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https://doi.org/10.56556/gssr.v3i3.985  

                                                                  

 
 

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REVIEW ARTICLE  

Obstacles and challenges of rural development in Afghanistan: examining 

problems and solutions: a review  
 

Fayaz Gul Mazloum Yar1*, Janat Gul Zazia2 

 
1Geography Department, Education Faculty, Nangarhar University, Afghanistan 
2Geography Department, Education Faculty, Paktia University, Afghanistan  

 

Corresponding Author:  Fayaz Gul Mazloum Yar. Email: fmazloumyar@gmail.com  

Received: 24 August, 2024, Accepted: 08 September, 2024, Published: 06 September, 2024 

 

 

Abstract 

This study comprehensively examines the multifaceted challenges impeding rural development in Afghanistan 

and proposes strategic recommendations for achieving sustainable growth. The research employs extensive 

document analysis, a critical review, and a literature review spanning 2020 to 2024, analyzing institutional, socio-

cultural, economic, environmental, and infrastructural factors affecting rural development. The findings reveal 

that development is hindered by institutional obstacles such as ineffective governance, centralized planning, and 

a lack of coherent strategies, alongside socio-cultural issues like migration, low educational attainment, gender 

disparities, and economic barriers including poverty, unemployment, and limited market access. Environmental 

concerns such as land degradation and inadequate infrastructure further exacerbate these challenges. The study 

recommends a holistic approach, emphasizing decentralization, community engagement, infrastructure 

investment, sustainable agricultural practices, and vocational training to build local capacities. Collaborative 

efforts between stakeholders are essential to drive sustainable development in Afghanistan's rural areas. 

 

Keywords: Rural Development, Sustainable Development,  Socio-Cultural Barriers, Economic Obstacles, 

Environmental Concerns, Development. 

 

Introduction 

 

The development of rural areas is a cornerstone for achieving sustainable national growth, particularly in countries 

like Afghanistan, where a significant majority of the population resides in rural regions. Approximately 71% of 

Afghanistan's population lives in rural areas, predominantly engaged in agriculture, which forms the backbone of 

the country’s economy (Yar & Yasouri, 2024). However, these rural areas are often neglected, leading to a wide 

range of socio-economic challenges that hinder the overall development of the nation Rahmani et al., 2021. Rural 

development in Afghanistan has historically been undermined by a series of complex and interrelated factors. 

Decades of armed conflict, political instability, and weak governance structures have severely disrupted the social 

and economic fabric of rural communities. The lack of adequate infrastructure, including roads, schools, healthcar 

facilities, and energy access, further exacerbates these challenges, leaving rural populations isolated and deprived 

of basic services. Additionally, Afghanistan's rural economy is characterized by low agricultural productivity, 



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which is largely due to outdated farming practices, insufficient access to modern agricultural technologies, and a 

lack of institutional support (Zhu et al., 2022). The socio-cultural context of rural Afghanistan also presents 

significant barriers to development. Deep-rooted traditions and cultural norms often limit the participation of 

women and marginalized groups in economic activities, while migration from rural to urban areas contributes to 

the aging of the rural population and the erosion of traditional social structures. Environmental issues, such as 

land degradation, water scarcity, and the impacts of climate change, further compound these challenges, 

threatening the livelihoods of rural communities and the sustainability of agricultural practices (Das et al., 2023). 

Despite the critical role that rural development plays in national stability and prosperity, efforts to address these 

challenges have been fragmented and inconsistent. Previous strategies have often been top-down, with limited 

involvement of local communities in the planning and implementation processes. This approach has led to a lack 

of coordination among stakeholders, inefficient use of resources, and ultimately, the failure to achieve meaningful 

and lasting development outcomes (Couper et al., 2023). In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of 

the need for a more holistic and integrated approach to rural development in Afghanistan. This approach must 

address the multifaceted nature of the challenges faced by rural communities, combining investments in 

infrastructure, education, and healthcare with efforts to modernize agriculture and promote economic 

diversification. Furthermore, it is essential to involve local communities in the decision-making process to ensure 

that development initiatives are tailored to their specific needs and contexts (Dai et al., 2023). However, the 

current body of research on rural development in Afghanistan is limited, particularly in terms of empirical studies 

that explore the practical implementation of development strategies. Much of the existing literature focuses on 

theoretical frameworks without adequately addressing the on-the-ground realities faced by rural communities. 

This study seeks to bridge this gap by providing a comprehensive analysis of the institutional, socio-cultural, 

economic, environmental, and infrastructural barriers to rural development in Afghanistan. 

This paper is structured as follows: Section 2 provides a review of the existing literature on rural development 

challenges in Afghanistan and comparable contexts. Section 3 outlines the research methodology, detailing the 

document analysis and critical review methods employed in this study. Section 4 presents the key findings, 

discussing the major obstacles to rural development in Afghanistan and their implications for policy and practice. 

Finally, Section 5 concludes with a set of recommendations aimed at policymakers, development practitioners, 

and other stakeholders involved in rural development, emphasizing the need for coordinated and community-

driven approaches to overcome these challenges. This type of development is aimed at all economic, social, 

environmental, and political dimensions. Thus, the question arises: What are the challenges, constraints, issues, 

and barriers to rural development in Afghanistan?  

The innovation of this research lies in its comprehensive theoretical approach to identifying and critiquing the 

multifaceted challenges to rural development in Afghanistan. By focusing on institutional, socio-cultural, 

economic, environmental, and physical infrastructure challenges, the study provides a holistic understanding of 

the barriers that hinder rural development in the country. The research methodology, which includes document 

analysis, critical review, and literature review, offers a robust framework for analyzing these challenges. The 

study's findings underscore the need for a coordinated and inclusive approach to rural development that involves 

effective planning, community participation, investment in infrastructure, and sustainable agricultural practices. 

This research contributes to the body of knowledge on rural development by highlighting the interconnectedness 

of the various challenges faced by rural communities in Afghanistan and by suggesting strategic interventions for 

overcoming these obstacles. 

The study of rural development challenges in Afghanistan, while comprehensive in its theoretical approach, 

reveals several gaps in the current research landscape. These gaps highlight the necessity for future research 

endeavors to delve into the practical manifestations of these challenges and to empirically validate the theoretical 



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findings. Specifically, there is a lack of empirical studies that directly engage with rural communities to 

understand the on-the-ground realities of development challenges. Additionally, the study calls for in-depth case 

studies of specific villages or regions to capture the nuances of rural development in varied contexts within 

Afghanistan. 

 

Literature Review 

 

Rural development in Afghanistan faces a multitude of challenges, exacerbated by decades of conflict, political 

instability, and a fragile economic base. As a predominantly agrarian society, with approximately 80% of the 

population residing in rural areas, the effective development of these regions is critical for national stability and 

prosperity. However, various structural, institutional, and environmental obstacles hinder progress, creating 

significant bottlenecks in rural development efforts. The rural sector in Afghanistan faces numerous challenges, 

including climate change impacts, social and political instability, and economic disparities between urban and 

rural areas (Faizi et al., 2024; Haidary, 2023). Drought, a consequence of climate change, significantly affects 

agriculture in the country and the farmers' livelihoods (Faizi et al., 2024). To address these challenges, integrated 

rural development is required, which includes sectors like agriculture, health, education, infrastructure, and 

tourism (Redclift, 2023). Women's empowerment is a vital aspect of rural development and crucial for overall 

societal progress(Hermawati et al., 2023). However, rural women face significant obstacles, including limited 

access to education, healthcare, financial resources, and decision-making processes. To overcome these 

challenges, gender-responsive rural development planning can establish an enabling environment for women's 

empowerment(Faizi et al., 2024; Hermawati et al., 2023) The objective of this research is to explore the 

vulnerability and coping capacity of farmers in Arabmazari village to drought(Faizi et al., 2024; Hermawati et 

al., 2023). Afghanistan faces challenges related to climate change, and social, political, and economic instability, 

which impact food and water security and agriculture (Hermawati et al., 2023). Rural development should focus 

on empowering women to foster personal growth and contribute to overall development (Redclift, 2023). Rural 

development objectives include increasing agricultural productivity, improving access to services like healthcare 

and education, and exploring economic sectors like rural tourism. 

The development of rural Afghanistan is a complex challenge influenced by a range of socio-economic, 

institutional, and environmental factors. The key obstacles include weak agricultural support systems, inadequate 

infrastructure, water management issues, barriers to rural entrepreneurship, and ongoing security concerns. 

Addressing these challenges requires a multi-faceted approach that integrates agricultural reform, infrastructure 

development, effective resource management, and enhanced governance. 

 

Theoretical Framework 

 

Definitions of Development: Development, as a modern concept frequently mentioned in recent decades, has 

been defined by various scholars. The development signifies positive change. When referring to the development 

of a society or a social and economic system, it means the improvement of the general condition of each of its 

constituent elements. Development pertains to the material quality of life as well as the processes of change and 

improvement that lead to increased living standards. It is not merely an economic phenomenon but encompasses 

a wide range of issues such as health, education, inequality, and poverty(Rice et al., 2022). The contemporary 

concept of development, which has a more relative aspect, emerged in the 1960s. Before that, concepts such as 

colonization, reform, improvement, modernization, and ultimately, growth were prevalent. However, with the 

rapid growth of industry and technology worldwide and the expansion of urbanization, the backwardness of rural 



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areas became more apparent. Since rural inhabitants earned less income than urban dwellers and had limited 

access to social, welfare, and educational services, the discussion of rural development arose to address severe 

poverty, improve living standards, create employment, and enhance productivity in rural areas(Ya-Feng et al., 

2020). Underdevelopment: Underdevelopment does not mean a lack of development but rather refers to varying 

levels of development. Underdevelopment is a means of comparing the level of development and also reflects the 

exploitation of one country by others(Gonçalves, 2023). 

 

Indicators of Development 

 

- Poverty: Poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon. It refers to the lack of essential public consumption needs, 

meaning there is an inadequate level of food, clothing, and shelter, as well as a lack of specific capacities, such 

as the ability to participate with dignity in society. 

- Unemployment: Unemployment is the state in which a person of working age is unable to find a job despite 

actively seeking employment(Yar & Nasih, 2024). 

- Inequality: Inequality manifests in various forms, including income inequality, unequal access to public 

amenities such as health and education, unequal voting rights, and disparities in power. 

- National Income: National income is the total value of goods and services produced within a country over a 

specified period (typically one year). 

Rural Development: In the early 1990s, rural development was synonymous with agricultural development. As 

Rivera and Qamar explain, rural development is a comprehensive and multidimensional topic that includes 

agricultural activities. According to Madu Izary, rural development involves helping rural inhabitants prioritize 

their needs by utilizing existing organizations. He also states that rural development enhances the socio-cultural 

environment of rural areas and strengthens individuals' abilities to achieve sustainable income and welfare(Zhang 

et al., 2019). 

 

Sustainable development strategies for rural areas 

 

Particularly in the agriculture and food sectors, involve establishing guidelines for agriculture and food as a core 

component of economic growth recovery, under the conditions of ensuring national food security and 

guaranteeing the safety of food for rural populations. This strategy involves utilizing natural, material, and human 

resources in agriculture, with environmental sustainability ensuring the supply of high-quality agricultural and 

food products for domestic and foreign markets. The national strategy framework, agricultural programs, and 

projects focus on sustainable rural development as a key factor for economic growth, guaranteeing a strong rural 

economy. This is based on modern rural infrastructure, adequate technological support for rural areas, and the use 

of renewable local natural resources for economic, environmental, and landscape protection, thereby achieving 

an acceptable rural living standard and reducing severe poverty in rural areas(Yang et al., 2022). Sustainable 

economic development can be achieved primarily through medium- and long-term investments in strengthening 

agricultural resources, cultivation, processing units, advanced technologies, and adequate infrastructure in rural 

areas through constructed irrigation, land drainage, anti-erosion systems, forest shelterbelts for proper protection, 

flood control systems, and so on. Given the significant global emphasis on agricultural activities, a series of 

actions is required to revive and make this sector profitable: 

- Developing models that are suitable for small-scale farming, considering the unique characteristics of 

agriculture, Actions to increase the competitiveness and profitability of small Indigenous farms, Increasing levels 

of financial support, Maintaining and encouraging entrepreneurship, Attracting a larger share of traditional 



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products to the market, providing a greater amount of free advisory services tailored to the real needs of small 

farms, Simplifying the processes related to providing information (Jat et al., 2019). 

 

Methodology 

 

This study employs a theoretical approach, utilizing document analysis, critical reviews, and an extensive 

literature review. Document analysis enabled a comprehensive examination of government reports, academic 

studies, and other relevant sources. A critical review provided insights into the key barriers hindering rural 

development, while the literature review synthesized findings from recent research to develop a robust theoretical 

framework. Data analysis focused on identifying institutional, sociocultural, economic, and environmental 

challenges, and synthesizing these findings into actionable insights. Although the study is based on secondary 

data, the analysis offers a comprehensive understanding of the obstacles to rural development in Afghanistan. 

 

General Information about the Study Area 

 

Ten referred to as the "Heart of Asia." The capital of Afghanistan is Kabul. Afghanistan shares borders with 

Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, China, Pakistan, and Iran. According to the estimated statistics of 2020, 

Afghanistan's total population is approximately 32.9 million, of which 16.8 million (51%) are men and 16.1 

million (49%) are women. About 23.4 million people (71%) live in rural areas, 8 million (24.8%) in cities, and 

1.5 million (4.6%) are nomadic (NSIA, 2020). Afghanistan has a highly diverse climate, which allows the 

production of various agricultural products. Grain production, particularly wheat, is a fundamental crop, followed 

by vegetables and fruits. Livestock farming is an integral part of agriculture and a primary activity for the rural 

community. However, livestock farming is also widespread among nomadic and semi-nomadic people. 

Afghanistan is recognized as an agricultural country in the region and the world, and a significant portion of its 

exports consists of agricultural and livestock products. Thus, agriculture holds a special place in the economic 

structure of this country (Rahmani et al., 2021; YAR et al., 2023). 

 

Research Findings 

 

It is an undeniable necessity that specific challenges and obstacles to rural development exist in every country. 

For example, the challenges in achieving sustainable rural development in India include population growth, 

natural resource degradation, environmental pollution, limited access to education, youth unemployment, poor 

health due to lack of healthcare, and weak infrastructure for receiving information. These challenges also include 

issues related to globalization and livelihood problems. The following will focus on the challenges of rural 

development in Afghanistan. 

 

Challenges to Achieving Rural Development in Afghanistan 

 

Afghanistan faces numerous challenges and obstacles in rural areas on the path to sustainable development. To 

achieve rural development in Afghanistan, attention must be paid to all economic, social, institutional, and 

environmental dimensions. It is important to note that focusing on one structure while neglecting others can lead 

to failure in the development process. Therefore, to achieve sustainable development in general and rural 

development in particular, these challenges and obstacles must be analyzed. This will draw the attention of 

policymakers and planners to create suitable conditions for addressing these obstacles with effective solutions 



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and programs. Below are some of the most significant barriers and fundamental challenges to rural development 

in Afghanistan (Essar et al., 2023). 

Poverty: Afghanistan is currently facing numerous problems. Millions of people live below the poverty line and 

suffer from severe hunger. Low living standards and widespread poverty, especially in rural areas, are the primary 

challenges to the country's underdevelopment. The ongoing conflict for more than forty years has exacerbated 

these issues. In Afghanistan, poverty inequality is more severe in rural areas than in urban areas, and it is 

especially high among nomads. Nomads rely on livestock herding and constantly search for grazing land. A 

survey by the Central Statistics Organization of Afghanistan, conducted in 2016 and 2017, shows that more than 

54% of Afghans live below the poverty line. Poverty levels are 18% in cities, 61% in rural areas, and 89% among 

nomads. The poverty rate in Afghanistan is extremely high, with more than 60% of rural and nomadic populations 

living below the poverty line. Half of the country's population earns less than one dollar a day, and the main 

source of income for rural inhabitants and small-scale farmers is subsistence production. According to statistics, 

most of the country's wealth is concentrated in the hands of less than 30% of the population, while over 70% of 

the people are poor or live below the poverty line. Additionally, wealthy individuals often transfer or invest their 

capital outside the country, which poses a significant threat to the country's economic growth and development. 

People living in rural areas of Afghanistan face challenges such as low agricultural productivity, limited technical 

knowledge and skills among farmers, inadequate service provision, and inefficient resource use, all of which 

contribute to increased poverty(Yar & Nasih, 2024). 

Rural Roads: Afghanistan's rural roads face two major issues: mountainous terrain and damage from decades of 

war. Of the roughly 40,000 villages across Afghanistan, more than 40% have dirt roads, and only about 38% have 

access to proper roads. Unemployment: In 2020, the labor force participation rate for men was 68.4%, while for 

women it was 16.5%, reflecting the lower employment rate among women compared to men. The unemployment 

rate among youth in rural areas was 29.6% in 2016 and dropped to 22.3% in 2020. Unemployment is a significant 

and fundamental problem for rural residents in Afghanistan, contributing to increased migration from rural to 

urban areas and further exacerbating urban problems(Mahgoub et al., 2024). Low Productivity: Today, 

agricultural development is key to improving welfare in many developing countries. Approximately 71% of 

Afghanistan's population lives and works in rural areas, and 61% of households derive income from agriculture. 

Agriculture is a major component of rural development in Afghanistan and can play a crucial role in reducing 

poverty and promoting sustainable growth through job creation, productivity improvement, and inclusivity. 

However, several challenges affect the low productivity of the agricultural sector, including management 

challenges, water scarcity, and traditional usage, lack of medicine, materials, and chemical fertilizers, land 

fragmentation due to inheritance laws, difficulties in preserving natural resources, particularly deforestation, lack 

of equipped laboratories for pest detection, limited support programs for production, and rural self-sufficiency, 

as well as land grabbing of government and private properties(Rahman et al., 2017). According to the World 

Bank's 2014 report, it was recommended that Afghanistan's agricultural sector focus on three sub-sectors for 

economic sustainability: irrigated wheat, horticulture (including fruits, nuts, and vegetables), and livestock 

(including dairy, eggs, and poultry). These recommendations are based on their suitability for small-scale, 

intensively irrigated areas and peri-urban zones, which are expected to provide added value and employment. 

Additionally, studies by the International Labor Organization indicate that grapes and tomatoes generate the 

highest per-unit income. The regional market for grapes is highly competitive, and the establishment of a cold 

chain is essential for realizing potential growth in this sector. Wheat is the most widely cultivated crop, supporting 

the income of approximately 47% of households in Afghanistan, but it provides the lowest income per unit among 

the five crops examined(Eini-Zinab et al., 2021). High Population Growth: Afghanistan's population growth rate 

is high, and neither new technology adoption nor scientific research to enhance agricultural products and domestic 



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production are evident. The continuous 2.4% population growth rate in the long term is a cause for serious 

concern, as most poor families have many children, which exacerbates economic inequalities. The average 

population growth rate in Afghanistan during the mentioned period was 3.15%, and it has never experienced a 

rate below 2%. It is predicted that Afghanistan's population growth rate, particularly in rural areas, will remain 

constant over the coming decades. The rapidly growing population increases pressure on the country's resources, 

service delivery, and labor market, which is already affected by a lack of sustainable jobs (Bozorgzadeh & 

Mousavi, 2023). 

Education: In Afghanistan, rural residents have limited access to basic amenities compared to urban dwellers. For 

instance, in education, due to security threats, a lack of educational facilities, and teachers, particularly female 

teachers, more than 42% (5 million) of eligible children do not have access to education. Six thousand schools 

lack buildings and other essential facilities, and hundreds of schools are located far from residential areas (Manalai 

et al., 2022). The literacy rate in Afghanistan among men (aged 15 and above) is 62%, while among women it is 

18%. In this country, only one in five women is literate, and the literacy rate for women in rural areas is three 

times lower than in urban areas. The Ministry of Education in Afghanistan faces a shortage of professional 

teachers, with more than 40% of school teachers being non-professional, representing a major challenge for the 

country's education system. The current curriculum does not meet Afghanistan's needs, and other significant 

challenges, especially in rural areas, include a lack of textbooks, desks, chairs, and school buildings. Not all 

regions are capable of providing equal education (Manalai et al., 2022). 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Challenges in Management, Regulation, and Planning (Policy-making) 

 

One of the significant challenges in rural development in Afghanistan is the lack of effective planning and 

management. Historically, the country has adopted a top-down approach with centralized decision-making, 

excluding local communities from the development process. This has resulted in poor coordination, increased 

costs, and inefficient use of resources, ultimately creating dissatisfaction among rural populations. Moreover, 

This mind map illustrates the major categories and their specific challenges, providing a clear 

overview of the issues facing rural development in Afghanistan. 



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rural development has been politicized, and accountability in policy implementation remains weak. The absence 

of a coherent strategy for sustainable rural development, coupled with a lack of coordination between 

governmental and non-governmental organizations, further exacerbates the situation. Theoretical weaknesses and 

the absence of practical models have hindered progress. Moreover, the involvement of communities in planning 

and execution has been minimal, and non-governmental organizations have struggled to play an effective role 

due to lack of collaboration and communication with governmental institutions. Sustainable development efforts 

require decentralization, more active community participation, and better alignment between local needs and 

national policies(Story & Carpiano, 2017). 

 

Social Challenges 

The social landscape in rural Afghanistan presents numerous challenges for development. One of the most 

pressing issues is the migration of the younger population from rural to urban areas, leading to the aging of rural 

communities and a loss of workforce. Cultural and traditional barriers, including gender inequality, hinder the 

participation of women and marginalized groups in economic and social activities. Educational attainment 

remains low, and access to basic services such as healthcare, education, and sanitation is limited, particularly in 

remote areas. There is also a lack of awareness among rural populations about sustainable development practices 

and their rights. Social cohesion is weak, and community participation in development initiatives is minimal. 

Addressing these social challenges requires targeted efforts to empower local communities, promote gender 

equality, and improve access to education and essential services(Yar & Yasouri, 2024; Rijal et al., 2020). 

Economic Challenges 

 

Rural development in Afghanistan faces numerous economic barriers. A key challenge is the ineffective 

cooperation and weak economic infrastructure in rural areas. Most rural communities lack access to essential 

markets, which hampers their ability to commercialize agricultural products. The economic structure remains 

heavily reliant on subsistence farming, with limited diversification into non-agricultural sectors such as tourism 

or rural industry. Furthermore, the agricultural sector suffers from low productivity due to a lack of modern 

technologies, inefficient farming methods, and insufficient support programs. Limited access to credit and 

financial services further restricts economic growth. Poverty remains pervasive in rural areas, with many families 

living below the poverty line. In addition, rural unemployment, particularly among youth, exacerbates migration 

to urban areas, contributing to further economic imbalance between rural and urban regions. Economic 

diversification, improved market access, and increased investment in rural industries are critical to overcoming 

these challenges(Zhang et al., 2022). 

 

Environmental (Ecological) Challenges 

 

Environmental protection is the most crucial element of sustainable development. Environmental damage not 

only reduces the productivity of agricultural and non-agricultural activities but also poses health risks for humans, 

animals, and other forms of life. To ensure that economic and social progress is sustainable and institutionalized, 

preventing environmental degradation is paramount. Some of the environmental challenges facing rural 

development in Afghanistan include: 

➢ Conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, 

➢ Unfavorable ecological conditions for sustainable rural development, 



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➢ Weak management of natural disasters in rural areas, leading to reduced production due to floods, 

droughts, and cold weather, 

➢ The imbalance between population and natural resources, 

➢ Over-exploitation of groundwater resources, 

➢ Use of inappropriate technology in agriculture and soil erosion, 

➢ Sanitation and wastewater pollution issues in villages, 

➢ Overuse of fertilizers, 

➢ Overgrazing of pastures, 

➢ The emergence of animal epidemics(Essar et al., 2022). 

➢  

Physical (Infrastructure) Challenges 

 

The physical infrastructure challenges hindering rural development in Afghanistan can be summarized as follows 

➢ Weakness (proper infrastructure in rural areas) unavailability of roads, banks, schools, etc 

➢ Structural defects in operational systems in most rural areas such as small farmers 

➢ Limited access to appropriate technology in rural areas 

➢ Limitation of access to modern knowledge and theology in rural areas 

➢ Unequal distribution of income, prosperity, and national facilities and opportunities between industry and 

agriculture. 

➢ Absence of a formal education system 

➢ Lack of connection between city and village to provide socio-economic services 

➢ Vulnerability of sometimes rural settlements to natural disasters 

➢ Lack of arrangement of space suitable for sometimes rural residence 

➢ Imbalance and growing inequality between urban centers and rural communities 

➢ Weakness in the transportation system(Bagambilana & Rugumamu, 2023) 

➢  

Institutional and Structural Challenges 

 

Institutional and structural challenges affecting rural development include: 

➢ The dominance of sectoral thinking (despite the emphasis on comprehensive and spatial programs) over 

the overall planning process, 

➢ Lack of cohesive and effective communication between executive organizations in achieving program 

objectives, 

➢ The existence of a centralized (top-down) management structure despite the acceptance of regional and 

provincial program decentralization, 

➢ The presence of a centralized spatial structure in the country's spatial planning system, prioritizing urban 

centers over rural settlements, 

➢ Lack of belief in rural development among some decision-makers within the country’s planning structure, 

➢ Absence of a comprehensive rural development plan, 

➢ Lack of coordination between organizations responsible for rural development and the overlap of their 

duties, 

➢ Mismanagement of land and land use, 

➢ Absence of long-term and practical plans for the systematic organization of rural centers and spaces, 

➢ Lack of a clear legal framework for rural planning, 



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➢ Absence of a specific model or framework for rural development, 

➢ Deficiencies in planning at various levels, such as the absence of local-level planning and lack of clear 

delineation of planning responsibilities at national, regional, and local levels (Chen et al., 2022). 

Planning that focuses on identifying central villages for providing necessary services, creating non-agricultural 

jobs, developing rural industries, consolidating agricultural lands, reducing rural migration, and developing 

human resources can address some of the existing challenges in rural development. 

 

Discussion 

 

The examination of rural development challenges in Afghanistan through a theoretical lens has yielded a 

comprehensive understanding of the intricate web of issues that hinder progress in the nation's rural areas. The 

study's findings underscore the interconnectedness of institutional, socio-cultural, economic, environmental, and 

physical infrastructure challenges, necessitating a multifaceted approach to rural development. The discussion of 

institutional challenges highlights the critical role of effective planning and management in rural development. 

The top-down approach and centralized planning that have characterized rural development efforts in Afghanistan 

have often excluded local participation and failed to address the diverse needs of rural communities. This has led 

to inefficiencies and a lack of coordination, resulting in dissatisfaction among the rural population(Zhang et al., 

2022).  Socio-cultural challenges, such as migration and cultural barriers, have contributed to the aging of rural 

populations and the erosion of traditional rural lifestyles. The study suggests that addressing these challenges 

requires an understanding of local contexts and the empowerment of rural communities to engage in development 

processes. Economic challenges, including low agricultural productivity and limited market access, are 

symptomatic of a broader lack of economic diversification and private sector involvement(Yar & Yasouri, 2024). 

The study indicates that stimulating rural entrepreneurship and improving market linkages are essential for 

enhancing rural economies. Environmental concerns, such as land degradation and water scarcity, are not only 

threats to agricultural productivity but also to the health and well-being of rural populations. The discussion 

emphasizes the need for sustainable management of natural resources to ensure the long-term viability of rural 

communities. Physical infrastructure challenges, including inadequate roads and technology access, underscore 

the necessity of investment in rural infrastructure to support economic and social development. The study argues 

that improved connectivity and access to technology are prerequisites for rural development. In conclusion, the 

discussion points to the need for a holistic and integrated approach to rural development in Afghanistan that 

addresses the identified challenges in a coordinated manner. This approach must be inclusive, community-driven, 

and cognizant of the local context to ensure that rural development initiatives are effective and sustainable. 

 

Conclusion 

 

Rural development in Afghanistan is hindered by a complex set of institutional, economic, social, and 

environmental challenges. These obstacles are deeply interconnected, and addressing them requires a holistic 

approach that emphasizes community participation, sustainable practices, and effective governance. Key 

recommendations include decentralizing decision-making processes, improving infrastructure, and fostering 

economic diversification through modern agricultural techniques and rural industries. Social challenges such as 

migration, gender inequality, and low educational attainment must also be addressed through targeted programs 

that empower rural populations and enhance their capacity for self-sufficiency. Collaborative efforts among 

government entities, international organizations, and local communities are essential to drive meaningful and 



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sustainable development in Afghanistan’s rural areas. Only by addressing these multifaceted challenges can 

Afghanistan achieve long-term growth and stability in its rural regions. 

 

Suggestions for Rural Development in Afghanistan 

 

Based on the comprehensive analysis of the challenges and barriers to rural development in Afghanistan, the 

following strategies are suggested to facilitate the development of the nation's villages: 1. Effective Planning and 

Management: Implement decentralized planning and management systems that involve local communities and 

stakeholders in decision-making processes. This will ensure that development initiatives are aligned with the 

actual needs and aspirations of rural populations. 2. Infrastructure Development: Invest in rural infrastructure, 

including roads, schools, healthcare facilities, and energy access. Improved infrastructure will enhance 

connectivity, stimulate economic activities, and improve the delivery of essential services. 3. Agricultural 

Enhancement: Introduce modern agricultural technologies, provide training and education to farmers, and 

improve irrigation systems to enhance agricultural productivity. Diversify agricultural production to reduce 

dependency on a few crops and to increase resilience to market fluctuations. 4. Economic Diversification: 

Encourage the establishment of rural industries, such as agro-processing, handicrafts, and tourism, to create 

employment opportunities and reduce reliance on agriculture. Promote rural entrepreneurship and support small-

scale businesses. 5. Education and Capacity Building: Expand educational facilities and improve the quality of 

education in rural areas. Implement vocational training programs to equip the rural workforce with the necessary 

skills for modern economic activities. 6. Healthcare Services: Improve access to healthcare by establishing rural 

clinics and health centers. Train local health workers to provide basic healthcare services and raise awareness 

about health and sanitation. 7. Environmental Sustainability: Implement sustainable land management practices, 

protect natural resources, and promote the use of renewable energy. Address issues such as deforestation, soil 

erosion, and water pollution to ensure the ecological balance necessary for rural livelihoods. 8. Community 

Empowerment: Foster a sense of ownership and participation among rural communities in development projects. 

Support local institutions and organizations that can play a role in the implementation and monitoring of 

development activities. 9. Gender Inclusion: Ensure the active participation of women in rural development 

processes. Provide opportunities for education and employment that empower women and contribute to the 

overall development of rural areas. 10. International Cooperation: Leverage international aid and cooperation for 

technical, educational, research, and financial support. Engage with global institutions to access resources and 

knowledge that can benefit rural development in Afghanistan. By adopting these strategies, Afghanistan can 

address the multifaceted challenges facing its rural areas and pave the way for sustainable development that 

improves the livelihoods of its rural population and contributes to national stability and prosperity. 

 

Future Researches 

 

To advance the understanding and practice of rural development in Afghanistan, future research should focus on 

several key areas. Impact evaluation studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of existing rural development 

policies and programs. This will provide valuable insights into the successes and failures of these initiatives, 

guiding future interventions. Moreover, there is a need for research that adopts participatory approaches, 

involving local communities in the research process to ensure that the findings are relevant and actionable. 

Interdisciplinary research that spans various fields such as economics, sociology, environmental science, and 

agriculture is essential to develop holistic solutions to rural development challenges. Longitudinal studies will be 

crucial for tracking the progress of rural development over time and evaluating the long-term impacts of various 



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strategies. Technological innovations offer new avenues for addressing rural development challenges and research 

into the application of digital tools and renewable energy solutions could be transformative. Gender perspectives 

are often overlooked in rural development research, and future studies should incorporate gender analysis to 

understand the differential impacts on men and women. A critical examination of current policies in light of the 

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is necessary to identify policy gaps and to advocate for policy reforms 

that align with international development goals. Finally, comparative studies that benchmark Afghanistan's rural 

development challenges against those of other developing nations could illuminate shared issues and successful 

strategies that could be adapted to the Afghan context. 

 

Declaration  

 

Acknowledgment: We would like to express our gratitude to all individuals and organizations that contributed 

to this research, including Nangarhar University and Paktia University for their support in providing resources 

and feedback. 

 

Funding: This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-

for-profit sectors. 

 

Conflict of interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this 

paper. 

 

Ethics approval/declaration: Not applicable. This study did not involve any human or animal participants that 

would require ethical approval. 

 

Consent to participate: Not applicable. The study did not involve human participants. 

 

Consent for publication: All authors have provided consent for the publication of this manuscript. 

 

Data availability: The data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its 

supplementary materials. Additional data may be provided upon reasonable request from the corresponding 

author. 

 

Authors contribution: Fayaz Gul Mazloum Yar conceived the research idea, conducted the literature review, 

and drafted the manuscript. Janat Gul Zazia provided critical feedback and assisted in the analysis and review of 

the paper. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. 

 

 

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