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The Nexus between Igbo Traditional Belief System and 

Masquerade Act: A Pragmatic Analysis 

 

By 

Innocent Ngangah 

 

 

 

Abstract 

This paper explores the proposition that the traditional belief-system and masquerade act of the 

Igbo of south-eastern Nigeria is a demonstration of Charles Peirce’s pragmatism. Pragmatism’s 

central theme is that only practice or action can validate the veracity or meaningfulness of any 

thought or concept. In like manner, masquerade act or practice in Igbo land is, in many 

respects, a manifestation of the traditional belief system of the Igbo (also known as Ndi-Igbo). 

In other words, masquerade act in Igbo land correlates with and validates a key concept 

communally shared by Ndi-Igbo, thus fulfilling the ultimate goal of Peirce’s pragmatism and 

the pragmatic maxim, namely, that the actual or potential consequence of a concept is the only 

true proof or validity of that concept. 

 

Keywords: Charles Peirce, pragmatism, Igbo, masquerade act, belief system, culture 

 

1. Introduction 

Charles Sanders Peirce’s pragmatism posits that a theory is a concept which 

has a practical effect or the possibility of a would-be practical effect. In other 

words, it stresses that there is a fundamental connection between thought and 

action. This paper explores the proposition that the traditional belief-system 

and masquerade act of Ndi-Igbo is a demonstration of Charles Peirce’s 

pragmatism.  

     We need to note, in this introductory section, why a scholarly study of 

aspects of a people’s culture, such as the one we are conducting here, is a 

worthy and profitable enquiry. Culture is worth studying because it represents 

the soul of any given society, which includes its values, lores and mores. All of 

these influence a society’s sense of what is right or wrong, good or bad, and 

how the individuals in the society socialize, learn and develop, and how the 

society itself is organized. These make a culture-based analysis, especially one 

utilizing a philosophical tool of enquiry, very rewarding. 

     This study is about how the cultural thoughts of the Igbo produce and 

sustain their masquerade act – how such intangible thoughts connect to a 

tangible act. And in this paper, we are using the tenets of Charles Peirce’s 

pragmatism to establish this nexus. Pragmatism is suitable for this role because 

its central theme states that only practice or action can validate the veracity or 

meaningfulness of any thought or concept. As such, it will be deployed to show 

that Igbo masquerade act or practice is, in many respects, a manifestation of the 

traditional belief system of Ndi-Igbo.  



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     Masquerade act in Igbo land correlates with and validates a key concept 

communally shared by Ndi-Igbo, thus fulfilling the ultimate goal of Peirce’s 

pragmatism and the pragmatic maxim, namely, that the actual or potential 

consequence of a concept is the only true proof or validity of that concept. Our 

analysis, in this paper, shall be conducted within this pragmatic framework. 

     The paper is in five sections, the first being the introduction. Because this is 

essentially a pragmatic discussion, section 2 gives an overview of Charles 

Peirce’s pragmatism, the technical tool of our enquiry. Our discussion shifts, in 

section 3, to the Igbo traditional belief system and masquerade act. In section 4, 

we discuss the pragmatic connotations of Igbo masquerade act. And in section 

5, the conclusion, we would summarize our main points and draw the 

significance of this research.   
 

2. Peirce’s Pragmatism: An Overview 

Charles Sanders Peirce (1839 – 1913) is generally acknowledged as the father 

of pragmatism because he was the first to formulate it as a tool of philosophical 

enquiry and explanation of meaning. Peirce was a man of various scientific and 

technological endowments who brought his broad-based background in the 

sciences, mathematics and his scholarly interest in the arts into philosophy, 

enriching it with his pioneering works in the classification of metaphysical 

systems, the philosophy of mind and self, logic, semiotics, and pragmatism. 

Our concern in this paper will restrict us to the latter. 

    Pragmatism was first proposed by Peirce as a principle and account of 

meaning in 1870 via his paper, “How to Make Your Ideas Clear”. This paper 

and other related papers of Peirce, published in The Collected Papers of 

Charles Sanders Peirce (abbreviated CP) shall constitute our reference text in 

this section. In line with the scholarly convention, the volume number and 

paragraph number of quotations from the Collected Papers shall be noted. 

     The summary of Peirce’s pragmatic thesis is that action validates concept – 

there must be a practical end to any statement or concept before it can become 

meaningful. Otherwise, it is meaningless. In other words, the extent to which a 

proposition or ideology can satisfactorily work in practice is the extent of its 

theoretical validity. In effect, impractical ideas should not be accepted as valid 

ideas. 

    Peirce’s thesis spurned a cross-continental movement after his more visible 

contemporary and Harvard professor, William James, took the idea to the 

centre stage of scholarly discourse in an address he delivered at the University 

of California, Berkeley, in 1894. In that paper, James became the first person to 

use the term “pragmatism” in print but ethically insisted that the term had been 

coined decades earlier by his close friend and reclusive philosopher, Charles 

Peirce. 

     Beyond crediting Peirce with coining the term, “pragmatism”, James 

identified Peirce’s work, “How to Make Your Ideas Clear”, as the inspirational 



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bible of the concept. Ironically, Peirce frowned at much of what James and 

other scholars who identified with his pragmatism, such as John Dewey and 

F.C.S Schiller, propagated in the name of his thesis. In later life, Peirce, in 

frustration and partly to incorporate his expansion of the thesis to include what 

he called “would-bes”, rechristened his idea “pragmaticism”. 

    Peirce identified Alexander Bain as his major source of influence. This is 

important because understanding what Bain had said, which Peirce found so 

influential, is critical in understanding Peirce’s “pragmatic maxim”, which we 

will discuss later in this paper. The key cornerstone of Peirce’s pragmatism is 

that belief is a disposition to act. This idea came from Bain. Charles Peirce: 
 

In particular, he [Nicholas St. John Green] often urged the importance of 

applying Bain's definition of belief, as "that upon which a man is 

prepared to act." From this definition, pragmatism is scarce more than a 

corollary; so that I am disposed to think of him as the grandfather of 

pragmatism. (C.P 5.12, 1907)  
 

    Before Bain and Peirce, belief was deemed to be a merely “occurent” thing – 

something that occurs in the mind without a necessary relationship with or 

validation in reality. Hume, for instance, defined belief, in the words of Engel 

(2004), as “the particular vividness of an idea in the mind”. Cardinal Newman 

(1870) also saw belief as mere mental affirmation. This 14th century view 

remained dominant even in Peirce’s time.  

    However, in 1859, Alexander Bain, Peirce’s foremost influence, sowed the 

seed of correlation between thought and action. Drawing from his background 

in physiology and psychology, he asserted that 
 

It will be readily admitted that the state of mind called belief is, in many 

cases, a concomittant of our activity. But I mean to go farther than this, 

and to affirm that belief has no meaning except in reference to our 

actions; the essence, or import of it is such as to place it under the region 

of the will. (Bain 1859, p. 568)  
 

    This was the idea Peirce, breaking reality into grades of consciousness, 

formulated as pragmatism in 1873. In “How to Make Your Ideas Clear”, Peirce 

identified three grades of clarity which are discussed below. Peirce was fond of 

triadic divisions. Some of his triadic characterizations include the three 

phenomenological categories – categories of firstness, secondness, and 

thirdness. His best known triadic formulation, however, is the semiotic one – 

that of icon, index, and symbol. The “trichotomy” which concerns us here is 

that of his three stages of clarity which culminated in the formulation of the 

pragmatic maxim.  

     Peirce’s first grade of clarity about a concept is to have a non-contemplative 

awareness or understanding of it. The proclivity of an adult citizen to register 

to vote in an election, for example, demonstrates his awareness of his 



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democratic right to vote. No meditation was required before he reached this 

awareness. For this citizen to advance to Peirce’s second grade of clarity, he 

should be able to define the concept of democracy.  

     The second grade of reality is the ability to clarify in a definitive way ones 

grasp of a given experience or concept. We may want to note in passing that 

the first two grades of clarity identified by Peirce bear clear influences by 

earlier nominalist philosophers, such as Kant, Leibniz, and Decartes. 

     To fully demonstrate his understanding of the concept of reality, our 

hypothetical citizen must raise his understanding of reality to the level reflected 

in Peirce’s third grade of reality, which is formulated as follows: 
 

Consider what effects, which might conceivably have practical bearings, 

we conceive the object of our conception to have. Then the whole of our 

conception of those effects is the whole of our conception of the object. 

(Peirce 1878/1992, p. 132) 
   

    This third grade of clarity is Peirce’s pragmatic maxim. What the maxim 

purports is that one’s understanding of a concept must go beyond his 

familiarization with it and his ability to state or define it to a practical 

demonstration of the consequences or effects of holding that belief or concept. 

    It is important to note that there is not simply a causal relationship between 

belief and consequence but an actual one. Peirce later revised the pragmatic 

maxim, taking its import beyond the actuality of proven effects to the “would-

be” consequences of provable effects. By incorporating “would-bees”, Peirce 

imbued the maxim with the architectonic capacity to accommodate his own 

brand of metaphysics and other positive strands from earlier philosophers. So, 

although the pragmatic maxim was conceived as a criterion of philosophical 

enquiry and as “a filter against empty metaphysical statements” (Atkin 2005), 

it is, as noted in Peirce's personal interleaved copy of the Century Dictionary, 

“a method of reflexion, having for its purpose to render ideas clear” (CP 5.13 

n. 1, c. 1902) – not to abolish, as the logical positivists would wish, all forms of 

metaphysics. 

    So, there is room for practicable metaphysics within the armpit of 

pragmatism. Peirce’s later formulation of his maxim ensured this. At his 

Harvard Lectures on Pragmatism in the early 1900s, Charles Peirce revised the 

original version of the pragmatic maxim to “allow any flight of imagination 

provided this imagination ultimately alights upon a possible practical effect”. 

In the highly empirical earlier version of 1878, he had defined the “practical 

effects” of a belief or concept as “effects...upon our senses” (Peirce 1994). He 

had simply emphasized actual or immediate effects. But in the later 

formulation, he expanded the maxim to also include possible or “would-be” 

events.  



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     Some philosophers, notably Quine, are critical of Peirce’s revision of the 

pragmatic maxim. Quine’s criticism of the maxim rests upon his claim that the 

maxim is open to plural interpretation: 
 

Peirce does not lend himself readily to single-minded interpretation. We 

had to interpret his pragmatic maxim sometimes in terms of dispositions 

to actions and sometimes in terms of confirmatory experiences. (Quine 

1981) 
 

Engel (2004), however, thinks the earlier and latter versions of the pragmatic 

maxim are not that irreconcilable. He says that both versions serve the same 

purpose, namely, to formulate “the pragmatic meaning of concepts (or 

statements)”. The only difference is that while the earlier version does that in 

terms of “indicative conditionals”, the latter version prescribes the use of 

“subjunctive conditionals”. 

    The “indicative conditional” of the earlier pragmatic maxim points out what 

will happen when certain concept-driven tests are carried out. But the later 

“subjunctive conditional” of the maxim projects into the future – it essentially 

hinges around what would happen if certain concept-driven events or tests take 

place, thereby expanding the logic to accommodate metaphysical propositions 

which bear the possibility of being scientifically investigated and validated. 

    To conclude this section, it is important to note that the ultimate end of 

Peirce’s pragmatism and the pragmatic maxim is to locate “the truth”. In line 

with our current enquiry, one might ask, “How is Igbo masquerade act a 

pragmatic reflection of Igbo traditional belief system?” And on a series of 

enquiries and findings, at what point would one say he has arrived at the truth? 

Peirce gives us a clue on how to locate or identify the pragmatic truth: 
 

The opinion which is fated to be ultimately agreed to by all that who 

investigate is what we mean by the truth, and the object represented in 

this opinion is the real. (Capps, 2019) 
 

     And what should qualify for pragmatic investigation? Should pragmatism 

be concerned with the cosmological belief of the Igbos, a significant off-shoot 

of which is Igbo masquerade act? We think it should because, according to 

Peirce, pragmatism is a method of “ascertaining the meanings of hard words 

and…abstract concepts” with a view to establishing the relationship, if any, 

between belief and action. And our objective, here, is to see if there is a linkage 

between Igbo belief system and its masquerade act, a method Peirce considers  

“nothing but a particular application of an older logical rule, ‘By their fruits ye 

shall know them’. (EP 2:400-401, 1907) 
 

3. Igbo Traditional Belief System and Masquerade Act 

The Igbo people’s traditional belief-system is embodied in “Odinani” (Isichei 

1997). The odinani comprises their traditional religion and cultural practices. 



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In Igbo mythology, which is part of their ancient religion, the supreme God is 

called Chukwu ("great spirit"); Chukwu created the world and everything in it 

and is associated with all things on Earth. Chukwu is a solar deity. To the 

ancient Igbo, the Cosmos was divided into four complex parts: creation, known 

as Okike; supernatural forces or deities called Alusi; Mmuo, which are spirits; 

and Uwa, the world. 

     Chukwu is the supreme deity in Odinani as he is the creator in their 

pantheon and the Igbo people believe that all things come from him and that 

everything on earth, heaven and the rest of the spiritual world is under his 

control (Basden 1912, Onwuejeogwu 1975). 

     The Igbo believe that there is a link between supernatural and natural forces, 

between uwa and mmuo. Hence, there is no independent existence in the Igbo 

traditional belief-system. The living and the unborn are inextricably connected 

to the dead. This is reinforced by the Igbo belief in reincarnation and the Igbo 

practice of ancestral worship. Just as some Christians believe in the 

intercessory powers of saints, the Igbo, through ancestral worship, appease the 

ancestors and seek their intervention in the affairs of the living and the unborn. 

Some children are believed to be reincarnated spirits of dead members of the 

family or extended family.  

     For the traditional Igbo, existence is essentially cyclical across the realms of 

the dead, the living and the unborn. And these three realms are connected in an 

active living sense. Indeed, it is believed that continuous spiritual exchanges 

daily take place among these realms, with the dead communing with the living 

who, in turn, commune with the unborn who, when need be, can directly 

commune with the dead. (See illustration below)  

 

 
 



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In the above diagram, each of the rectangles represents a realm of existence. In 

Igbo cosmology, there are three realms of existence – those of the Unborn, the 

Living, and the Dead – and none of them is obsolete. Each co-exists side by 

side with the others, relating with and reinforcing each other. At the beginning 

of time, all things, animate and inanimate, were “unborn”, in the sense that 

they were in the “womb” of God, the Creator, who then created all things by 

causing them to exist in the world. So, in absolute sense, out of the unborn 

emerged the first living human beings (that is why the arrow is pointing from 

“The Unborn” to “The Living”); the living then took up the task of 

replenishing the earth through the procreative process..  

     The earth is the plane of living human beings who pass on from this realm 

to the plane of “The Dead”. The latter are only considered dead in terms of 

their being physically absent in the physical realm of the living but are believed 

to be actually alive in the existential realm of the ancestral dead. The plane of 

“The Dead” is active and “living” as it is in constant contact with the planes of 

the living and the unborn. The so-called dead visit and interact with the living 

as “the living dead” (symbolized by masquerades) and intermingle with the 

unborn, the visible result of such intermingling being the cyclic return of some 

dead relatives in the form of new-born babies. So, in Igbo belief system, the 

unborn, the living and the dead share a cyclical existence in which they pass 

from one realm to another within the framework of an existential continuum.  

     A crucial point of this paper is that the Igbo masquerade act re-enacts and 

reinforces the Igbo cyclical concept of existence. In the traditional Igbo setting, 

the masquerade is so called because it symbolically masks the spirit of the dead 

in the land of the living, the living and the dead themselves being cyclically 

linked to the unborn. This is the critical connection, even though the 

entertainment value of some festival masquerades tends to play down this core 

cultural essence. 

    No matter the nature of the masquerade, no matter its cultural purpose or 

function, be it for entertainment, religious ritual, burial rites, ceremonial 

display, public announcement, satirical show, acrobatic display, social 

criticism, secret society rite, rites of passage induction, nocturnal invocation, or 

sheer theatrical performance, every masquerade in Igbo land symbolizes the 

spirit of the dead interfacing between the living and the unborn. For instance, a 

purely entertainment masquerade like the agbogho mmuo (maiden-like 

masquerade) “represent the spirits of deceased maidens and their mothers with 

masks symbolizing beauty”. (Picton 2008)  

    How can this communion between the dead and the living, which 

masquerades symbolize, be explained, and why is it necessary? Onyeneke 

(1987) expantiates: 
 

    The living-dead are what these masquerade/spirits embody. Igbo 

people believe that the dead never actually die; rather they remain in a 



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"personal immortal state". They reside somewhere between the earthly 

world and the spiritual world. These living-dead are believed to be 

closely related to those of the village. Since men are masqueraders, they 

are buried within their homes so their spirits may be close to their 

families…The living-dead then return to the earthly world from time to 

time to offer spiritual advice. It is the living-dead, who the masquerade 

portrays. 
     

     The disposition to enact a masquerade act in Igbo land springs directly from 

the Igbo people’s belief that the masquerade symbolizes the spirit of ancestors. 

A masquerade act is a habit of belief. It is a practical demonstration of the Igbo 

people’s worldview regarding the nature of man as a being with an unbroken 

tripartite linkage. The masquerade act gives the spirit of the dead a practical 

expression by masking their presence in a bodily living way. This is in line 

with Peirce’s description of pragmatism as “a sort of instinctive attraction for 

living facts”. (CP 5.64, 1903)  

      Two things need to be pragmatically clarified here. One, we must 

distinguish the masquerade of the Igbo from any other kind of masquerade, 

such as the Halloween masquerades of the United States and the carnival 

masquerades of the Brazilians and sundry theatrical troupes across the world. 

Two, the masquerade act of the Igbo qualifies as a subject of this discussion 

because it is a direct consequence of the Igbo people’s belief in the concept of 

the cyclical nature of existence as expressed in the unbroken communion 

between the living, the dead, and the unborn in the traditional Igbo community.  

      Applying the pragmatic maxim, discussed in the first part of this paper, a 

masquerade, from the Igbo perspective, can be clarified and distinguished from 

any other as follows: If, in Igbo land or anywhere else, an Igbo person 

imagines or sees a being robed to the extent that all or part of its body is 

covered with clothing or some other form of coverings, attachments, and/or 

enhancements aimed at alienating the being from the form or normal 

appearance or look of humans; and if this being wears a mask in public 

appearance or performance to create the effect of a non-human or spirit being 

invoking in the mind of the viewer the Igbo triadic concept of the unborn, the 

living and the dead even as this being remains mute, makes utterances, 

ritualises, entertains, frightens, arouses awe or some other emotion in the 

onlooker, the being in question is a masquerade.               

      Any other masquerade outside the one distinguished above is not the 

subject of this paper as it is not a masquerade which results from the Igbo 

triadic concept of existence. This distinction remains valid in spite of the fact 

that this concept is not unique to the traditional Igbo society. It is a central 

theme in African traditional religions but not all African traditional societies 

conceptualize their masquerade act as the Igbo uniquely do.  

      Apart from identifying and distinguishing the Igbo masquerade, as we have 

done above, the second point regarding the masquerade act of the Igbo being a 



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direct consequence of the Igbo cyclical notion of existence needs further 

clarification. We are treating this notion as a concept because from the 

pragmatic viewpoint that is what it is. As Peirce technically explained (brackets 

and italics in the quote being our emphases): 
 

A concept is something having the mode of being of a general type which 

is, or may be made, the rational part of the purport of a word. A more 

precise or fuller definition cannot here be attempted... The method 

prescribed in the (pragmatic) maxim is to trace out (as we did in the 

above definition of the Igbo masquerade) in the imagination the 

conceivable practical consequences – that is, the consequences for 

deliberate, self-controlled conduct – of the affirmation or denial of the 

concept; and the assertion of the maxim is that herein lies the whole of 

the purport of the word, the entire concept. (CP 8.191, c. 1904) 
 

    The masquerade act for the Igbo is a concept-based habit of behaviour and 

what distinguishes a concept-driven behavioural habit from other habits is that 

it is active in the imagination. The Igbo masquerade act as a habit of belief 

enacts, in Peirce’s word, “an inseparable connection between rational cognition 

and rational purpose” (Woell 2012). The relationship between masquerades 

and the spirits they relate to is a perspective in pragmatic realism. Unlike the 

nominalists who hold that only individuals are real, the pragmatic realist 

believes that relations are as real as the individuals or beings they objectify. 

And this brings us to Peirce’s concept of the pragmatic truth, which he 

describes as: 

 

The opinion which is fated to be ultimately agreed to by all ... who 

investigate, is what we mean by the truth, and the object represented in 

this opinion is the real (Engel 2004). 
     

     Below, in the concluding part of this paper, we will draw some interesting 

connections between Igbo masquerade act as a conceptual habit and key 

elements of Peirce’s pragmatist thesis.  
 

4. The Pragmatic Connotations of Igbo Masquerade Act 

The first pragmatic connotation of Igbo masquerade act is its demonstration of 

the pragmatist view that theory precedes and directs observation or action. It is 

only within the Igbo concept of the communion between the unborn, the living, 

and the dead that Igbo masquerade act makes fundamental meaning. This is 

precisely why masquerades are considered spirits, not human beings, and they 

are able to perform their sacred functions because of this perception.  

   Secondly, Igbo masquerade act exemplifies the place of practice in the 

validation of a word, thought, or concept which is the major goal of Peirce’s 

pragmatic maxim (in its early and later forms). The Igbo, through their 

masquerade act, emphasize praxis, which is the desirable end of Peirce’s 



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pragmatic enquiry. Igbo masquerades objectify Peirce’s view that beliefs are 

rules for action. 

    Thirdly, and as we have indicated in this paper, Peirce’s pragmatism is 

helpful in the utilitarian conceptualization of Igbo masquerade experience. 

According to Kant’s popular dictum, “intuitions without concepts are blind” 

(Gasdaglis 2014); Peirce would add, concepts without practice are 

meaningless. Igbo masquerade act is not self-justifying. Epistemic enquiry into 

the cultural import of masquerade acts is necessarily mediated by appropriate 

concepts and worldviews, one of which – the cyclical concept of existence of 

the Igbo – we have mentioned in this paper. And this researcher has found 

appropriate the investigation of Igbo masquerade act within the ambience of 

the pragmatism’s concept of “use value”.  

    Fourthly, Igbo masquerade act, in reflecting the cosmological viewpoint, 

instantiates pragmatism’s nullification of the dualism between theory and 

practice. The act thus becomes a living concept: the concept gives birth to the 

act which becomes its symbolic reality. The masquerade performer, being a 

knower of the concept of the Igbo cyclical concept of existence, becomes at the 

same time an agent of what he knows through his masquerade act. The 

masquerade performer is an agent as well as a participant-observer of the 

communal ethos his act and art symbolize. Experimentally, he is a custodian of 

the culture but also the provoker of communally acceptable change of aspects 

of that same culture within the context of the experimental theory of 

knowledge (as opposed to the spectator theory of knowledge favoured by 

Peirce’s pragmatism.  

    Igbo masquerade actors are, in this sense, explorers of the cultural landscape, 

not mere canvasses on which that world is reproduced. They mirror the image 

of the culture that gave them relevance while at the same time, with the 

passage of time, altering that same image by the evolutionary impact of their 

creative and innovative expressions. 
 

5. Conclusion 

From the foregoing, it is apparent that there is a nexus between Igbo traditional 

belief system and its masquerade act, and that this link is pragmatic in nature. 

We set out in the introductory part of this paper to posit that the traditional 

belief-system and masquerade act of the Igbo is a demonstration of the veracity 

of Charles Peirce’s pragmatic theory. Although Peirce pragmatism was not 

conceived specifically as a tool of cultural analysis, this study has shown that 

the pragmatic framework has an inclusive application and interpretation.  

     Our review of Peirce’s pragmatism in the second section of the paper 

indicated one key aspect of the theory which makes it readily applicable to 

diverse areas of scholarly enquiry – its stance that a proposition or statement, 

no matter how beautifully or emotionally framed, cannot be considered true as 



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long as it has no practical relevance. And the pragmatic maxim is the heuristic 

Peirce formulated as a universal tool for testing declarative statements.  

     In the third section, we surveyed the subject of Igbo belief system and 

masquerade act and noted that the latter arose from the former. We have 

established that the nexus is not a simple matter of cause and effect but is, 

rather, a pragmatic one in that the Igbo masquerade is a generational 

expression of a deep-seated belief of the Igbo people in the unbroken nature of 

existence in which the unborn, the living and the dead are in continuous 

communion. 

     And in the fourth section, we looked at the pragmatic connotations of the 

Igbo masquerade all of which reinforce Peirce’s point that the relevance of any 

theory lies in the action it systematically provokes, a yardstick met in the 

correspondence of Igbo masquerade act with the Igbo belief system. In this 

section also, we drew attention to the significance of this research, some of 

which include (i) its exemplification of the core place of practice in the 

validation of concept, (ii) its instantiation of pragmatism’s goal of nullifying 

the dualism between theory and practice, and (iii) its apparent illustration that 

some philosophical principles, such as pragmatism, can be adapted as 

methodical tools for cultural analysis. 

      And there could be, generally speaking, wider significance of the study as 

well. McDermid (2004) hints at such a wider philosophic import when he 

advised that since culture is not “a static edifice but…an on-going 

conversation”, the philosopher’s job should change from “foundation-layer to 

interpreter”. He frowns at the practice of externalizing cultural practices while 

assessing them for representational accuracy:  
 

philosophy can only explore our practices and vocabularies from 

within…Post-epistemological philosophy accordingly becomes the art of 

understanding; it explores the ways in which those voices which 

constitute that mutable conversation we call our culture—the voices of 

science, art, morality, religion, and the like—are related. 
 

     This study has explored and established from within the connection between 

Igbo cultural beliefs and practice but has done so by utilizing Peirce’s 

pragmatism as a theory of meaning and tool of philosophical enquiry, thereby 

reinforcing its universal use-value.  

 

 

Works Cited 

Albert Atkin, University of Sheffield, IEP, April 20, 2005 

 

Basden, G.T. Among the Ibos of Nigeria. Nonsuch, 2006  

 



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Capps, John, "The Pragmatic Theory of Truth", The Stanford Encyclopedia of 

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Author Information: Prof. Innocent Ngangah is of the 

Department of Philosophy, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu 

University, Igbariam, Anambra State, Nigeria. Email: 

ic.ngangah@coou.edu.ng 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


