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Statistical analysis of research in the study of the implementation of the circular 
economy in the preservation of water resources 

Christian Manuel Moreno Rocha
1*; Luis Santiago Santamaria jotty2 

1
Universidad de la Costa CUC, Department of Energy, Barranquilla-Colombia 

2Simón Bolívar University, Barranquilla-Colombia 

 

∗ Corresponding Author: Christian Manuel Moreno Rocha,cmoreno7@cuc.edu.co 
Received: 15 September, 2022, Accepted: 29 September, 2022, Published: 30 September, 2022 
 

Abstract  

Under the current consumption model, the depletion of natural resources, specifically water, is a reality that we will face 

if we do not promote a paradigm shift: resources can be reused leaving behind the traditional patterns of taking, 

manufacturing and discarding. Under this premise, in recent years, the concept of circular economy, an economic premise 

interrelated with sustainability has become an alternative for responsible consumption. The objective is to maintain water 

sources, if possible, through controlled and responsible collection, increase the reduction of consumption through the 

reuse of the resource and the appropriate and optimal treatment for its return to nature. Through Research, Development 

and Innovation, R+D+i, it is possible to define new schemes for the reuse of water, both for industrial sectors and for 

local governments; for example, in relation to the management of waste water, which goes from being waste to becoming 

a resource again. A study of information, bibliometrics and scientometry of scientific articles associated with the circular 

economy of water resources was carried out to identify research trends in this topic, as well as to establish the parameters 

of sustainability and governance of this resource. In the management of this resource, certain social, economic, 

environmental processes, among others, have not been considered, which affects the issue of water governance. In the 

development of this work, the Scopus database (Elsevier, B.V., 2021) and the Text Mining program VantagePoint (Search 

Technology, Academic Version 12.0) were used. 425 records were identified, during the period 2010 – 2021, in which 

an increasing trend of 83% is observed. The researchers' interest is focused on applications in environmental science and 

engineering. As for the countries, Spain and Italy stand out with the highest number of publications. Given the growing 

interest and importance in the subject, it is necessary to establish which models should be adopted to optimize the use of 

water resources, contributing to the protection of this natural supply, key to the prolongation of life.  

 

Keywords:  Circular economy; Sustainable; water resources; engineering; Cienciometría; Energy efficiency 

 

 

Introduction 

The concept of circular economy has been implemented 

in the business environment and, more recently, in the 

development of public policies. His forerunner in the 

academic literature was Kenneth Boulding, who claimed 

that the maintenance of human life on Earth requires a 

circular model of the economy. With this perspective, it is 

understood that the biosphere is a closed system, while 

there is a limit to its ability to provide and regenerate 

resources to meet human needs. This concept arises in 

contrast to the linear economy model of production and 

consumption, in which there is a high extraction of raw 

materials, intensive use of energy and excessive 

generation of waste, which constitute a risk to human 

health and ecosystems. From this perspective, the planet 

is seen as an infinite means of supplying resources and 

each of its phases contributes to the emission of pollutants. 

The negative externalities of this productive model have 

had an impact on the degradation of the planet and have 

increased the inequality and vulnerability of the most 

marginalized populations The report Limits to Growth 

warns for the first time about the consequences of the 

ecological footprint associated with economic processes 

and about the carrying capacity of the planet to regenerate. 

However, the authors claim that it is possible to change 

this trend by achieving a balance of ecological and 

economic processes, without affecting the principle that 

each person can meet their material needs and ensure their 

individual well-being. In the seventies, the concept of 

circular economy gained relevance among environmental 

ecologists, among which Nico-las Georgescu-Roegan, 

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Herman E. Daly, Crawford Stanley Holling, Christian 

Leipert, Howard T. Odum and José Manuel Naredo stand 

out. Through their approaches, these theorists promoted 

the idea that the waste stream can be reintegrated through 

closed production cycles (closed circuits) to prevent 

further extraction and reduce the amount of materials 

discarded. Later, in the early nineties, David W. Pearce 

and Kerry Turner explained the interdependencies 

between the ecological and economic system based on 

four functions of the environment: services, provision of 

resources, landfill of waste and emissions and life support 

system (1993). Generally speaking, the circular economy 

involves three fundamental principles (Figure 1). Water is 

one of the most valuable and vital resources of the 

environment, it follows a natural circular model that 

regulates the flow of water and ensures its quality. 

However, as proposed in human-managed systems, they 

follow a linear model of economic growth, where water 

qualitatively degrades after use, becoming unsuitable for 

later use by both humans and ecosystems. The stages of a 

linear system have reached their limits, where the 

depletion of a number of natural resources and fossil fuels 

has been demonstrated, from this point, the Circular 

Economy must begin to be understood as the intersection 

of environmental and economic issues that allows the 

global industry in terms of water resources to obtain water 

supplies,   sustainable and quality for the future, proposes 

a new model of society that uses and optimizes stocks and 

flows of materials, energy and waste, and whose main 

objective is the efficiency of the use of resources. 

According to , the circular economy is a system where the 

focus is on the efficient use of resources through the 

minimization of waste, the retention of long-term value, 

the reduction of primary resources and closed circuits of 

products, portions of products and materials within the 

limits of environmental protection and socio-economic 

benefits,   have the potential to lead to sustainable 

development and energy efficiency, as in the studies 

proposed by .(Tsalidis et al., 2022)(from Bridges et al., 

2022)(Tsalidis et al., 2022)(Hafsi et al., 2022)(Petterson et 

al., 2022)(Torres-Guevara et al., 2021)(Healthy et al., 

2021)(Díaz-López et al., 2021)(Hernández et al., 2021; 

Moreno Rocha et al., 2022). 

Today, many countries are facing a water security crisis, 

understood as "the availability of an acceptable quantity 

and quality of water for health, life, ecosystems and 

production, along with an acceptable level of water-

related risks to people, the environment and the 

economy". Among the issues that affect water security, it 

is important to highlight: The increase in the demand for 

basic products associated with changes in consumption 

patterns (greater number of inhabitants, greater energy 

expenditure, increase in waste generation, pollution, etc.). 

Supply failures (a greater number of inhabitants requires 

a greater infrastructure adequate to that growth). Risks 

due to extreme hydrological events (due to the absence of 

adequate contingency protocols).(Arteaga et al., 

2019)(Diaz-Perez et al., 2021) 

 

 
Figure 1: Principles of the circular economy 

According to , the circular economy in favor of water 

would generate an offer of innovative products and 

technologies, as well as the adoption of effective 

collaboration models for the integration of water reuse, 

where norms, criteria and standards related to control and 

quality are established, reaching the consequent 

emergency of "new water". After the use of water, a new 

treatment is carried out, in which the complementary 

treatment units are organized in cyclical processes, 

capable of promoting the reuse of water or the new water 

market, to combat its scarcity. In this way, the 

introduction of reused water in the current consumption 

model makes it possible to transform the management of 

water resources from a linear model to a circular 

model.(Cervera et al., 2016a)(Cervera et al., 2016b). 

 

The World Bank (2020) conducted the Wastewater report 

between 2019 and 2020; from waste to resources, in which 

he addresses the main challenges, opportunities and case 

studies in Latin America on circular economy. The study 

highlights the value of wastewater as a source of energy 

and nutrients, as well as an additional source of water, 

considering that many countries in the region will face 

crises of economic water scarcity in the medium term. 

This implies that, despite the high availability of water 

resources today, the infrastructure will not be sufficient to 

meet the growing demand.(Majchrowska et al., 

2022)(Cervera et al., 2016c) 

 

 

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Circular economy and water resources 

 

A linear management of water resources contributes to the 

inefficient and wasteful use of water, increases the use of 

matter and energy in the phases of water supply among 

users, increases vulnerability and social inequality in the 

face of scarcity and affects the degradation of aquatic 

ecosystems, among many other problems The effects of 

the linear model on water resources make it necessary to 

generate technological and management alternatives. The 

circular model around water resources is presented as a 

solution that involves the application of sociotechnical 

tools for the integral solution of these problems(Ahmed et 

al., 2022)(Mangmeechai, 2022) 

 The circular economy is proposed as an alternative model 

of water management, non-obsessive, its implementation 

depends on institutional support, financial investment for 

technological innovation, cooperation between key actors 

and sectors, and the profound socio-cultural 

transformations around water resources.(Dräger et al., 

2022). Water is a critical resource that, while it can be 

considered a renewable good, is vulnerable to pressures 

caused by societies.   Based on the circular economy 

perspective, it is necessary to design a closed-loop water 

management system to meet human needs without 

compromising the resilience of water-related ecosystems 

According to Ellen MacArthur FOundation, the principles 

of the circular economy can be implemented in the 

management of water systems (Table 1).(Mohammed et 

al., 2022; Uribe-Toril et al., 2022; Vyhmeister et al., 

2017)(Padmanabhan et al., 2022)(Sileryte et al., 2022) 

One of the main problems that can be addressed from the 

Circular Economy in the management of water resources 

is associated with the conditions of quality, governance, 

availability of the resource and its different types. For the 

integral solution of these problems, it is necessary to 

generate technological and management alternatives, 

whose objective is to close the resource loops and extend 

their useful life through greater use, reuse and 

remanufacturing. From the perspective of the Circular 

Economy, water reuse is a winning option, the complete 

wastewater management cycle is a critical component 

from source to distribution, collection (sewage and 

sanitation systems (in (Raza et al., 2022)(Pereira & Vence, 

2021)(Rödl et al., 2022). 

situ) and treatment for disposal and reuse, including the 

recovery of water, nutrients and energy.(Lambré et al., 

2022). 

Taking into account the above, it can be concluded that 

the circular economy linked to the water and sanitation 

sector has been having a great research interest under the 

sustainability approach, its incorporation into the sectoral 

policy seeks the optimal use of resources (water, energy 

and nutrients) reducing the impacts on the environment. 

The processes related to the management of the 

socioeconomic component and the management of water 

have a relevant impact on the applicability of the 

mechanisms of participation and governance of this 

resource, generating business opportunities that give 

financial sustainability to the services.(Uribe-Toril et al., 

2022)(Yamaka et al., 2022). 

 

Table 1: Circular economy principles applied to water management systems. ((Chen, 2022)) 

 

Principle 1. 

Minimize 

negative 

externalities 

  Reduce the amount of energy, minerals and chemicals in the operation of water systems relative to other 

systems. 

Optimize the consumptive use of water within sub-basins in relation to other sub-basins.  

Implement measures that produce the same result without using water. 

 

 

Principle 2. 

Keep resources 

in use 

 

  Improve the management of reserves of different resources (use and reuse of water, energy, minerals and 

chemicals) within water systems. 

 Decrease energy use and resource extraction in water systems and maximize their reuse. 

Optimize the value generated in the interfaces between water service providers and other production systems. 

 

Principle 3. 

Regeneration of 

natural capital 

 Maximize environmental flows by reducing consumptive and non-consumptive uses of water. 

Preserve and improve natural capital (restoration, pollution prevention, effluent quality, among others). 

 Ensure minimal disturbance of natural aquatic systems. 

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Table 2: Application of circular economy approaches around water resources.  Own elaboration. 

School Applications Success stories 

 

 

Industrial Ecology 

• Wastewater exchange between different sectors for industrial 

use. 

• Gives a new use to wastewater 

• Creation of eco-industrial parks to promote synergies 

between organizations. 

 

- Hai Hua Group (China) 

Gujarat Maritime Board (India) 

 

Cradle to cradle 

• Reuse of wastewater and its by-products to produce goods 

and services. 

• Prevention of pollution of water bodies (sources receiving 

wastewater). 

 

Las Vegas Rock (USA) Ecover 

(Belgium) Meuse (Netherlands) 

 

Performance 

economics 

 

• Reduction of the water footprint of industries through the 

efficient use of water and energy. 

•  Water as a resource to generate goods and energy. 

Suez Group (France) HyrdoQuebec 

(Canada) DuPont (USA) Grundfos 

(Denmark) 

 

Biomimética 

• Technologies and biotechnologies for water treatment. 

• Clean energy production. 

• Restoration and conservation of aquatic ecosystems. 

WhalePower Corporation (Canada) 

Aquaporin Inside (Denmark) Applied 

Biomimetics (USA) 

 

 

Blue Economy 

• Innovation to reduce water consumption in the production of 

new goods. 

•   Prevention of degradation and restoration of marine 

ecosystems, using waste for the production of new goods. 

• Generation of sustainable development around coastal 

regions. 

Aquion emergí (USA) 

The Blue Circular Economy 

(European Union) 

Adidas + Parley (Alemania-EUA) 

Qingdao Blue Silicon Valley (China) 

Experimental section 

To identify  trends and changes in research,  a technique 

called  bibliometric analysis is used to determine different 

patterns related to institutions, topics, countries, and fields, 

among others.  In addition, academic research focused on a 

specific topic can be quantified over time. The technique 

consists(Vence & López Pérez, 2021) of the development of 

a statistical analysis that involves variables such as authors, 

distribution of journals, keywords and references.  For this, 

certain tools such as Network WorkBench, VOSviewer, 

HistCite and CiteSpace  are available.(Prieto-Sandoval et al., 

2021). 

In the present work, the HistCite tool was used to perform 

the statistical analysis, since it has excellent visualization  

capabilities and is an open access software(Hall et al., n.a.).  

In addition, this tool is directly focused on the study of trends 

related to scientific research. For the data collection used in 

the bibliometric analysis, the Web of Science website was 

used, since it is one of the main databases used in this type 

of studies.(Serrano et al., 2020) 

The collected data was downloaded from the Web of 

Science on November 22, 2021, ora scientometric 

analysis of scientific articles indexed in the Scopus 

database (Elsevier, B.  V., 2021), with the aim of 

identifying the thematic lines of research of the authors.  

The following search equation was structured: (TITLE-

ABS-KEY ( "Circular Economy" ) AND TITLE-ABS-

KEY ( "Wastewater Treatment*" OR "Water Treatment*" 

OR "Water Reuse" OR "Waste Water Recycling" OR 

"Water Quality" OR "Water Resource*") AND 

PUBYEAR > 2009 Y ( LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE , "ar" ) Y 

( LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "ENVI" ) ).  the specialized 

text mining program VantagePoint (Search Technology, 

Academic Version 12.0) was used.  

Results and discussions 

According to the search equation presented above, 425 

articles indexed in the Scopus database were identified 

that relate to "circular economy", "wastewater treatment", 

"water resources" and "water quality", referring to studies 

in different fields of knowledge, such as environmental 

sciences are the ones with the highest activity with 43%,  

while the area of energy and engineering show a very 

similar interest of approximately 12% each, (Figure 2). 

Using the Law of Solla Prices (ec. 1) (De Solla Price, 

1963), the annual growth rate of works related to this topic 

published from 2010 to 2021 was calculated.  According 

to equation 1, this index was 83.09% with a data 

correlation of R2 = 0.974. 

 

 

 

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       Figure 2:  Distribution of articles by areas of knowledge related to the application of the circular economy of water 

resources. 

Figure 3 Presents the scientific dynamics (number of articles per year) during the period 2010 – 2021.  An 

increasing trend is observed from the year 2015, the year of greatest activity is 2021 with 149 indexed documents. 

 

Figure 3. Distribution of articles by year Related to the circular economy of water resources 

 
 

Note. Source: Bibliometrics Unit- CRAI Santo Tomás University Library, Bucaramanga Sectional.  Calculations based 

on information from the Elsevier database (Scopus B.V., 2021), processed with VantagePoint (Search Technology, 

academic version 12.0). 

 

 

 

 

1 1 3 5 1
6

11
20

44

63

121

149

y = 0.4149e0.4895x

R² = 0.9742

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

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Ec. 1: 

 

 

The performance and scientific output of a country, 

institution or research centre are directly related to the 

number of articles published per year (Figure 4).  In terms 

of distribution by country at an international level, Spain 

stands out with 74 publications related to the circular 

economy of the water sector.  On the other hand, China 

and Italy present 56 documents indexed in the database, 

according to the search equation used.  At the Latin 

American level, the country that stands out is Brazil with 

21 publications, while these works are related to sludge 

mixtures from water treatment plants for energy recovery, 

in these works circular economy indicators were designed 

as instruments for the evaluation of sustainability and 

efficiency in wastewater.  

The co-occurrence analysis of the keywords allowed to 

determine the preference in the topic of interest, in this 

case, the circular economy in the water sector.  The free 

program Vosviewer (2021, Center for Science and 

Figure 4: Distribution of scientific production by country 

between 2010 and 2021 related to the circular economy of 

water resources 

Figure 5: Keywords most used by authors related to the circular economy of water resources

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Technology Studies, Leiden University, The 

Netherlands, version 1.6.15), was used to visualize each 

of the relationships presented by the keywords (Figure 

5).  A cluster of words shows an interdisciplinary work 

and all the topics studied are, for example, development 

and evaluation of wastewater treatments (235 records), 

among which reverse osmosis stands out, bioremediation 

methods for the recovery of water contaminated with 

heavy metals, pesticides, agrochemicals, among others.  

222 documents are associated with the concept of 

circular economy, especially the recovery of resources 

such as energy, nutrients among others and a last group 

(52 documents) are aimed at the management of 

environmental sciences and sustainable development. 

 

Conclusion 

According to the search equation proposed for this work 

and the number of records obtained, it can be observed 

that the concept of circular economy applied to water 

resources is relatively new.  However, it presents a high 

interest, which is verified through Price's law that shows 

a growth in the number of publications of 83.09% during 

the period 2010 – 2021, especially in Spain and China, 

countries where researchers develop work on wastewater 

treatment methods, the use of resources and the recovery 

of waste recovered from these same waters.   To address 

water circularity, fundamental changes are needed in the 

way water is managed and valued, one of the current 

barriers to truly integrating water.   The circular economy 

of water resources in processes is the lack of indicators, 

parameters and governance, tools that allow achieving 

the objective of sustainability by providing economic, 

environmental and social development. The deployment 

of a circular economy does not depend solely on cities, it 

also depends on national policies, private sector 

participation and a favourable innovation ecosystem. 

Test the permanent selectivity of ion exchange 

membranes that is under research consideration. 

The linear economy model is not compatible with the 

sustainable management of natural resources, especially 

water resources.  The principles of the circular economy 

propose a series of transformations and improvements to 

reduce pressures on water resources derived from the 

production, consumption and disposal of goods and 

services. In addition, it offers the opportunity to improve 

water management systems and generates development 

opportunities that have a positive impact on society and 

ecosystems.  The implementation of these principles 

requires collaboration between producers and 

consumers, as well as public policies that guarantee the 

efficient use of materials and energy. It is expected that 

this work will be of great contribution to future research, 

which will motivate more scientists from different 

countries to see in the circular economy a powerful tool 

in the care and preservation of different energy sources. 

 

Declaration of concurrent interest  

The authors state that they  have no  known competitive 

financial or personal interest that could have seemed to 

influence the work re-performed in this article. 

 

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