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https://doi.org/10.56556/gssr.v3i1.740 

                                                                  

 
 

Global Scientific Research           43 

 

RESEARCH ARTICLE  

The Effects of Environmental Analysis on Optimal Attainment of Local 

Government Administration Objectives in Developing Countries (A Study of 

Nigeria) 2015-2023 
 

Imene Aroghene1*, Francis Ikenga2 

 

1Delta State University, Abraka Nigeria: Email: Imene.aroghene@delsu.edu.ng  
2Department of Political Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria: Email. faikenga@delsu.edu.ng 

 

Corresponding Author: Imene, Aroghene; arogheneimene@gmail.com 

Received: 28 December, 2023, Accepted: 04 February, 2024, Published: 12 February, 2024 

 

Abstract  

Environmental analysis in government administration is the process of assessing and evaluating the internal and 

external factors that can have an effect on an administration performance and strategy. Although the environmental 

analysis is important to figure administrations strength, weaknesses opportunity and threat and this knowledge can 

help to place her on strong footing to actualize set objectives. The study explored the Effects of Environmental 

Analysis on Optimal Attainment of Local Government Administration Objectives in Developing Countries with a 

focus on Nigeria. The study employed descriptive research design. Population of the study were drawn from the 

six geopolitical zones in Nigeria. The data for the study were sourced through a structured questionnaire.  

Descriptive, correlations and regression analysis was applied to the study to evaluate the effects of the dependent 

variable on the independent variables through the aid of the statistical package SPSS 23. From the regression 

results its suffice to conclude that environmental analysis of Local government administration that is proxy with 

political, economic, social & legal, would have a meaningful influence on optimum actualization of local 

government objectives in Nigeria. The study recommended that local government administrators should prioritise 

analysis or evaluation of internal and external environment such as political, economic, social and legal state of 

their local government area pre and post inauguration. 

 

Keywords: Environmental analysis; Local government; administration  

 

Introduction  

 

Typically, government of nation rotect, provide social facilities and enact policies that lead to better life of citizens 

of such state. These are achieved through devolution of power to segments of government from federal to state 

and local government, (Imene 2023). The Local Environmental is a term that is allied with the natural conditions 

which living things animate. It is connected with the conditions that affects the behaviour and development of 

environment. It looked at society and its natural environment. Environmental analysis (EA) is aligned on 

evaluation of interactions between living organisms and their natural habitats. 



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An environmental analysis is a tactical method that pinpoint all internal & external elements that might have an 

impact on a public or private organization's success. Environmental analysis offers insights into species' 

evolutionary histories and contemporary factors influencing events. It applies to public management, examining 

the impact of public organizations on their environment. It examines global policies and their interactions, as the 

world becomes a global village. Political ecology focuses on societal interactions and politics in relation to 

environmental issues. There are various environmental factors that impede the development of Local Government 

Administration (LGA) in Nigeria and other states. Environmental factors like hinder the development of Local 

Government Administration (LGA) in Nigeria. The primary objective is to improve the Federal government's 

development agenda, and LGA's rights are enshrined in the constitution, with reforms tasked with responsibility 

and financing (imene 2023) Environmental analysis of lga in this context is mostly concerned with how the above 

factors affect the way in which local affairs is conducted and how administrative actions affect the core values of 

government interaction. Ikenga & Chima (2021) argued the failure of government to provide visionary leadership, 

good governance such as transparency, accountability and provision of socioeconomic amenities that have direct 

bearing on the lives of the people. LGA has no universal application rather it has to be analyzed within the 

ecological attributes of each administrative system in which it operates.  

Environmental analysis is a Strategy or a game plan that reflects administrative awareness of how, when and where 

it should compete, against whom and for what purpose it should compete. It is not only important for all 

organizations (public or private) to understand why they are in existence  but also to put in place an attainable 

strategic plan to improve their productivity. Survival can be traced to efficient use of resources to achieve greater 

level of performance (Erhijakpor& Aroghene, 2023). Imene and Udjo-Onovughakpo opined that productivity in 

most firm has fallen as a result of recurrent conflict within an organization. Since survival is related to productivity 

there is need for Administrators of Local Government Administration to harmonise their environmental factors to 

obtain its optimum objectives.  

 

Statement of the Problem 

 

Local Government Administration is often faced with diverse challenges that prevent their attainment of their 

objectives and optimum performance which include quality primary education, maintenance of local roads, 

provision of parks, maintaining conducive environment, provision of basic social amenities and proper town 

planning, Alao, etal (2016) sated that the government at the local level equally carries out the task of naming roads 

and streets and numbering of houses; provision of maintenance of Public amenities, sewage, and garbage 

collection; certification of all births, deaths, and marriages; valuation of privately held homes or tenements for the 

intent of placing rates as may be authorized by the House of Assembly of a State among other things. The 

establishment, maintenance, and control of slaughterhouses, marketplaces, motor parks, street lights, drainages, 

and other public roadways, are all tasks that fall under the purview of local government administration. The 

challenges that impede LGA from attaining optimum objectives as stated by some scholars are in diverse areas 

including deprived autonomy, access to information, access to credit facilities and finances, poor skills matrix, 

lack of skills required to survive with populace demands, economic linkages, and lack of access to development 

services that are critical for their productivity. Local government council area often have low education levels, 

poor management styles of their enterprises, lack of awareness on the strategic management practices, challenges 

in acquisition of external financial support and challenges in strategic management of sources of finance.  

A failure to understand and analysed the environmental components of a local government council could be seen 

as a debacle for non-attainment of Local Government objectives in most developing countries such as Nigeria. 

These challenges when not addressed, lead to a high level of collapse of the productivity and essence of creating 



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local government as a tier of government.  A number of studies such as Joseph A, S (2014), Alao, etal (2016), 

Mukoro A., Asaju, K. (2010) Ikenga & Chima (2021) and Imene A. (2023) have been carried out on under 

performance of LGA in Nigeria and other developing countries but a minimal focus on environmental analysis of 

LGA was discovered.  It is based on this premise that this study tends to look at the effect of environmental analysis 

that comprises Political analysis, Social Analysis, Economic Analysis, Legal Analysis (PESL) of LGA in 

developing states with the view of seeing how this can help in attaining its optimum objectives. Thus, the aim of 

this study is to fill the gap by providing more evidence on Strategic Management Processes through environmental 

analysis of LGA in Nigeria. The major tools the study employed is PESL to form the environmental analysis of 

local government administration in developing states to actualize their optimum goals.  

 

Study Objective 

 

The general objective of the study is to examine the Effect of Environmental Analysis and optimal attainment of 

local government administration (LGA) objectives in developing states while the specific objectives are as to:  

1. Examine the effect of Political Environmental Analysis on optimal attainment of LGA objectives in 

developing countries 

2. Examine the effect of Economic Environmental Analysis on optimal attainment of LGA objectives in 

developing countries 

3. Examine the effect of Social Environmental Analysis on optimal attainment LGA objectives in developing 

countries 

4. Examine the effect of legal Environmental Analysis on optimal attainment of LGA objectives in 

developing countries 

 

Research Hypotheses  
 

No significant relationship exists between: 

 

1. Political environmental analysis and optimal attainment of LGA objectives in Nigeria. 

2. Economic environmental analysis and optimal attainment of LGA objective in Nigeria. 

3. Social environmental analysis and optimal attainment of LGA inistration objective in Nigeria 

4. Legal environmental analysis and optimal attainment of LGA objective in Nigeria. 

Scope of Study  

 

The study covers local government area in the six (6) geopolitical zones in Nigeria as stated in table 1:  

 

Table 1: Local Government Areas (LGA) in Nigeria  

S/N LGA Number  

 South-East Zone LGA  

1 Aba North  , Arochukwu , Bende , Obi Ngwa , Umuahia North , Umuahia South ,Ohafia , Ugwunagbo , 

Aguata ,Anambra East , Awka North , Awka South , Idemili North , Ihiala , Nnewi South , Ogbaru  

Onitsha North , Abakaliki , Afikpo South (Edda) , Ikwo , Ivo , Onicha , Ebonyi , Ishielu , Udi , Oji River 

, Aninri , Enugu East , Nkanu East , Udenu , Awgu , Enugu North , Aboh Mbaise , Ehime Mbano , 

Ezinihitte Mbaise , Ideato North , Ihitte/Uboma , Isu , Owerri North  and Oguta LGA respectively  

40 

   



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South –South Zone LGA 

2 Abak , Eket , Essien Udim , Ibeno , Ibiono-Ibom, , Ika , Ikot Abasi , Mkpat-Enin , Obot-Akara , Onna , 

Udung-Uko , Ogbia , Yenagoa , Southern Ijaw , Calabar Municipal, Calabar South , Yala , Abi , Bakassi 

, Biase , Aniocha south , Bomadi  

Ukwuani , Oshimili south , Ughelli north , Isoko north , Warri central , Sapele , Uhunmwonde , Akoko-

Edo , Ikpoba-Okha , Esan North-East , Igueben , Andoni , Bonny , Degema , Gokana , Ikwerre , Oyigbo 

, Tai LGA respectively   

 

 40 

 South West Zone LGA  

3 Ado-Ekiti , Oye , Ekiti East , Ido-Osi , Moba ,  

Agege , Alimosho , Apapa , Epe , Eti-Osa , Ifako/Ijaye , Ikorodu , Abeokuta South , Ijebu North East , 

Ijebu East , Imeko Afon , Ipokia , Odogbolu Remo North , Abeokuta South , Ijebu North East , Ijebu 

East , Imeko Afon , Ipokia , Odogbolu , Remo North , Osogbo , Orolu , Odo-otin , Ejigbo , Ede north , 

Ilesah east , Afijio Jobele , Ibadan North Agodi Gate , Ibarapa Central , Ido , Lagelu , Oyo West 

Ojongbodu  and Irepo  

 

40 

 North East Zone LGA  

4 Alkaleri , Bogoro , Damban , Dass , Kirfi , Ningi , Demsa , Gombi , Madagali , Numan , Song , Toungo 

, Yola North , Demsa , Gombi  

Madagali , Numan , Song , Toungo , Yola North , Maiduguri , Kaga , Maiduguri , Kaga , Ardo Kola , 

Donga , Gassol , Ibi , Lau , Sardauna , Takum , Zing , Bade , Fika , Fune  

Gujba , Machina , Potiskum , Yusufari , Kirfi  LGA respectively 

 

 

 North West Zone LGA  

5 Bukkuyum , Bungudu , Tsafe , Gummi , Shinkafi , Binji , Dange Shuni , Gada , Goronyo , Rabah , Sabon 

Birni , Sokoto South , Babura , Biriniwa , Guri , Gwaram , Gwiwa ,  Miga , Kaduna North , Kaduna 

South , Kubau , Kudan , Bagwai , Bebeji , Dawakin kudu , Dawakin Tofa , Gwarzo , Kibiya , Takai , 

Tsanyawa , Bakori , Jibia , Dutsin-Ma , Kankia , Katsina , Aleiro , Bunza , Dandi , Fakai , Gwandu LGA 

respectively 

40 

 North Central Zone LGA  

6 Yagba West , Bassa , Dekina , Okene , Lokoja , Idah , Kabba/Bunu , Koton Karfe , Moro , Irepodun , 

Isin , Ilorin East , Ilorin South , Offa , Agaie , Borgu , Gbako , Lapai , Lavun , Magama , Mariga , 

Mashegu , Rijau , Bassa , Jos North , Kanke , Mangu , Riyom , Shendam , Tafa , Wushishi . Elegushi , 

Suleja , Chanchaga , Katcha , Agaie , Agwara , Lavun , Bosso , Oke Ero , Oyun LGA respectively 

40 

 

Literature Review   

 

Conceptualism of Environmental Analysis 

 

Environmental analysis is a crucial step in strategy formulation, involving a thorough analysis of both internal and 

external environments. It helps identify opportunities and threats, while internal analysis focuses on identifying 

distinctive competencies. Muriuki, etal  (2017) This analysis includes PESTLE, Porter's 5 forces, and internal 

resources, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of an organization's operations. 

Environmental analysis is a process that identifies and addresses issues through internal and external assessments. 

It involves SWOT analysis, focusing on opportunities and threats, and internal capacity. Environmental scanning 

is a process that monitors the business environment to make informed decisions. It helps administrators understand 



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changes in economic, political, social, and technological trends, enabling governments to respond appropriately 

and meet their objectives. 

 

Conceptualization of Local Government Administration (LGA) 

 

LGA do not have a static definition but are seen from different scholars point of view. The 1976 LG Reform 

Guidelines definef LG of given in the recommendations is "government at the local level carried out by 

representative councils established by law to carry out specific functions within the defined boundaries." (FRN 

1976). The LG is "open-access field institutions at the most basic sub-national level of government, formally and 

legally acknowledged, and required to carry out certain functions at the community level." Awa claims that LG is 

a political organization whose goal is to disperse political power. 1976). LG is defined by Iyoha, etal. (2005) as 

the ability of local residents to solve their own issues. They went on to say that the LG is a body made up of the 

local population who manage grassroots issues. Adamolekun (1983) defined local government as the bureaucracy 

responsible for organizing, planning, and directing the management of specific affairs. Emezi (1984) defines local 

government as a structured system aimed at preserving law and order, providing social facilities, and encouraging 

collaboration among residents for improved living conditions. 

Imene (2023) defines local government (LG) as a political and administrative institution managing grassroots 

affairs, requiring political clout and authority, and specific skills for various activities. LG, a separate legal entity 

from state and federal governments, is authorized to plan, design, and implement local programs, initiatives, and 

rules. 

 

Environmental Analysis (EA) Tools in Local Government Administration 

 

EA is frequently used to assist entities to understand its SWOT.  The major tools that this study employed is 

Political, Economic, Social and Legal (PESL) to form the EA of local government administration in developing 

states.  

PESL cogitates factors that impact local council administration environment. It is a microeconomic and 

macroeconomic tool designed to better comprehend the internal and external environments through more in-depth 

environmental study. The many components of PESL analysis are alphabetically listed below. 

Political: The extent of other layers of government intervention in an organization's functioning is referred to as 

political problems. Taxes, regulations, elections, and political stability are all major problems.  

Economic: According to Mukoro (2005), Economic factors such as financial institutions, private sector, natural 

resources, technology, and agriculture significantly impact public service organizations. 

Administration in industrialized countries prioritize the overall health of its economic variables, such as Interest 

rates, growth, employment, inflation, and business opportunities are just a few examples. A new government 

administration, for example, may analyze the existing status of the economy to determine its viability. Economic 

factors have an impact on a council's long-term revenue and costs. 

Social: Alterations in demographics, safety and health-related attitudes, and technological advancements. These 

are all instances of societal problems. 

Legal: The type of local government organizations and their legal framework are determined by laws. 

 

Political Environmental and Local Government Administration  

 

Local government administration political environment values are: 



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➢ The utilization of resources ought to fulfill the combined requirements of all individuals: LG aims to serve 

individuals in communities, while democratic thought suggests local government exists for individual 

benefit, not financial support. 

➢ Citizens' direct participation in political affairs and decision-making is crucial for political environmental 

analysis of local government, through meetings of ratepayer associations, vigilante groups, and 

social/political organizations. 

➢ Democratic principles require local government branches to be responsible, sensitive to public needs, and 

understand their public accountability, requiring frequent interactions with the electorate. 

➢ Local government is viewed as a crucial training ground for mass political education and mobilization, 

requiring responsible management of program effectiveness to efficiently satisfy needs. Marshall (1965) 

was clear in declaring that one of municipal government's main goals should be to promote sound political 

awareness. The populace gains knowledge about how to spot a fake politician, steer clear of choosing an 

unscrupulous or inept representative, engage in productive debates, balance spending and income, and 

plan ahead. A public spirit of political consciousness and awareness will emerge, grow, and mature as long 

as local government is in place.  

 

Economic Environment and Local Government Administration 

 

Strategic planning is a crucial aspect of policy-making, enabling organizations to learn about effective strategies 

and make informed decisions. Local policymakers often have a good understanding of their cities, but it's doubtful 

that they have all the information needed to create successful local economic development programmes. The 

administrators might not be well informed about relevant economic conditions in their cities at pre inauguration 

point as demonstrated by so many administration in developing nations such as Nigeria with statement like “the 

economy we met was more sick than we think”, LG administrators often lack awareness of new economic 

opportunities, despite entrepreneurs having better knowledge of these opportunities than civil servants. Hence LG  

leaders or administrators having entrepreurial economic mindset will go a long way in attaining economic 

development of the council and add to national economic development plan.    

Local Government Administration's economic environmental analysis is crucial for developing capacity in 

economic policies and providing valuable insights for policy makers. It is essential for local governments to 

produce strategic plans internally, as outsourcing to outside experts can lose learning opportunities of  Aroghene 

and Akpoyibo (2023). Economic development and growth are measured by the increase in market value of goods 

and services produced within a locality. National economic development programs depend on local initiatives, as 

national governments lack the ability to implement programs across a nation. Uzor & Ikenga (2023) noted that 

rapid economic development and social well-being are crucial for developing countries, requiring sufficient 

growth to improve the material standard of living of the population. 

 

Social Environmental Analysis and Local Government Administration 

 

The physical infrastructure that supports daily life and work within local council are the social aspect that needs 

analysis. These factors especially the compact social and cultural infrastructure beautiful natural environment, 

high-quality post primary educational institutions,roads, sewers, market, leisure parks, motor park and other social 

amenities systems are the major component of what can promote the economic and social well-being of members 

of the council. 



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Nepotism in Nigeria's Public Administrative system hinders supervision and control due to prioritizing loyalty to 

family, friends, and ethnic groups over nation loyalty. Merit is not the criterion used to determine who gets 

appointed to public office or what contracts are awarded, which encourages corruption and mediocrity. Another 

way to look at the public sector is as a faceless entity or "national cake" that those who are lucky enough to be 

near it should cut and consume. The larger your slice, the more intelligent people think you are. The same society 

considers people who have visited the halls of power but have accomplished nothing to be extremely stupid. Even 

their own families despise and mock them. The result is looting of the public treasury by public officers, politicians, 

the military et cetera. Aroghene (2023) pointed that Fraud activities in an organisation is internal or external. 

Internal in respect of those that man the organisation which comprises of shareholders, directors or administrators 

employed, appointed or elected to run the day to day of the firm or administration. This have impoverished the 

country and made the Transparency International to rate most developing states as one of the most corrupt nations 

in the world despite the acclaimed fight against corruption. Other social environmental factor that needs evaluating 

includes: 

Copy-Catism in Nigeria's political administration, influenced by European styles, may lead to cultural conflicts 

and hinder public sector productivity due to differing societal values. 

 

Legal Principles of Local Government Administration 

 

The legal framework and nature of local government (LG) structures are determined by a country's constitution 

and other laws. This analysis is crucial for assessing the viability of a metropolitan area and determining 

restructuring options. The Constitution, national legislation, state legislation, and by-laws guide LG operations 

and provide a framework for determining restructuring options. Legality provides a framework for LG officials, 

politicians, and stakeholders to determine the optimal design for their system, ensuring true value realization 

through strategy, structure, and technology. Legal factors therefore, involve the constitutional position on the place 

of LG in developing states, which has to with their existence, functions, limitations, right and autonomous status 

that will enable build a capacity to operate. For instance in Nigeria the 1999 constitution section stipulate the legal 

status of the LG administration, their authority, finance, functions and obligations. 

 

Theoretical Framework  

 

Development Administration Theory (DAT)  

 

The DAT theory was popularized in the early years of Comparative Public Administration, tracing back to Riggs, 

Montgomery, and Esman's work of 1970 The Development Administration Theory (DAT) is a goal-oriented, 

action-driven theory that focuses on evaluating administrative structures at developmental phases. It emphasizes 

the administration of development and the development of administrative capacities within state institutions, 

promoting political, economic, and social agendas. 

 

Empirical Framework  

 

Mukoro (2005) in his study of the Impact of the Environment on Nigeria’s Public Administration, claimed that 

both external (caused by the environment) and internal (self-inflicted) issues cloud the discipline and practice of 

public administration in Nigeria. These issues have a detrimental effect on government employees and public 

institutions, making it difficult for the government to provide the citizens' demands while maintaining its objective 



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commitment to the poor outcomes of administrators' work. The study analyzed Nigeria's administrative machinery, 

revealing the persistent negative synthesis of failure due to environmental factors impacting leadership, 

administration, and citizens. The paper looked at PESC becomes mutually reinforcing on the system. This work 

is in line with the study of Mukoro (2005) and his assertion that environmental factors could have an impact on 

the performance of public institutions which Local Government Administration is part of.  

Also, in a study conducted by Alaoetal.(2016)  they investigated environmental factors and LGA in Nigeria: a 

study of Ede North and Ede South Local Government, Osun state, Nigeria (1999-2014) The study discovered that 

the main environmental factors were imperialism, The godfather mentality, dishonesty, excessive social pressure, 

inadequate funding, and excessive state government intervention. The effects of traditional institutions, ethnicity, 

and religion were not as noticeable. The paper also discovered that if Section 8(6) of the 1999 Constitution is 

changed to lessen the lording influence of the state government, it may be possible to address the political class's 

lack of desire to see local government succeed as well as the privileged people's excessive expectations for personal 

gain. 

In line with this study, Shamsuddin & SiddigBalal (2013) in an investigation of Challenges of LGA; An Appraisal 

of Nigerian noted that Local Government in Nigeria faces series of critical challenges like creating critical social 

services and how to sustain them. The study shows that series of social amenities and performance of LG has the 

populace lose hope  The inability of Nigeria's LGA as an institution to address persistent issues faced by the 

populace at large further suggests a lack of satisfaction with governance and, as a result, slows the populace's 

ability to become more involved in this grassroots administration. The purpose of local government, its operations, 

and the issues surrounding accountability and good governance were all examined in this paper. The Federal 

Republic of Nigeria's Constitution should be changed to enable local government authorities to deliver the essential 

goods and services to the populace. This is done by outlining the factors that work against the administration of 

local governments in Nigeria and identifying areas where they can contribute to development.The finding of this 

study also created the gap to shows that certain variable outside the constitutional amendment is needed for local 

government to optimize it objectives. Such variable are the internal and external environmental factor this study 

intend to reveal.  

 

Research Method 

 

The study utilized a survey research design to analyze data, focusing on 600 individuals from six geo-political 

zones, covering the entire country due to its vast nature. Primary data was collected through five Likert scale 

structured questionnaires, with a sample size of 333, using Yamane's formula. As such 333 structured 

questionnaire was distributed and 240 was retrieved and formed the sample size. The data was analyzed using 

frequency tables, while the Pearson product moment correlation co-efficient (PPMCC) denoted by "r" and 

coefficient of determination r2 were used to test the research objectives. PPMCC can be calculated using a simpler 

equation based on the deviations of the variables from their means adopted in Aroghene & Imene, 2023. The 

formular is stated thus as:  

 

PPMCC (rxy)=                            ∑ x y    _       equation (1) 

                                                  √ ∑x2∑y2         

Where:  

__  

x = X – X (Deviation of weighted answer options from their mean)   



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            __  

y = Y -Y (Deviation of response frequencies from their mean)  

 

while coefficient of determination( r2 )=         ∑ x y    _ 2        equation (2) 

                                                                              √ ∑x2∑y2         

 

Hayat, Mamun, Salameh, Ali, Hussain  and Zainol (2022) model was adopted and modified to suit this study. This 

study model stated thus:        

 

OA      =    F(PEA,EEA, SAE, LEA)  

The model is presented in the econometric form as:  

OA    =    a0+ a1PEA +2EEA +3SAE +4LEA+ u  

Where:  

ao =   Intercept  

OOA =  Optimum Objective Actualization  

PEA =  Political Environmental Analysis  

EEA  =   Economic Environmental Analysis  

SEA = Social Environmental Analysis  

LEA = Legal Environmental  Analysis 

a1- a4        = Coefficient  

u           =  Error Term 
 

Data presentation, analysis, and discussion of findings   

The field survey data was presented in tables to understand the frequency of response options for the study's 

questions. 
 

Data for Hypothesis one (H01)  

 

Table 2: Frequency table for Response to Hypothesis One  

Five Likert Scaling 

Frequency 

 

 

Percentage (%) 

Cumulative 

Percentage 

Strongly Agreed (SA)   139 58 58 

Agreed (A)   48 20 78 

Undecided (U)   20 8 86 

Strongly Disagreed (SD)   18 8 94 

Disagreed (D)   15 6 100  

Total (∑)   240 100  
 

 Source: Researcher’s computation from field survey, 2023 



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Table 1 exposed that 78% of the respondents agrees that Local Government can actualize her optimum objective 

if proper political environmental analysis is carried out by Local Government Administration. However, 8% of the 

responses  fall within the neutral group while the rest 14% of our respondents refutes such assertions.  

Diagrammatic Representation of Table 2  

 

Source: Researcher’s computation using excel, 2023 

 

Data for Hypothesis Two (H02)  

 

Table 3: Frequency Table for Response to Hypothesis Two  

Five Likert Scaling 

                      

Frequency   

 
Percentage (%)  

Cumulative 

Percentage  

Strongly Agreed (SA)  58 24 24 

Agreed (A)  138 58 82 

Undecided (U)  4 2  84 

Strongly Disagreed (SD)  8 3 87 

Disagreed (D)  32 13 100  

Total (∑)  240 100   

Source: Researcher’s computation from field survey, 2023 

Table 3 uncovered that 82% of the respondents agrees that Local Government can actualize her optimum objective 

if economic environmental analysis such as income, expenditure and economic policies are carried out by Local 

Government Administration. However, 2% of the responses fall within the neutral group while the rest 16% of our 

respondents refutes such assertions.  

139

48

20 18 15

58

20
8 8 6

58

78
86

94 100

STRONGLY 
AGREED (SA)

AGREED (A) UNDECIDED (U) STRONGLY 
DISAGREED (SD)

DISAGREED (D)

Responses to Hypothesis One

   Frequency Percentage (%) Cumulative Percentage



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Diagrammatic Representation of Table 3  

 
Source: Researcher’s computation using excel, 2023 

Data for Hypothesis Three (H03)  

 

Table 4: Frequency table for Response to Hypothesis three  

Five Likert Scaling  

 

Frequency   

Percentage (%)  

Cumulative 

Percentage  

Strongly Agreed (SA)  130  54 54 

Agreed (A)  57  24  78  

Undecided (U)  22  9 87  

Strongly Disagreed (SD)  16 7 94 

Disagreed (D)  15 6  100  

Total (∑)  240 100   

 Source: Researcher’s computation from field survey, 2023 

Table 4 shown that 78% of the respondents agrees that Local Government can actualize her optimum objective if 

able to actualize her Legal and constitution foundation or environment properly. However, 9% of the responses 

were undecided while 13% of our respondents refutes such assertions that Legal environmental analysis cannot 

lead to actualization local government administration objectives.  

 

 

 

 

 

58

138

4 8

32
24

58

2 3
13

24

82 84 87
100

STRONGLY AGREED 
(SA)

AGREED (A) UNDECIDED (U) STRONGLY 
DISAGREED (SD)

DISAGREED (D)

Responses to Hypothesis Two

   Frequency Percentage (%) Cumulative Percentage



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Diagrammatic Representation of Table 4 

 

Source: Researcher’s computation using excel, 2023 

 

Data for Hypothesis four (H04)  

 

Table 5: Frequency Table for Response to Hypothesis four 

Five Likert Scaling  

 

Frequency   

 Percentage (%)  

Cumulative 

Percentage  

Strongly Agreed (SA)  112   47 47 

Agreed (A)  20  8  55  

Undecided (U)  12  5  60  

Strongly Disagreed (SD)  62 26 86  

Disagreed (D)  34 14  100  

Total (∑)  240 100  
 

 Source: Researcher’s computation from field survey, 2023 

 

Table 5 reviewed that 55% of the respondents agrees that Local Government can actualize her optimum objective 

if the social environment of the council are well analyse by Local Government Administrators. However, 5% of 

the responses falls within the neutral group while 40% of our respondents refutes such assertions that social 

environmental analysis would not lead to actualization local government administration objectives. 

 

 

130

57

22
16 15

54

24

9 7 6

54

78
87

94
100

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Strongly Agreed 
(SA)

Agreed (A) Undecided (U) Strongly Disagreed 
(SD)

Disagreed (D)

Responses to Hypothesis Three

   Frequency Percentage (%) Cumulative Percentage



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Diagrammatic Representation of Table 5 

 

Source: Researcher’s computation using excel, 2023 

 

Model Estimation  

 

Table 6: Derivation of PPMCC (r) and Coefficient of Determination (r2) for Hypothesis One  

Scale  X  Y  x = X - Ẍ  y = Y - Ῡ  xy       x²         y²  

Strongly Agreed (SA)  5  139  2  91 182 4  8281 

Agreed (A)  4  48  1  0 0 1  0 

Undecided (U)  3  20  0  -28 0 0  784 

Strongly Disagreed (SD)  2  18 -1  -30 30 1  900 

Disagreed (D)  1  15  -2  -33 66 4  4356 

Total (∑)   240  0   278 10  14321 

Source: Researcher’s Computation, 2023 

Mean of weighted answer options:       

  

Ẍ= ∑ X   = 15  =  3   

   n      5 

Mean of frequency response  options:         Ῡ= ∑Y   = 240 =  48 

     n5  

From table 5, the PPMCC can be derived by substituting values into equation one as stated in the methodology. 

Therefore : 

From equation ,  PPMCC (rxy)   =     ∑ x y    _=    278  =  278  =  0.7346 

112

20
12

62

34

47

8 5

26

14

47
55

60

86

100

Strongly Agreed
(SA)

Agreed (A) Undecided (U) Strongly
Disagreed (SD)

Disagreed (D)

Responses To Hypothesis Four

   Frequency Percentage (%) Cumulative Percentage



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                                                        √ ∑x2∑y2        √10x14321         378.43 

Thus, coefficient of determination (r2)equals    (0.7346)2    =    0.5396    =    54%  

Table 7: Derivation of PPMCC (r) and Coefficient of Determination (r2) for Hypothesis Two  

Scale 

 

X 

 

   Y 

 

x = X -Ẍ  y = Y - Ῡ 

 

xy 

 

      x² 

 

       y²  

 

Strongly Agreed (SA)  5  58  2  10 20 4 100 

Agreed (A)  4  138  1  90 90 1 8100 

Undecided (U)  3  4  0  -44 0 0 1936 

Strongly Disagreed (SD)  2  8 -1  -40 40 1 1600 

Disagreed (D)  1  32 -2  -16 32 4 256 

Total (∑)  
 240 

0    182 10 11992 

Source: Researcher’s Computation, 2023 

Mean of weighted answer options:        

Ẍ = ∑ X   = 15  =  3     n               

5  

Mean of frequency response  options:         Ῡ = ∑Y   = 240  =  48 

     n                 5  

 

From table  6, the PPMCC can be derived by substituting values into equation one as stated in the methodology. 

Therefore : 

From the sequation ,  PPMCC (rxy)  =     ∑ x y    _=    182  =  182  =  0.5256 

√ ∑x2∑y2        √10x11992         346.29 

Thus, coefficient of determination (r2)=   (0.5256)2    =    0.2763   =    28%  

Table 8: Derivation of PPMCC (r) and Coefficient of Determination (r2) for Hypothesis Three 

Scale 

 

X 

 

   Y 

 

x = X -Ẍ y = Y - Ῡ 

 

xy 

 

      x²  

 

       y²  

 

Strongly Agreed (SA)  5 130 2 82 164 4 6724 

Agreed (A)  4 57 1 9 9 1 81 

Undecided (U)  3 22 0 -26 0 0 676 

Strongly Disagreed (SD)  2 16 -1 -32 32 1 1024 

Disagreed (D)  1 15 -2 -33 66 4 1089 

Total (∑)    240 0   271 10 9594 

Source: Researcher’s Computation, 2023 

From table  7, the PPMCC can be derived by substituting values into equation one as stated in the methodology. 

Therefore : 

From equation ,  PPMCC (rxy)   =     ∑ x y    _=    271  =  271  =  0.8749 

                                                        √ ∑x2∑y2        √10x9594         309.74   



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 Thus, coefficient of determination (r2)equals    (0.8749)2    =    0.7655   =    77%  

 

Table 9: Derivation of PPMCC (r) and Coefficient of Determination (r2) for Hypothesis Four 

Source: Researcher’s Computation, 2023 

Scale  X     Y  
x = X -Ẍ  y = Y - Ῡ  xy       x²         y²  

Strongly Agreed (SA)  5 112 2 64 128 4 4096 

Agreed (A)  4 20 1 -28 -28 1 784 

Undecided (U)  3 12 0 -36 0 0 1296 

Strongly Disagreed (SD)  2 62 -1 14 -14 1 196 

Disagreed (D)  1 34 -2 -14 28 4 196 

Total (∑)    240 0   114 10 6568 

Source: Researcher’s Computation, 2023 

From table  8, the PPMCC can be derived by substituting values into equation one as stated in the methodology. 

Therefore : 

From equation ,  PPMCC (rxy)   =     ∑ x y    _=    114  =  114  =  0.4452 

                                                        √ ∑x2∑y2        √10x6568         256.28   

 Thus, coefficient of determination (r2)equals    (0.4452)2    =    0.1982   =    20%  

Table 10: Summary of Model Estimation   

Hypothesis  PPMC  

(r)  

Coefficient of 

Determination (r2)  

There is no significant relationship between Political environmental 

analysis and optimal attainment of local government administration 

objectives in Nigeria 

0.7346 54% 

There is no significant relationship between Economic environmental 

analysis and optimal attainment of local government administration 

objective in Nigeria 

0.5256 28% 

 

There is no significant relationship between Social environmental 

analysis and optimal attainment of local government administration 

objective in Nigeria 

0.8749 77% 

There is no significant relationship between Legal environmental 

analysis and optimal attainment of local government administration 

objective in Nigeria 

0.4452 20% 

Source: Authors’ Computation, 2023 

 

Discussion of Results   

The weighted answer options have an average of 3, and the frequency response options have an average of 48, 

according to the model's estimation. By using equations one and two to derive the PPMCC and r2 for hypothesis 

one, the correlation was found to be 0.7346. This value is an indication that political environmental analysis  and 



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optimal attainment of local government administration objective in developing countries is strongly correlated and 

the relationship is  positive. This  showed that when local government administrators gives attention to the political 

state of their council, there is tendency of them actualizing optimum objective of  its existence. The coefficient 

determination (r2) of 54% shows that  variation in optimal attainment of local government administration objective 

is due to 54% variation in political environmental analysis . The 46% remainder is due to the disturbance term. 

This finding agrees with the opinion of Mukoro (2005)in his study of the Impact of the Environment on Nigeria’s 

Public Administration 

Similarly the PPMCC for the second hypothesis stood at 0.5256. Again the coefficient is an indication of a strong 

and positive correlation between economic environmental analysis and optimal attainment of local government 

administration objective in developing countries. Based on the coefficient, it would be safe to imply that the level 

of economic evaluation conducted by local government administrators will determine the level of actualization of 

her objectives. The R2  (28%) for hypothesis 2 shows that variation in optimal attainment of local government 

administration objective is as a result of 28% variation in economic  environmental analysis. The rest 72% is held 

accountable to the error term.  

Similarly, the PPMCC for hypothesis three is 0.8749 with an R2 of 77%. The value of the PPMCC showed that 

social environmental analysis and optimal attainment of local government administration objective in developing 

countries is strongly and positively correlated. While the R2 showed that change in optimal attainment of local 

government administration objective is as a result of 77% change in social environmental analysis. The rest 22% 

is as a result of the error term. 

In conclusion, the PPMCC for hypothesis four is 0.4452 with an R2 of 20%. The value of the PPMCC showed that 

legal environmental analysis and optimal attainment of local government administration objective in developing 

countries is moderate and positively correlated. While the R2 showed that change in optimal attainment of local 

government administration objective is as a result of 20% change in legal environmental analysis. The rest 80% is 

as a result of the error term. 

 

Conclusion and Recommendations 

 

The study explored the Effects of Environmental Analysis on Optimal Attainment of Local Government 

Administration Objective in Developing Countries (A Study of Nigeria). It was reveal that local government 

operate in a strategic environment that deal with the people of at the grass root hence its actualization of her 

objective is key to a better society. From the tested hypotheses of political, social, economic and legal 

environmental analysis and optimal attainment of local government administration objective in developing 

countries is strongly correlated and the relationship is positive significant. Based on the findings the study 

recommend that local government administrators should prioritise analysis or evaluation of internal and external 

environment such as political, economic, social and legal state of their local government area pre and post 

inauguration in order to achieve optimum actualization of her objectives. This will enable them know the present 

state of the council, predicting the future, recognizing threats and allowing them to develop a response strategy, 

assisting in the achievement of expected goals and increasing its effectiveness.  

The study also recommend that local governments need to vigorously pursue their own complementary economic 

development policies in order to fit into the national development plan. Local government administrators should 

support social broad community initiatives which encourage an asset-based approach to addressing local concerns. 

Rather than focusing solely on a community's problems and negative pressures, the approach encourages the 

identification and development of strengths in order to expand local capacity and opportunities. Local governments 



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can create or support opportunities for people to gather for social, educational, recreational, or cultural purposes, 

which will assist her in gathering appropriate feedback and propelling solutions. 

 

Declaration   

  

We declared that this work is a result of our research efforts.   

   

Acknowledgment: All authors whose work were useful as cited in this research are acknowledged  

 

Funding: No funding received  

   

Conflict of interest: No conflict of interest    

   

Authors contribution: All the authors contributed meaningfully to the actualization of the work   

   

Data availability:  To be provided on request  

 

 

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