 

 

Article Info  Abstract 

Keywords: Continuing 

Education; Democracy; 

Poverty, Sustainable, Good 

Governance 

DOI 

10.5281/zenodo.15754723 

 The last two decades have witnessed increase in poverty level in 

Nigeria with aftermath of insurgency, banditry, kidnapping and 

several calls for secession. The military is also under pressure to 

topple democratically elected government as a result of political 

abysmal and executive recklessness. In view of this situation, this 

paper highlights the pivotal roles of continuing education to re-orient 

leaders and the citizen for true democratic participation, political 

stability and sustainable democracy. It also underlines its strength in 

equipping every adult with relevant knowledge and skills for gainful 

employment, employment creation and self-reliance. Adequately 

propagating appropriate continuing education could significantly 

contribute to poverty reduction and sustainable democracy. Therefore, 

it is recommended that, continuing education should be integrated and 

deeply entrenched into all approaches and methodologies employed 

for adult and youth education for it to equip every adult with the 

needed skills and knowledge for self-employment, self-reliance, good 

citizen and leadership. Furthermore, as good governance is critical to 

sustainable democracy, continuing education should cater for every 

administrator to refresh and update their knowledge and learn from 

other countries good governance that would maintain and sustain 

democracy. 
 

 
Introduction 

Poverty is a social phenomenon that affects people in terms of inability to meet the basic needs of life such as 

food, shelter and clothing. It is a concept that measures various dimensions of deprivation which ranges from 

social, economic and environmental to political deprivation (Sharlamanov & Petrusheva. 2022; Guio, 2018). 

According to Deveaux (2018), it is denial of rights and privileges through in-access to socioeconomic resources, 

political involvement and negotiations. This phenomenon is one of the major human social catastrophes of our 

time, coupled with environmental challenges, weighs deeply on our planet; ‘earth’ and the future of human race. 

                                                           
1 Department of Educational Management and Foundational Studies, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, 

Ebonyi State, Nigeria 

 

https://zapjournals.com/Journals/index.php/gjear


                                                                                 Global Journal of Education and Allied Research Vol. 16 (6) 

pg. 10 

In the last two decades, it has reached unmatched and impermissible height in Nigeria, glaringly evident in 

abysmal decrease in economic index and trends, suffering and hardship among Nigerians. 

The chronicity of poverty in Nigeria remains misery. Nigeria as a nation is endowed with many natural 

resources like crude oil and gold among others. Aside being oil-producing nation, she is equally blessed with 

other natural and human resources that are enough to put her on the path of economic development and 

advancement (Musibau, Shittu, & Yanotti, 2022). However, Nigeria is submerged in extreme poverty in spite of 

her stupendous wealth. This has generated deep concerns and fears about the continued sustainable democratic 

process in Nigeria, as poverty induced agitation and violent conflicts frequently sprout and spread across the 

country thus threatening the country’s sovereignty and oneness in the face of various secession agitations by 

various groups and tribes (Awotokun, Nwozor & Olanrewaju, 2020). Political stakeholders in Nigerian 

democratic business seemed to be at crossroad on the means and ways to alleviate poverty, being generally 

regarded as monumental threat to a budding democratic process. Majority of the population are craving for 

dividends of democracy as poverty index continually grows in the nation. There are regional outcry against 

impoverishment and marginalization. Endless ethno-cultural associations and groups are being continuously 

formed to annex interest and demands for better share of the national resources, even when such demands are 

inimical to the basis of the country's democracy. 

It is no longer ambiguous that the rising cases of poverty in Nigeria constitute serious danger to the 

democratization process. This paper therefore concerns itself with the highlights of the challenges posed by 

poverty to democracy in Nigeria and how continuing education could play a paramount role. Conceptual 

discourse are presented, the consequences of poverty on democracy is x-rayed, and suggestions for combating 

and reducing poverty across the length and breadth of country are also made with the major potential lying in 

continuing education to eradicate poverty and sustain democratic rule  

Poverty 

Globally, Poverty is a phenomenon that spares no continent, nation and people but affects them differently. It 

impacts on people in different ways, dimensions and degrees. There is no nation without a taste of poverty, 

meaning that freedom from poverty in any given nation is rare. The difference is the intensity and prevalence 

among the people within time and place (Bossert, Chakravarty & Ambrosio, 2019). 

Poverty could be conceptualised as an acute state of deprivation in both social and economic sense. Its extreme 

is seen in an individual or families who could not afford the minimum acceptable level of standard of living in 

their society. To this end, Okolie, Onyema & Baseey (2019) described poverty inability of a person or group to 

acquire material resources for subsistence and protection of human dignities. The inability to provide physical 

needs leads to inability to take part in normal activities and possession of materials that could bring 

improvements in living conditions. Similarly, Olamejeye in Oluwatusin and Abolarin-Egbebi (2015) put 

poverty as extent of difficulty experienced in making ends meet, especially daily basic needs. Also, Fabrizi & 

Mussida (2020), revealed that poverty is marked by either total lack of or inadequate access to basic amenities 

that make life easy and livable. This brings dichotomy between the poor in the rural and urban areas through the 

types of food they eat and the environment they live in. Gweshengwe & Hassan (2020) posited that it is a way 

of life distinguishable by consumption of poor and imbalanced diets, low calories, lack of access to health care, 

poor educational, decrease in life expectancy, high infant and maternal mortality, poor income generation, youth 

unemployment and under-employment and lack of access to housing and other societal facilities.  

Many studies have x-rayed the causes of poverty and revealed that the causes of poverty are many and varied. 

Xie (2018) submitted that bad governance, mismanagement of public resources and laziness on the part of the 

citizens to hold leaders accountable could lead to poverty. Rural-urban migration of various categories of people 



                                                                                 Global Journal of Education and Allied Research Vol. 16 (6) 

pg. 11 

(both unskilled, semi- skilled, educated uneducated) in search of opportunities with unascertained assurance of 

better living in the city is one of the factors responsible for poverty. On many occasions, the migrants get to 

discover that they were only living in assumption and myths as unemployment, underpayment, retrenchment, 

high cost of living stare at them. Many at times, the migrants end up squatting or living in the slums. Porter 

(2019) also argued that socioeconomic status of parent at early life determines poverty status of children in most 

cases. That is, if the parents are poor, the children would suffer deprivation in many areas within the ages 

between toddler and teenage. In most cases, many children might not be able to get themselves out of the 

poverty status until they start working. Therefore, some individuals inherited poverty from their parents. 

The consequences of poverty are numerous and enormous. It ranges from acute lack of material resources, 

recreational means, economic and political power, lack of self esteem, to isolation and social degradation. 

Poverty gives rise to the rate of hunger, imbalanced diets and low-life expectancy, abuse of human socio-

political rights, sicknesses and diseases, illiteracy and poor education, ignorance and hopelessness, uncertainty 

and all that creates a blinking human future (Brooks-Gunn, Klebanov, Liaw & Duncan, 2021; Duncan, 

Magnuson & Votruba-Drzal,  2017; Mood & Jonsson, 2016). 

Democracy 

Democracy as a concept has no generally accepted definition. Different people and scholars have discussed and 

interpreted it differently due to differences in ideology, culture and historical contextualization of the concept of 

democracy. The diverse adherents of different political philosophies and ideologies always enjoy the term 

‘democratic’ because democracy comes with good and better life for the people. Democracy as a form of 

government started in Ancient Greek -city states where adult males enjoyed same rights in direct participation 

in decision-making on matters affecting governance and their societies. The ‘direct’ democracy attained in 

Greek city- states was attainable due to small population and geographical territories (Kumar, 2017). In today's 

large societies and modern nation state with large population and geographical territories, institutionalization of 

democracy becomes imperative, hence, indirect and representative government. Therefore, democracy has 

given opportunity for election of few who represent others on the principle of equal and universal franchise. 

O'donnell, Cullell & Iazzetta, (2016) described democracy as ‘set of rules, political ideologies and practices 

with responsibilities that allows participation in public and private affairs’. Also, Parvin (2018) perceived 

democracy ‘as the political and economic empowerment of the majority of the ordinary people for effective 

participation in the decisions that affect their lives, their individual and collective rights and the way in which 

their society is governed’. Thus, effectiveness of democracy lies in the people’s actually involvement in 

decision-making on how they are being governed. The current situation in some quarters where majority of the 

people are only recognized during election to formalize democratic rituals is an aberration and inimical to 

acceptable and meaningful democracy. 

Participation of the generality of the people in decision-making is based on availability of qualitative 

information cannot be undermined in any democratic process that would be regarded as a real democracy. 

Accordingly, lyayi (2002), opined that democracy only exists, when rural populations participate fully in 

decision-making and the leadership do not ascribe all wisdom to itself for manipulation or hoard information 

but rather provide quality information for group power and debate before decision is made.  

Finally, true democracy engenders an appreciable level of socioeconomic development that could facilitate 

people's basic potential and means to be involved and participate in social and political activities in their 

societies (Dahl, 2023). Democracy must include the right of people to fulfill their social, economic and political 

aspirations (Dewey, 2024). The question therefore is, “Does the environment exist in Nigeria for the above 

democratic practices to thrive". 



                                                                                 Global Journal of Education and Allied Research Vol. 16 (6) 

pg. 12 

Continuing Education  

Continuing education is such an important concept in education that all fields of education, medicine, 

agriculture and beyond are allying with it on daily basis in other to push forward frontier of knowledge and 

encourage progression in learning, research and science for sustainable development (Blossfeld & Von 

Maurice, 2019). It is a process of ongoing learning and professional development that an individual engaged in 

irrespective of the initial contact with education (formal) (Mlambo, Silén, & McGrath, 2021; Hussain, Alhassan 

& Kamba, 2013). It involves acquisition of new knowledge, skills, and competencies to be up-to-date and 

relevant with the work place developments especially in technology and technical know-how 

Continuing Education is a form of adult education that means to carry forward and progress earlier gained. It is 

similar to lifelong learning - a mindset of continuous learning and self-improvement and usually within and 

outside the formal school system (Rubenson, 2019; Laal, Laal & Aliramaei, 2014). Osuji in Hussain, Alhassan, 

& Kamba (2013), submitted that continuing education is educating and re-educating, training and re-training 

chances for out-of-school individuals irrespective of class and status for them to cope with new demands of life. 

Continuing education programmes are likely not to be on full time basis but rather part time such as evening 

classes, night classes, weekend programmes, summer programme, vacation classes, or even self studies in their 

homes through correspondence study or through blended learning of synchronous and asynchronous (Billett, 

2020).  To Laal, Laal & Aliramaei (2014), it is summarily a post secondary school learning for all and sundry. 

Continuing Education programmes specifically meant to address recognized and pinpointed needs thus the 

possibility of associating continuing education with vocational, occupational skills development. Thus, the 

benefits of continuing education are numerous and overwhelming. It cut across aspects of human endeavours. It 

benefits the individuals, organizations and the society at large. Through continuing education, individuals could 

achieve personal and professional growth, stay competitive, and enhance their overall well-being. These 

benefits are limitless and include; career advancement and competitiveness, enhanced job satisfaction and 

performance, increased earning potential, apt ability to changing work environments, networking opportunities, 

personal growth and fulfillment, industrial relevance with industry developments, trends, and best practices and 

job security (Blossfeld & Von Maurice, 2019; Knowles, Holton III, & Swanson, 2014; Laal, Laal, & Aliramaei, 

2014; Hobbs, 2010) 

Continuing Education, Poverty and Democracy in Nigeria 

The issue and challenges of poverty in Nigeria is endemic and overwhelming that the people could not examine 

their culture to see if there are elements that prevent fairness, equitable and true democracy. 2023-2024 Human 

Development Report (HDR), revealed a grim picture of poverty in Nigeria. The highlights of the Human 

Development Index were that life expectancy was 56.05 years, infant mortality stood at 53.67 deaths per 1000 

live births, 50 % of children less than 5 years of age were stunted due to imbalanced diets and only 53% of the 

adult population was literate. Other highlights were that 70% and 53% of the population had no access to 

portable water and healthcare respectively. The summary was that over 60% of the population lived below the 

absolute poverty level of $ 1 per person in a day and 39.9% living below the international extreme poverty line 

of $2.15 per person per day (World Bank Group, 2024). 

Several administrations in the past and present (both military and democratic) have made frantic moves to 

eradicate poverty in Nigeria with each administration implementing programmes and establishing agencies to 

address the ugly situation but little has been achieved. Some of these initiatives are; Operation Feed the Nation 

(OFN) of 1976, Green Revolution (GR) of 1980s), Directorate for Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructures 

(DFRRI) and Poverty Alleviation Programme. Worthy of note is the late Yar'Adua's 7 - point agenda which had 

wealth creation and poverty alleviation as parts of its features. In spite of all these interventions, abundant 



                                                                                 Global Journal of Education and Allied Research Vol. 16 (6) 

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resources and oil wealth of the nation, 70% of the population live below the poverty line and 35% live in abject 

poverty (Ojobanikan, 2019). 

Ever increasing and unabated poverty propelled by massive unemployment, is a clog to the wheel of Nigeria 

nation pursuit of true and sustainable democracy (Oluwatusin, &Abolarin-Egbebi, 2015). Individual or group 

denied of basic material needs would find it impossible to participate fully in any democratic political process. 

As poverty renders people poor and incapable of being a full-fledged social being, denied of freedom to fulfill 

his/her aspirations, one could therefore conclude that poverty hinders true and sustainable democracy. 

Consequently, many people bury their heads in struggle for daily economic survival rather than engaging in 

abstract term democracy, which brings no food to their table at the moment. 

Nigeria’s reward system, perhaps the global poorest, contributes to poverty of majority (Manjo, 2023). Workers 

‘pay per month of N70, 000.00 is one of the poorest in the world over which could not feed a family of 4 

successfully for two weeks in the present economic realities in Nigeria (International Social Alternative (ISA), 

2024). The retired are dying while waiting for their retirement benefits, consequently incapacitating an 

important segment of the society. To get daily living thus becomes a difficult task, resulting in disillusionment 

and apathy among the citizens. For the sustainability of a democracy like ours, a vibrant civil society is a sine 

qua non. A situation whereby workers wages do not sustain them, do not help the cause of democratization in 

Nigeria, as it could lead to poverty, inequality, and weak civic participation. 

Omar & Hasanujzaman, (2021) reported strong multi-faceted linkages between poverty, education and 

democratization. Therefore, illiteracy and its consequents; ignorance and inferiority complex adversely affect 

effective participation of Nigerians, mostly the poor persons, in political process. In view of limited access to 

sources of information about political process, the poor illiterates that constitute majority in Nigerian societies 

cannot contribute effectively to the decision making process, that thereafter affects their lives through the 

outputs (policies) of the political process. Hence, depriving the people of effective decision making power is the 

bane of democracy in the country (Nwinya, 2024). Liberal democracy thus becomes the business of the state 

while the people are pushed aside. The few privileged ruling elites dictate the pace of things in society and 

control individuals who participate in the government processes, all to the access to economic power they have, 

which the poor Nigerians absolutely lack. 

This situation has continually subdued the poor to the manipulation of the rich. This further underscores why 

the unemployed youths are recruited as political thugs and militias during electioneering campaigns and 

elections to serve the political interest of the rich for stipends. And upon elected into positions of power, the 

rich quickly and completely forgot the poor youths, only to be remembered in another elections period. It has 

been observed and confirmed that when a politician buys his way into office, he becomes irresponsible and 

unacceptable to the electorate; after all, he has paid and fed them for their services once and for all during the 

election (Szwarcberg, 2015). 

In addition, corruption contributed immensely to impoverishment of the people. Nigeria is a nation where 

political leaders that have access to the national treasury convert public funds for private use, a nation with 

parliamentarians that works to undermine anti-corruption campaign, and it is a society with a highly corrupt 

judiciary. Political corruption is a pandemic in Nigeria conspicuously visible in bureaucratic and electoral 

malpractices, bribery, fraud, embezzlement, extortion, favoritism and nepotism within the political scene. Public 

officials thrown away service to humanity (Caiden, 2019). 

This is the more reason why various poverty alleviation initiatives which were highly politicized and used to 

throw money to party loyalists failed, furthering ordinary Nigerians distrusting the democratic process. As the 

country battles various social vices, insurgency and secession threat occasioned by poverty among other factors, 



                                                                                 Global Journal of Education and Allied Research Vol. 16 (6) 

pg. 14 

it would be of great advantage to embrace continuing education to address firstly the menace of ignorance and 

poverty and thereby manage secession threats of the most populous and largest Africa nation. 

Globally, continuing education is vital to democracy survival because it informed citizenship. Continuing 

education helps citizens stay informed about political issues, fostering informed decision-making, critical 

thinking, information analysis and informed choices. It also helps civic engagement and participation in the 

democratic process, adaption to changing social, economic, and political landscapes. It empowers citizens to 

advocate for their rights, hold elected officials accountable, and participate in public discourse. It instills 

democratic values like tolerance, pluralism, and respect for diversity. It gives opportunities to the marginalized 

groups, fostering political literacy, encourages active citizenship essential for a healthy democracy and ensuring 

democratic renewal (Baça, 2023).   

In Nigeria particularly, continuing education could be of immense benefit to the democratic process if embraced 

and appropriately propagated.  By prioritizing continuing education, Nigeria can strengthen its democratic 

institutions, promote active citizenship, and ensure a more informed and engaged citizenry. It would build 

capacity, skills and knowledge for effective governance and leadership. It would encourage active citizenship- 

fostering a sense of responsibility and engagement among citizens. It would support democratic reforms by 

educating citizens on democratic reforms and their role in implementing change (Kahne, Hodgin & Eidman-

Aadahl, 2016). 

In the fight against poverty for democratic survival, continuing education plays important roles. It brings about 

poverty reduction by enhancing employability through acquisition of new skills and knowledge to secure better 

paying jobs, become employers of labour by developing entrepreneurial skills to start and manage businesses in 

individuals. Improved education and skills increases earning potentials and income. It also brings about 

improved health status. It gives opportunities to access health education and information for better health 

participation and outcomes. Financial literacy through continuing education brings informed decisions. By 

prioritizing continuing education, individuals and communities can break the cycle of poverty and achieve 

sustainable economic growth and development as it helps individuals and communities in acquiring skills and 

knowledge to improve livelihoods, adapt to changing economic environments and improve overall well-being 

(Woessmann, 2016)) 

Conclusion 

It is not deniable that poverty and democracy have a high level of correlation and they influence each other in 

great dimensions. Indeed, high rate of poverty creates public indifference and apathy in democratic process, as 

democracy that is expected to improve quality of life for the citizens through its dividends has turned out to be a 

profound failure in Nigeria nation. However, the situation can be changed through appropriate strategy - 

continuing education. It is therefore recommended that; the educational policies should be reviewed to place 

importance on continuing education for all and sundry irrespective of class and status to address the hyper 

inflation rates, unemployment, food insecurity and poverty in the country. Also Policies must provide more than 

capacity building for the people by creating capabilities that match access to opportunities. In this connection, 

government should establish adult and continuing education centres in the rural communities for the rural 

community dwellers to update their knowledge and upgrade their skills for self employment, self-reliance and 

sustainable development in agriculture, technologies and social investment. It would foster linkages between 

self-reliance, assertiveness, civility and sustainable democracy.  

Furthermore, the out of school children and youths from both primary and secondary should be catered for in 

the propagation of the continuing education to forestall illiteracy and aftermath effect of thuggery and touting 

that is dangerous to democracy. Also, there should be increase in public funding of continuing education in the 



                                                                                 Global Journal of Education and Allied Research Vol. 16 (6) 

pg. 15 

area of vocational education for women and youths to enhance empowerment. The vocational training centers 

should enhance and equip youths specifically, for self-employment and reliance. More also, good governance is 

critical to sustainable democracy, continuing education would allow every administration to refresh and update 

their knowledge and learn from others, the principles of  good governance that would maintain and sustain 

democracy.  

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