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Stereotypes in Polish Culture 

 

Aleksandra Brzana, Paulina Szot, Justyna Warchoł 

 

Carpathian State College, Krosno, Poland  

 

Abstract 

 

Prejudices, stereotypes, hostile attitudes - they are all derived from a source. Some of 

them may ring true while some can make no sense. Still others are the result of 

historical or social events, not just part of someone’s imagination. In this article we will 

discuss these phenomena in terms of Poland’s relationships with some European 

countries. We will try to explain where the opinions come from, whether they can be 

regarded as true or not and how they have affected our cooperation with those 

countries. In addition to politics, we will also mention daily life, during which some 

prejudices can be damaging. 

 

The main focus in this article is on the Polish-Russian, Polish-Czech and Polish-

Hungarian relations and stereotypes which derive from them. The reasons for 

choosing those three countries were different. Many Poles hear about Hungary and 

their friendly attitude towards Poland thus we were curious to see where it derives 

from. We decided to write about Russia because our history seems rather complicated 

and we often hear similar opinions about them and Poles from foreigners. The Czech 

Republic was chosen for the opposite reasons – they are our neighboring country, 

although we do not know much about them. We will aim to explain political situations, 

social relationships and concentrate on certain historical events which changed or 

shaped the way we view these countries and affected their opinion about us - Poles. 

However, it is best to start with explaining what a stereotype is. A number of 

researchers have long been trying to account for it, although there is still a relative lack 

of a satisfactory definition. According to the Cambridge Dictionary, it is “a set idea that 

people have about what someone or something is like, especially an idea that is 

wrong” (Stereotype, 2020). According to Cardwell (cf. Walas, 1995), a stereotype is a 

fixed, overgeneralized belief about a particular group or class of people. 

 

1. Hungary 

 

To understand where stereotypes in the Polish-Hungarian relations come from, it is 

crucial to investigate some important historical matters. 

 

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The vast majority of both nations have positive attitudes when it comes to the Polish-

Hungarian relationship. Andrzej Sieroszewski (cf. Walas, 1995) describes the 

stereotype of a Hungarian as shortened, simplified and evaluative. 

 

The first person that was important for both Poles and Hungarians was Saint Adalbert 

of Prague. Thanks to him both countries were Christianized and could practice the 

Christian religion. For Poland, it was especially significant since it was the beginning 

of the nation (Sroka, 2015). 

 

Another crucial historical factor are Polish rulers who ruled in Hungary and Hungarians 

who ruled in Poland. The first Polish king to sit on the Hungarian throne was Géza, the 

grandson of Bolesław I Chrobry – the first Polish king. He reigned from 1074 to 1077. 

After his death, the crown was given to his brother - Ladislaus, known in Poland as 

Saint Władysław Węgierski. He ruled from 1077 to 1095. He was Christian and 

contributed immensely to the spread of Christianity in Hungary (he was canonized in 

1992) (Sroka, 2015). 

 

One of the best known monarchs of Poland is Queen Jadwiga. She was crowned king, 

because the Polish law at that time did not allow queens to be rulers. She was the 

daughter of Louis I of Hungary - the preceding Hungarian ruler of Poland (Sroka, 

2015). King Casimir the Great, who had ruled in Poland between 1333 and 1370, had 

not had a male descendant. He reached a deal with Louis I of Hungary which stipulated 

that if one of them died, the other one would become king in both countries (Rhode, 

2020). It was a sign of great respect and trust. Jadwiga was very well educated and 

understood the political matters in Poland. Together with her husband, she established 

a new dynasty in Poland - the Jagiellonians (named after her husband, who was her 

successor). 

 

The first person who mentioned a similarity between Poles and Hungarians was 

Gregory of Sanok in the 15th c. There was a dispute in Hungary in Jan Vitez’s property, 

who at that time was the bishop of Oradea (a town in today’s Romania). Gregory was 

asked to explain where Poles came from and his answer was surprising. He claimed 

that both Poles and Hungarians originated from the same place. His reasoning was 

based on the similarity between Poles and Hungarians, e.g. in fighting, religious views 

or politics (Sroka, 2015). 

 

The saying “Pole and Hungarian cousins be, good for fight and good for party” was 

mentioned for the first time in Jan Zachariasiewicz’s novel called Sąsiedzi (Eng. The 

Neighbours) in 1856. Today, this novel is not particularly popular, but the saying is still 

commonly known both among Hungarians and Poles. Unfortunately, there is no 

evidence when it was first used among people (cf. Walas, 1995, Csaplaros 1964). 

 

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The aforesaid novel is not the only one in which the Polish-Hungarian relations are 

mentioned. The Polish-Hungarian friendship is also mentioned in Sándor Petőfi’s 

poem “Armia Siedmiogrodzka”, in Hungarian “az erdélyi hadsereg,” from 1848, written 

right before the breakout of an uprising in Hungary. The leadership over the Hungarian 

army was given to Józef Bem – a Polish general and under his command Hungarians 

won many battles. Thanks to that, Bem became a heroic icon for Hungarians. His 

monument in Budapest is a symbol of peaceful demonstrations (cf. Walas, 1995). 

 

Another example of this special bond between the two countries in literature are such 

collections of short stories as Węgrzy (1956) and Przeprowadzka (1967), written by 

Jerzy Stefan Stawiński and Jan Józef Szczepański, respectively. In both collections, 

Poles are shown as full of sympathy for Hungarians and as eager to help their friends 

in need. There are also some literary works in which Hungarians are described. One 

of them is a novel by Teodor Tomasz Jeż entitled Szandor Kowacz from 1861, where 

a Hungarian is shown as a handsome, tall and strong man who exudes courage (cf. 

Walas, 1995, Jeż 1898). 

 

The political situation became complicated after 1956. Janos Kadar, prime minister of 

Hungary and the first secretary of Hungary’s Communist Party (Encyclopaedia 

Britannica, 2020), considered this friendship dangerous (Walas, 1995). In the fall of 

1956, the Hungarian Uprising broke out, which was a call for freedom and peace. It 

was ruthlessly suppressed by the Soviet army (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2018). In 

the meantime, Poles showed their support for Hungarians - poets, writers and 

journalists wrote about it, while ordinary people donated blood, food and clothes to be 

sent to Hungary. Neither Soviet nor Hungarian politicians liked it, and yet, Polish 

support for Hungarians uplifted common people.  

 

The official dislike of the Polish-Hungarian relation was the beginning of negative 

Polish stereotypes. Hungarians were taught by the officials that Poles were lazy and 

reluctant to work. Since those stereotypes had already existed in other countries, it 

was easy to bring them to Hungary. This attempt was not very successful and the 

remaining stereotypes about Poles are mostly positive (Walas, 1995). 

 

 

2. Russia 

 

Poland and Russia share several centuries of history during which we had some ups 

and downs. However, it cannot be denied that our neighbor is a country that 

significantly influenced the history of Poland and left an imprint on it. Historical events 

and the memory of them affect myths and stereotypes. They are particularly 

permanent and influence the image of the Polish neighbor already at the early stage 

of school learning. 

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In the stories read by Polish children, Poland and Russia are shown to share common 

Slavic roots. In the legend of Lech, Czech and Rus, the founders of these three nations 

are brothers and travel together to find a place where they can establish their burghs 

(Chotomska, 2012). This could already tell us that our relations should be quite warm 

since we have the same, Slavic roots, but the reality is much more complicated. 

Although our relations are influenced not only by historical events but also by the 

media, our own experiences and the current political situation, it is the former that is a 

determinant. The image of Russia has been formed over the centuries. It is recorded 

in various texts and stored in the memory of Poles. To find out the reasons for Russian 

stereotypes and understand why such an image has become established, we need to 

reach for various sources, subjective and objective. Some stereotypes have paled, 

and some are still vivid (Handke, 2000). 

 

The earliest “stereotype” of Muscovites was outlined by Mikołaj Rej, a Polish 

Renaissance poet, in 1568: 

“Moscow, we already know, what kind of men those are, 

We know them by their traditions, We know them through conversations, 

The serf, like a bird locked in a cage, can sing, 

But he can’t express in words what he is thinking.” (Uściłowicz, 2008, p. 28) 

As it will be shown later in the text, the concept of Russia as “the cage”, existed 

even in the sixteenth century. Rej also described the serfs as stupid people with very 

little brains but at the same time quite clever (Uściłowicz, 2008). 

 

2.1.    Polish -Russian relations in the 17th and 18th centuries 

 

The image of Poles in the 17th century manifests itself in diverse texts with some 

ambivalence depending on social groups, as well as the historical period. In Russia, 

at that time there was a dynastic crisis, and Polish kings tried to take over the Russian 

throne, although without success as strong opposition came from members of the 

Russian society. 

 

Avraamy Palitsyn in his work presented Poles almost only negatively: as the deceitful 

enemies of Russia. The Polish army was associated only with evil: both the purpose 

of the fight and its commanders were unholy. Poles occupied Moscow for a couple of 

years, and they were accused of introducing their own lifestyle, regardless of public 

opposition. The image of a Pole as enemy, invader, non-Christian, and not respecting 

Orthodox traditions was consistently shaped (Moczałowa, 2000). In many works, 

Poles appeared as heretics, outsiders, and even pagans, and this happened because 

their authors were mainly Protestants, not Catholics, and they had a different point of 

view. The Russian society was also brought up in the spirit of hatred of Catholicism, 

represented as a symbol of everything foreign. These events shaped the first Russian 

stereotype of a Pole – a dandy, Catholic, and at the same time a sneaky plunderer 

(Moczałowa, 2000).  

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Poles had an equally unfavorable opinion about the Russians. The Diaries by Jan 

Chryzostom Pasek are a great mine of information about Russians. In his work, there 

is an extract in which the author, unfairly treated to vodka of inferior quality, refers to 

the outrageous behavior of the perpetrator by calling him grubianitas, which is a 

Latinized version of the Polish word “grubiański”, whose meaning is close to the 

English word “boorish”. It meant that the Russians lacked in courtesy and manners 

and could not behave at the table. The diplomatic ceremony there was also in a 

deplorable condition. According to Poles, Russians were obsessed with respecting the 

person of the tsar. Pasek in his diaries wrote how he received a sheet of paper with 

titles of the tsar so that he could learn them (Pasek, 1836, p.113). 

 

2.2. Polish -Russian relations in the 19th century 

 

In the 19th century, Polish people did not hold much affection for the Russians, and 

strong dislike was the feeling that grew at that time. The clash of two cultures, 

Orthodox and Christian, could be the reason for the exacerbation of aversion. The 

Russians believed that the Orthodox religion was the only right religion that Slavs 

should practice. What is more, Poles were fascinated by the West, especially France 

and England, and they desperately wanted to be part of Western culture, although 

they were closer to the East and the Slavic roots. Poles deemed themselves to be 

admirers of democracy and excessive freedom, calling it “golden freedom”, while they 

considered Russia a lawless state (Giza, 2000). 

 

During the partitions, many uprisings took place to break free from the Russian yoke. 

The Russian historian, Nikolay Karamzin, was known for his aversion to Poland and 

Poles. “Memoir on Ancient and Modern Russia” (Zapiska o drevnei i novoi Rossii, 

1811) is one of his books where he writes that Poland should not exist. He emphasized 

in his works that Poles were infidels and prone to betrayal, condemned them, 

disapproved of their service to Napoleon and deepened the hostility (Shkandrij, 2001). 

According to Russians, during the fighting of 1830-1831, Poles behaved like cowards 

and all commanders were inept. After the Kościuszko Uprising, a stereotype of a 

dishonest, duplicitous, hypocritical, and haughty Pole arose.   

 

Before the Polish–Russian War of 1830–31, the idea of romantic Slavic brotherhood, 

known as Panslavism, existed, but after this historic event, it collapsed. Alexander 

Pushkin, an outstanding Russian poet, created a poem where he said that there would 

never be an agreement between the two nations. He was the first to note that Poland 

and Russia always fought against each other:  

 

For ages past still have contended, 

These races, though so near allied: 

And oft ‘neath Victory’s storm has bended 

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Now their, and now our side. 

Which shall stand fast in such commotion 

The haughty Liakh, or faithful Russ? 

And shall Slavonic streams meet in a Russian ocean? – 

Or il’t dry up? This is point for us. (Pushkin, 1831) 

 

However, in Polish literature there was a stereotypical image of the enemy, who was 

usually Russian. Adam Mickiewicz used it, in Forefathers – his famous poetic drama 

– when talking about Senator Novosiltsev, and such references also appear in Konrad 

Wallenrod (1828), where the enemies and tyrants are old and look like monsters, and 

the defenders of the homeland are young and innocent. The tsar, in the opinion of the 

people in Forefathers, is a faithful disciple of Satan. In the works, the keywords are 

“victim, revenge, guilt and punishment.” Interestingly, Mickiewicz does not blame 

Muscovites for what the government does. He even writes the poem “To my Muscovite 

Friends”: 

To my Muscovite Friends  

Do you remember me? Whenever my mind traces 

The story of my friends' deaths, jailings and banishments, 

I remember all of you, and your foreign faces  

Possess, in all my musings, the rights of citizens (Mickiewicz, 2016 [1832]). 

 

 
3. Czech Republic 

 

We should also take a closer look on Polish-Czech relations and the stereotypes that 

started to shape around the 18th century and are still present among people in both 

countries.  

 

As it turns out, a lot of different factors have had an influence on the perception of 

Polish-Czech relations. The main factors are historical events, literature, own 

experiences of people from both countries, and also politics and politicians. To 

understand how these stereotypes were shaped throughout the years, we need to go 

back to the late 18th century, when Russia, Prussia and Austria signed a treaty that 

partitioned Poland.  

 

Austria acquired the regions in the south of Poland, known as Galicia. At that moment, 

Galicia became a part of Habsburg Empire, just like Austria and Hungary. Czech lands 

were also under the influence of the Empire, which resulted in migrations of Czechs 

to work in Galicia, which, at that time, was the poorest and the least developed part of 

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Poland. It was an amazing opportunity for Czechs, who were well-educated and 

enterprising people. Those who came to Poland were mostly doctors, professors, 

police officers, craftsmen and musicians. They did a lot to economically develop 

Galicia (Walas, 1995).   

 

However, the very first Czechs, who came to Galicia, were “strict officials”. They were 

usually people unsuccessfully looking for a job in their home country, novice clerks, or 

people having problems with the law. In the Polish community, a stereotype (often 

true) of a conscientious Czech official appeared quickly, as well as a diligent Austrian 

citizen, to whom the national attachment of Polish society was alien. Thus, more and 

more difficulties in communication and problems between Poles and Czechs appeared 

(Kaleta, 2014).  Czech officials created their own, modern administration, and Poles, 

who were not used to paying taxes, were outraged by the necessity to give their money 

to the state authorities (Walas 1995).  That is when the first stereotypes about Czechs 

started appearing among Polish people. They saw Czechs as strict officials and 

submissive to those in power. 

 

At the same time, many Czechs decided to join the Russian army. They idealized 

Russia and believed that Russians would help them gain independence. Polish 

people, who were terrorized by Russian invaders, felt betrayed by Czechs and started 

to see them as enemies and opponents of independent Poland (Kaleta, 2014).   

 

However, thanks to the literature and well-known Polish writers from the 19th century, 

Czechs created many positive stereotypes about Poles, too. Józef Ignacy Kraszewski 

was so popular among Czech people that they did not consider him a foreign writer 

but their own. Later, Henryk Sienkiewicz became even more popular. His books were 

translated and published many times. His books led to the emergence of new 

stereotypes among Czech readers. They started to see Poles as people who always 

loved their homeland and were adventurous, brave, and chivalrous. This stereotype 

has actually survived to this day (Walas, 1995). 

 

Relations between Poles and Czechs in the 20th century were very complicated. Lack 

of real knowledge about the other side caused some misunderstandings. Intellectuals, 

politicians as well as ‘ordinary’ people definitely too often relied on the stereotypes and 

that was the deepest root of the political quarrels (Przeperski, 2016a).  

 

During the interwar period, Poles admired Czech organization and economic 

development, but on the other hand, showed contempt towards brutal Czech policy 

towards other nationalities of the region, naturally including Poles. But Czechs were, 

generally, no better. One of the most important Czech politicians, Tomas Masaryk 

treated the Polish state as a kind of ‘temporary state’. And from his opinions about 

Poles, Czechs developed many negative stereotypes, for example, about Poles being 

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focused too much on religion and entertainment rather than politics or important issues 

(Przeperski, 2016a). 

 

Many stereotypes have disappeared throughout the years but still a lot of them exist 

among people in both countries. As it turns out, Polish people now do not have so 

many stereotypes about Czechs and, even if some of them are still present, they do 

not really affect the way Poles treats Czech people (Przeperski, 2016b). However, in 

the Czech Republic a lot of stereotypes from the 19th and 20th century have survived 

to this day. What is more, some of the new stereotypes appeared at the beginning of 

this century, and they were shaped by Czechs’ own experiences of Polish-Czech 

relations. Unfortunately, many of these stereotypes are negative and most Czechs still 

rely on them. Latest statistics show that 17% of Czechs have a negative attitude 

towards Poles (Przeperski, 2016b). The most popular stereotypes about Poles among 

Czechs say that Polish people tend to be hypocritical and treacherous. Nevertheless, 

it has to be mentioned that the political relations between the countries are friendly, 

and Czech people living close to the Polish border often say that they do not imagine 

their daily lives without Polish friends. As it turns out, even these negative stereotypes 

present in Czech society do not have a big impact on everyday life and political 

relations (Przeperski, 2016b). 

 

4. Stereotypes Nowadays 

 

We have also conducted a survey among Polish students on national stereotypes 

about Russians, Hungarians and Czechs. The survey questions (in translation from 

Polish) were the following:  

 

• Have you ever heard the stereotype about Russia/Russian? ___Yes ___No 

• If so, what are they? ____________ 

• Have you ever heard the stereotype about Hungary? ___Yes ___No 

• If so, what are they? ____________ 

• Have you ever heard a stereotype about Czechs? ___Yes ___No 

• If so, what are they? ____________ 

• Can you find that your views have changed based on the stereotypes you 

heard? ___Yes ___No 

• If so, are they more tolerant or less tolerant? _____ more tolerant _____less 

tolerant 

• How often do you judge someone by stereotypes? __always __often __rarely 

__never 

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The aim of our survey was to learn what stereotypes about Czechs, Russians and 

Hungarians are the most popular among Poles, and if they truly influence the way 

Polish people assess their neighbors. This report analyses the results of the survey in 

which 30 respondents answered our questions connected with the topic. 

 

Ninety percent of those questioned confirmed that they were aware of the existence 

of many stereotypes concerning the Russian people and were also able to enumerate 

many of them. As it turned out, most of the stereotypes were negative and presenting 

Russians in a bad light. Almost all respondents pointed out alcohol and a fondness for 

it in their answers. Responses mentioning poverty, aggressiveness and backwardness 

of the country appeared less frequently. 

 

Slightly more than ninety-three percent of those surveyed did not know any 

stereotypes about Hungarian people. However, those who knew some of the 

stereotypes mainly enumerated very positive aspects of Hungarians. The responses 

mainly spoke of a friendly attitude towards Polish people. 

 

Ninety five percent of people who participated in that survey were not aware of any 

stereotypes concerning Czechs. The rest of those questioned, however, wrote down 

very mixed stereotypes – half of them positive and half negative. Their sense of humor 

and language similarities were the most frequently quoted answers. The replies also 

spoke of the Czechs’ negative attitude towards Poles. 

 

Almost eighty-three percent of those questioned were sure that all the stereotypes 

they know have changed the way they perceive other nations. About 63% claim that 

the stereotypes they know have changed their views to be more tolerant. 

 

Nearly seventy-six percent of the respondents claimed that they rarely let stereotypes 

influence the way they judge Russians, Hungarians, and Czechs. Also, seventeen 

percent of those surveyed said that they never judge others through stereotypes. 

 

Overall, the results of this survey show that despite the existing stereotypes Poles are 

withdrawing from judging others and changing their views to be more tolerant. 

 
5. Conclusions 

 

Taking everything into consideration, the article has attempted to explain the most 

important factors that influenced the development of stereotypes concerning Hungary, 

Russia and Czech Republic. We presented the history of stereotypes that significantly 

influenced Poland’s relations with those countries. In the past, as discussed in this 

article, stereotypes had a greater impact on people. Nowadays, as it turned out, there 

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are many positive and negative stereotypes present in Polish society, although they 

do not have such an impact on our approach to other nations, as shown in the survey. 

People are now influenced by education and raising awareness of the harmful 

influence of stereotypes on relations between people. Globalization has also 

contributed to the development of intercultural communication competence. Due to 

easy access to the Internet and social media, there is a possibility to contact other 

people, not necessarily paying attention to where they come from and focusing on 

common traits such as hobbies. Especially teenagers, who speak English, can verify 

if the stereotypes are well-founded. Moreover, mobility programs like Erasmus, 

educate young people about the culture of other countries, which makes the university 

stays even more valuable and allows them to develop intercultural communication 

competence. 

 

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996-1918. Retrieved from: Honors Papers 2008 (rutgers.edu).  

Walas, T., (1995), Stereotypes and nations. Kraków: International Culture Centre. 

 

Aleksandra Brzana is a student of the second year of English Philology at the 

Carpathian State College in Poland. She lives in a small village in the South of Poland, 

but she has always been interested in other languages and cultures. Currently, she is 

learning English and Spanish. After completing her English studies, she plans to study 

Japanese, as she has been interested in Japanese culture for a long time. In her free 

time, she reads books and tries to write her own short stories.  
 

Paulina Szot is in her second year of English philology at the Carpathian State College 

in Poland. Despite the fact that she has been living in Poland her whole life, she has 

always been interested in other cultures and languages. That was one of the reasons 

why she decided to study English. Beside English, she is also learning how to speak 

Spanish, German and Russian. Languages are Paulina’s passion. Her goal is to be 

fluent in as many languages as possible. Additionally, Paulina is interested in social 

matters, such as racism or traditional gender roles and many others. 

 

http://www.gpejournal.org/
https://wolnelektury.pl/katalog/lektura/pamietniki.html
https://histmag.org/Polacy-Czesi-i-potega-stereotypow-14052/
https://histmag.org/Polacy-Czesi-i-potega-stereotypow-14052/
https://russianuniverse.org/2014/09/24/slanderers-of-russia/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Casimir-III
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pl/dictionary/english/stereotype
https://history.rutgers.edu/docman-docs/undergraduate/honors-papers-2008


Global Partners in Education Journal – Special Edition  February 2021, Vol. 9, No. 1 
http://www.gpejournal.org   ISSN 2163-758X 

 
 

47 
 

Justyna Warchoł was born and raised in a small village in south-eastern Poland. 

Currently, she is attending the Carpathian State College and studying English 

Philology. Her love for this language increases every day. After completing her study, 

Justyna wants to be a teacher. She adores learning the history of Great Britain and 

her favorite period is the Wars of the Roses. She is also a great coffee and tea 

enthusiast. In her free time, she writes her own stories, which discuss issues related 

to feminism, politics and human emotions. Nowadays she is working on her first 

fantasy series and one day, with a little luck, she hopes to publish her works and will 

start a writing career. 

 

 

http://www.gpejournal.org/

