




































Global Sustainability Research                                ISSN: 2833-986X                                                 
https://doi.org/10.56556/gssr.v2i3.516 

                                                                  

 

 Global Scientific Research   21 
 

RESEARCH ARTICLE  

Researching Offshore Facilities and Choosing an Appropriate Platform for Hydrate 

Extraction in the Bay of Bengal 

Commodore Md Munir Hasan1, Agroza Ahmed Ema1*, Sadman Sanim1 

1Department of Naval architecture and offshore Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime University, 

Bangladesh 

Corresponding Author: Agroza Ahmed Ema. agroza05@gmail.com  

Received: 28 May, 2023, Accepted: 12 June, 2023, Published: 05 July, 2023 

 

Abstract 

Offshore buildings are used in various locations and sea depths for several reasons. Different equipment, platforms, and 

design techniques are needed depending on water depth, climatic conditions, structural arrangement, and new concepts. 

Offshore constructions usually generate and transport oil, gas, and other commodities. Bangladesh has yet to use the Bay of 

Bengal's hydrocarbon potential for oil and gas. Bangladesh lags behind India and Myanmar in maritime oil and gas 

discovery. In 50 years, Bangladesh's sea barriers have yielded no benefits. Bangladesh's economy is hindered by its high 

crude oil imports. Focus on offshore petroleum exploration to locate "black gold" now. Therefore, an offshore structure is 

needed. This thesis paper covers the fundamentals of all offshore systems, broadens the research, and recommends 

appropriate platforms for various sea-water depths, which those platforms are meant to be built for hydrates predicted in 

the Bay of Bengal. The paper uses the Bay of Bengal sedimentation and estimated water depth to choose offshore 

constructions. The country's maritime boundaries have 26 oil and gas blocks. There are 11 in shallow water and 15 in deep 

sea. According to statistics, the blocks are on the continental shelf and deep-water region. Five zones make up the Bay of 

Bengal continental shelf. They are shores A-B, B-C, C-D, D-E, and E-F after region F continental slope continues till the 

deep sea area. The continental slope zone C-D has 64-106 m water depth. Therefore, the Bay of Bengal continental shelf is 

suitable for all permanent offshore buildings except this zone. Only concrete gravity platforms fit this zone. We need the 

technology to search for oil and gas in water. It takes a lot of work to get foreign companies to work together. Thus, skilled 

people should work on it and encourage government or private businesses to develop oil and gas production technology. 

Keywords: Offshore Structures; Hydrocarbon; Bay of Bengal; Continental Shelf; Sediment 

Introduction 

Offshore describes a location on water that is far from 

land. However, offshore construction entails erecting 

buildings and other infrastructure out at sea. Offshore 

structures are typically constructed and pre-

commissioned on the ground. Offshore structures 

exposed to waves, seismic activity, wind, or a mix of 

these stressors exhibit non-linear, abrupt behavior. The 

ocean floor's topography is analyzed for petroleum 

reserves after seismic studies have been conducted. 

When the probability of finding hydrocarbons is high, 

the surveyor is prompted to dig deeper, and the quantity 

of hydrocarbon potential yields figures for the most cost-

effective offshore building in the area. Oil and gas are 

being explored all over the planet. Onshore exploration 

refers to work done on land, while offshore research 

occurs in water. There is also a third zone, but it has a 

minor trade effect. Transition Zone Exploration is 

another name for this, though Shallow Water 

Exploration is more common. This includes areas with 

shallow water, such as coastal areas, waterway channels, 

and swamps. Exploration methods in such regions are 

often complex. 

Offshore building projects have their own technical and 

monetary quirks. Offshore building projects rely heavily 

on the profits made from oil and gas extraction, which 

are directly linked to international finance and indirectly 

affected by oil price fluctuations. For instance, numerous 

mailto:agroza05@gmail.com


Global Sustainability Research 

 Global Scientific Research   22 
 

offshore construction projects were initiated in 2008 as a 

direct consequence of the increase in global energy costs 

that year (Atreya et al., 2013) 

Soon after Bangladesh became an independent country 

in 1971, oil was taken out of the ground for the third 

time (1971–1990). Six multinational companies, 

including ARCO, Ashland, and Union Oil Co., sank 

seven wells in the Bay of Bengal between 1974 and 1978 

to investigate distant areas under Production Sharing 

Contracts with Petrobangla (the state oil company). 

Thus, the distant Kutubdia gasfield was discovered. One 

thousand nine hundred eighty all foreign energy 

companies had left Bangladesh, leaving only 

Petrobangla. A petroleum reservoir's porosity and 

permeability are crucial physical qualities when storing 

and transporting fluids. Both characteristics are essential 

when defining a reserve. Particle size and form, pore 

size, grain sorting, cementation, compression, packing 

fracture, and solution are significant in determining 

reservoir-scale porosity and permeability. However, 

aside from the work of a few undisclosed oil and gas 

companies in the Bengal Basin, no efforts have been 

made to quantitatively quantify core and log 

petrophysical characteristics and their potential 

governing variables (Ismail & Shamsuddin, 1991). 

Bangladesh has relatively small hydrocarbon and lignite 

deposits, but its natural gas supplies could be huge. Most 

natural gas and petroleum oil come from Sylhet Division 

in the country's northeast, followed by Chittagong 

Division, Dhaka Division, and Barisal Division. Most 

people think that Bangladeshi natural gas is one of the 

cleanest in the world because it has a high methane 

content (95–99%) and almost no nitrogen content. Of the 

total 25,602 km2 that was in question, Bangladesh got 

19,467 square kilometers (km) of territory in the sea 

from The Hague's Arbitral Tribunal, which presided over 

the maritime border dispute between Bangladesh and 

India in the Bay of Bengal. Therefore, the marine sector 

in Bangladesh holds excellent promise. The Bay of 

Bengal is home to numerous oceanic islands that may be 

highly mineral-rich. Furthermore, UNB reports that 

Bangladesh has discovered massive potential natural gas 

hydrate deposits in its Exclusive Zone, with estimates 

ranging from 0.11 to 0.73 TCF. It is equivalent to 17–

103 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of natural gas (Shahjahan et 

al., 2002). 

Bangladesh is rich in natural resources and spans an area 

of 147,610 square kilometers, stretching from north to 

south for 820 kilometers and from east to west for 600 

kilometers. Regarding geography, the Bengal Basin can 

be found in an area characterized by exceptionally high 

levels of geological activity. A great number of dynamic 

geological features can be found within and all around 

the Bengal Basin. The region of the Indian Ocean, 

located to the northeast, is defined by the estuary of 

Bengal, the largest estuary in the globe. It is a triangular 

shape and is bordered on three sides by other countries: 

to the north by Bangladesh, to the east by Myanmar and 

the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and to the west by 

India and Sri Lanka. The Bay of Bengal encompasses a 

total area of 2,172,000 km2 of land and water. To use a 

metaphor, the country of Bangladesh sits at the very tip 

of the Bay of Bengal. The length of the nation's 

exclusive economic zone is 370 kilometers (200 nautical 

miles), while the size of its territorial waterways is 12 

nautical miles (22 kilometers). The land is reportedly 

subdivided into 26 separate sections, as stated by 

Petrobangla. The PSC district plan is presented in the 

following image. There are 11 sections from the coastal 

sea and 15 blocks from the deep sea. On the chart, far 

offshore is represented by a dark blue color, while 

shallow offshore is shown by a lighter blue color 

(Shahjahan et al., 2002). 

Since the industrial revolution, energy demand has 

grown while supply has not. Bangladesh's power sector 

relies largely on fossil fuels since natural gas and coal 

are its main energy sources. Diesel, coal, heavy oil, and 

biofuels comprise the rest of Bangladesh's power 

generation. Bangladesh's energy field includes power, 

fuel products, natural gas, coal, biogas, and sun. 

Exploiting its abundant green energy sources may solve 

Bangladesh's power issue. The problem should be 

addressed by massively using ocean waves and the Bay 

of Bengal. Offshore buildings and energy use are the 

most effective way to use Bay of Bengal resources. 

The following research and investigation objectives 

were set in light of the preceding discussion: 

• Explore about offshore structures in detail in 

preparation for their use in the near future; 

• Examining the potentiality of Bay of Bengal 

blocks for offshore constructions; 

• Prediction of primary selection of offshore 

structures for those hydrocarbon potential area. 

 



Global Sustainability Research 

 Global Scientific Research   23 
 

Literature Review 

Detailed Study on Offshore Structures 

Maritime and offshore structures must withstand harsh 

sea conditions for their plan spans. (50 to 75 years for 

ports and 25 years or more for offshore hydrocarbon 

platforms). Peak loads from storm gusts and waves 

wear loads from waves over the platform's lifespan and 

platform motion are essential to design aspects. 

Offshore buildings are built miles from shorelines in 

lakes, gulfs, and the open sea. These structures are 

made of mild to high-strength steel. The world's tallest 

artificial buildings are offshore towers. This chapter 

covers offshore building history, kinds, and loads that 

must be computed for design, plans and specs, 

production, installation, and environmental 

considerations (Ismail & Shamsuddin, 1991).

 

 

 

 
Figure 1. Three key criteria for offshore station design (Bhattacharya et al., 2006). 

 

A Fixed Offshore Station 
Design Must Meet Three 

Key Criteria

Endure All 
Expected 

Loads 
During 

Production, 
Shipment, 

And 
Installation

Withstand 
Storm And 
Earthquake 

Loads

Drilling, 
Production, 
& Housing 

Facility



Global Sustainability Research 

 Global Scientific Research   24 
 

From 1909 to 1910, Louisiana dug wells. Timber 

derricks were raised on hastily built timber supports on 

woodpiles. Two main types of fixed platforms have 

evolved in the past 40 years: the concrete gravity type, 

built in the North Sea, and the steel template type, built 

in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Due to the need to dig 

deep water wells and build deepwater gas projects, the 

tension-leg platform was introduced as a third type. In 

1976, Exxon built a 259-meter-deep platform in Santa 

Barbara. (850 ft.). The most widely used form of energy 

and liquid fuels is crude oil, and its use is likely to 

persist for decades (Dawood et al., 2013). 

 

Figure 2. Offshore Structures. (A) Floating Production System; (B) Concrete Gravity Platform; (C) Complaint Tower; (D) 

Fixed Steel Template Structure; (E) Process of Floating, Production, Storage and Offloading (Dewangan et al., 2010). 

 



Global Sustainability Research 

 Global Scientific Research   25 
 

About 1950, BP conducted similar studies in Abu Dhabi. 

Persian Gulf The activity has grown steadily in water 

less than 30 meters (100 feet). In the 1960s, GoM 

hurricanes damaged the station, forcing a redesign. 

Hurricane Hilda in 1964 destroyed 13 platforms with 13-

meter waves and 89-meter-per-second winds. The 

following year, typhoon Betsy, a 100-year storm, injured 

several stations and destroyed three. Designers began 

planning for 100-year storm repeat periods instead of 25 

and 50 years. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 3. Types of Offshore Structures (Bhattacharya et al., 2006) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



Global Sustainability Research 

 Global Scientific Research   26 
 

The region of the Indian Ocean, located to the northeast, 

is defined by the estuary of Bengal, the largest estuary in 

the globe. It is a triangular shape and is bordered on 

three sides by other countries: to the north by 

Bangladesh, to the east by Myanmar and the Andaman 

and Nicobar Islands, and to the west by India and Sri 

Lanka. The Bay of Bengal encompasses a total area of 

2,172,000 km2 of land and water. To use a metaphor, the 

country of Bangladesh sits at the very tip of the Bay of 

Bengal (Maurin & Rangin, 2009). The nation's exclusive 

economic zone is 370 kilometers (200 nautical miles), 

while its territorial waterways are 12 nautical miles (22 

kilometers). The land is reportedly subdivided into 26 

separate sections, as stated by Petrobangla. The PSC 

district plan is presented in the following image. There 

are 11 parts from the coastal sea and 15 blocks from the 

deep sea. On the chart, far offshore is represented by a 

dark blue color, while shallow offshore is shown by a 

lighter blue color (Solomon, 2020). 

 
Figure 4. Shallow Offshore and Deep Offshore Blocks. Working Blocks (Shahjahan, et al., 2002). 



Global Sustainability Research 

 Global Scientific Research   27 
 

Offshore Section Resources 

Bangladesh produces the 15th most natural gas in Asia. 

Bangladesh's northeast, east, southeast, and south 

corridors yielded natural gas. Sangu is Bangladesh's only 

offshore gas field. Sylhet's Haripur contains natural oil, 

but the region's only oil well produces too little. 

Bangladesh is behind other nations in oil and gas 

research because the energy sector has yet to help the 

economy as much as expected. Bangladesh's oil and gas 

assets are hard to estimate due to a lack of exploration 

data and ocean digging. This paper summarises the Bay 

of Bengal and Bangladesh marine petroleum scenario. 

The Bengal Basin provides gas and a few liquid fuels 

(mainly condensates and light oil). In the Bengal Basin, 

Oligo-Miocene sediments are source rocks, and 

Miocene-Pliocene sediments are storage rocks. Most 

studies of the Bengal basin's parent rocks have focused 

on middle Miocene strata dug from depths greater than 4 

kilometers (Ismail et al., 2014). The Surma Group 

unconformably overlies the Paleogene turbidites, and the 

submerged fan complex appears to have persisted into 

the upper deep water. Deep-marine facies connections of 

abundant petroleum deposits have gotten the least 

attention (Dasgupta, 2004). 

 

Figure 5. Hatia depression and the ocean area are depicted on a contour depth map, the mid-Miocene strata that lie within 

it serving as a petroleum reserve (Dasgupta, 2004). 

 



Global Sustainability Research 

 Global Scientific Research   28 
 

The Bhuban Formation formed the offshore Bengal 

Basin Hatia Petroleum System. Beyond the Surma basin 

to the south and southeast, oil and condensate are 

isotopically denser (-24.5 to -26.6%) with negative 

canonical features, indicating marine or marine-

influenced source rocks from type-II or type-II/III 

kerogen. The oil output window is between 5400 m and 

10000 m because sands with low vitrinite absorption 

bury quickly. Methane carbon isotope rates indicate that 

Miocene and Pliocene pools contained old parent rock 

(Roybarman, 1987). A study of the source rock potential 

of chosen cores from the Muladi-1 well in Bangladesh 

found that extractable organic material linked to carbon 

content rises with depth in shale samples, suggesting age 

and source oil. Oil leaks at Hararganj, Sitakund, Utan 

Chatra, and the Patharia indicate that mature source 

rocks produced liquid petroleum during the oil 

production window. Except for the lower Miocene gas-

prone source rocks, the horizons of the Oligocene, upper 

Eocene, and Paleocene show fair to excellent oil source 

potential, with an oil window maturity zone between 

5000 m and 8000 m in the deeper basin. Geochemical 

and source rock palynological data from West Bengal, 

India, suggests that the mature source rocks of the 

Paleogene-Early Neogene series may be located at the 

Eocene slope break (Hasan & Qasim, 2017). Wet gas is 

more common in cores from the MND-2 well in the 

offshore Mahanadi basin below 3300 meters, while 

mature source rocks for oil are at 2500 meters (Basal 

Miocene). Due to its continuous fracturing and delta 

build-up, the Jenum Formation of the Oligocene Barail 

Group, the main source rock in Assam and the Surma 

basin is widely regarded as the offshore Bengal Basin 

source rock. Geologists believe Bengal Basin deposits 

are source rock and top rock. These sands aided 

hydrocarbon capture. 

The ocean area has folded and inverted crustal segments. 

Find extremely high buildings (Saiful et al., 2011). 

Younger bending and reversal between paleode and 

neode formation fronts are usually minor and 

straightforward. Inversion zones may acquire tiny, 

hidden bends. Controlled faulting and structural closures 

are likely. Hydrocarbon migrates vertically through 

cracks and laterally up-dip over pale slopes, making the 

offshore Bengal Basin ideal for hydrocarbon capture at 

4-6 km. Channels filled with mud and sand, channel 

sands, incised valleys where heavy channeling happened, 

and pro-delta clays that move up-dip to delta-front sand 

wedges are ideal petroleum traps (Greaves et al., 2017). 

 

Table 1. Offshore Suitability Regarding Water Depth of the 26 blocks of Bay of Bengal (Ismail & Shamsuddin, 1991). 

 

Blocks Water depth Area Suitable platform 

SS-01 to SS-08 

SS-11 

Up to approximate 200 m Each have exploration area 4500 

and 7700 sq. km. 

Both concrete gravity and steel 

template platform 

SS- 09, SS- 10 Up to approximate 200 m Each have exploration area 4500 

and 7700 sq. km. 

Concrete Gravity 

DS- 12, DS- 16, DS- 

21 

Between 2000 to 2500 meters Each have exploration area 

between 3200 and 3500 sq. km. 

Larger TLP, SPAR platform, 

FPSO, Semi-submersible 

platform 

DS- 08 to DS- 18 Between 2000 to 2500 meters Not found Larger TLP, SPAR platform, 

FPSO, Semi-submersible 

platform 

DS-19 Between 2000 to 2500 meters Approximate 11170 sq. km. Larger TLP, SPAR platform, 

FPSO, Semi-submersible 

platform 

DS-20 Between 2000 to 2500 meters Approximate 12153 sq. km. Larger TLP, SPAR platform, 

FPSO, Semi-submersible 

platform 

DS-22 Between 2000 to 2500 meters Approximate 12454 sq. km. Larger TLP, SPAR platform, 

FPSO, Semi-submersible 

platform 

 

 

 



Global Sustainability Research 

 Global Scientific Research   29 
 

The offshore Bengal Basin's Hatia Petroleum System 

began in the Bhuban Formation. Beyond the Surma 

basin to the south and southeast, oil and condensate are 

isotopically denser (-24.5 to -26.6%) with negative 

canonical features, indicating marine or marine-

influenced source rocks made from type-II or type-II/III 

kerogen. Since layers with low vitrinite absorption bury 

quickly, the oil output window is expanded between 

5400 m and 10000 m (Shahjahan et al., 2002). The 

parent rock in Miocene and Pliocene pools was old 

based on methane carbon isotope ratios. According to a 

study of the source rock potential of chosen cores from 

Bangladesh's Muladi-1 well, extractable organic material 

linked to carbon content rises with depth in shale 

samples, suggesting age and source oil [9]. The Patharia 

well's oil show and leaks at Hararganj, Sitakund, and 

Utan Chatra suggest that mature source rocks produced 

liquid petroleum during the oil production window. 

Except for the lower Miocene gas-prone source rocks, 

the horizons of the Oligocene, upper Eocene, and 

Paleocene show fair to excellent oil source potential, 

with an oil window maturity zone between 5000 m and 

8000 m in the deeper basin. Geochemical and source 

rock palynological data from West Bengal, India, 

suggests that the mature source rocks of the Paleogene-

Early Neogene series may be located on the Eocene 

slope break ( Imam & Hussain, 2002).  According to 

studies of cores retrieved from the MND-2 well in the 

offshore Mahanadi basin, wet gas is more common in 

samples below 3300 meters, while mature source rocks 

for oil are at 2500 meters (Basal Miocene). The Jenum 

Formation of the Oligocene Barail Group, the primary 

source rock in Assam and the Surma Basin is widely 

regarded as the source rock in the offshore Bengal Basin 

due to its continuous fracturing and delta build-up. 

According to geologists, the Bengal Basin may contain 

source rock and cap rock deposits. These layers may 

have helped trap hydrocarbons. In the distant area, 

crustal segments show unique bending and inversion 

patterns. High-rise buildings may be found. Younger 

bending and reversal between the paleode formation and 

neode formation fronts is simple and tiny (Islam,  2010). 

Inversion zones can produce tiny, hidden bends. 

Structural openings with managed faulting are likely. 

The offshore Bengal Basin has favourable hydrocarbon 

capture at depths of 4-6 km because hydrocarbon 

migrates vertically via cracks and laterally up-dip over 

paleoslopes. Channels, channel sands, cut valleys, and 

pro-delta clays that move up-dip to delta-front sand 

wedges are ideal geological traps for hydrocarbons 

(Lafond, 1957). 

Methodology 

This is an observational study that required a lot of 

time spent behind a computer and in a library. Review 

study focused on whether or not floating structures in 

the Bay of Bengal would be safe to inhabit. Literatures 

pertinent to marine buildings that need to be reviewed 

include printed materials (books, journals, and 

periodicals), internet journal articles, and symposium 

papers. (Google Scholar, web of knowledge). 

 

Results and discussions 

 

The term "petroleum resources" refers to the estimated 

quantities of hydrocarbons on and below the planet's 

surface. The potential for a resource to be recovered and 

sold is estimated in both resource assessments and 

resource evaluations, while the latter focuses mainly on 

the latter. Bangladesh's considerable hydrocarbon 

potential has been the subject of several resource 

evaluations and publications, either independently by 

different government agencies or in partnership with 

Petrobangla. Bangladesh is a good location for numerous 

active petroleum systems since its potential source rocks 

span from the Cretaceous to the Miocene, which is old 

enough to enable hydrocarbon accumulation in any 

competent conventional trap. This article shows the 

accessible resources and a good platform for extracting 

hydrocarbons. However, there needs to be more 

knowledge to make educated judgments now. Both 

coastal and deep sea areas are included in the 26 oceanic 

regions. Building choices can only be made with a 

degree of certainty once we have a better understanding 

of the sedimentary composition of the area. The offshore 

basin was sedimented twice: first in the Triassic, when 

the Sibumasu terrane moved from Gondwanaland and 

produced the West Burma block, and again in the early 

Tertiary, when India collided with Eurasia, constructing 

the Himalaya (Dyanati & HuangQ,  2014). 

The continental shelf at the head of the Bay of Bengal is 

as much as 100 miles wide but narrows to the south. The 

features of the continental shelf in this region are as 

follows: 

• A width of approximately 25 miles. 

• An average slope of 0 degrees and 15 minutes. 



Global Sustainability Research 

 Global Scientific Research   30 
 

• A depth at the outer edge of around 100 

fathoms. 

A unique feature is that the shelf can be divided into five 

zones. Each has its own set of slopes and sediments. A 

sixth zone comprises the upper part of the continental 

slope. Each zone runs nearly parallel with the shore. The 

average widths, slopes, and depths of those zones are 

given below: 

 

Table 2. Continental Shelf Zone 

Zone Width(mi) Slope 

(Degrees) 

Depth(fms) Depth 

of zone 

Shore 

A-B 

2 0 degree 26 

minute 

0-15 0m to 

27m 

B-C 11 0 degree 4 

minute 

15-35 27m to 

64m 

C-D 6 0 degree 11 

minute 

35-58 64m to 

106m 

D-E 2 0 degree 35 

minute 

58-70 106m 

to 

128m 

E-F 2 1 degree 9 

minute 

70-112 128m 

to 

205m 

 

There is a lot of Globigerina ooze in the sediments of the 

deep Bay of Bengal basin, which is one of the things that 

sets them apart. The continental slope yields dark gray 

samples with a bluish tint and a pliable, soft texture. 

Several blocks in the DS series are located in an area 

with deep water: DS-12, DS-16, DS-21, DS-19, DS-20, 

and DS-22. Hydrocarbon source rocks are characterized 

by a high maturity level within the oil generation 

window for deeper sediments, consistent with a marine 

environment of deposition. Sites in deep water are 

typically situated in regions with thick sediment deposits 

on the continental slopes that slope gently into the 

abyssal plains. In these regions, the average slope of the 

seafloor is relatively shallow (less than 4 degrees). 

Using buoy-measured data from February 2013 to 

December 2015 off Gopalpur at a depth of 15 meters, 

this article describes the spectral wave characteristics of 

the nearshore waters of the northwest Bay of Bengal. 

The southwest monsoon is associated with increased 

wave heights and more extended wave periods, as 

indicated by the seasonal mean significant wave height 

and mean wave period. A year's worth of waves between 

138 degrees and 228 degrees accounts for 74% of the 

variation in sea level, with those between 48 degrees and 

138 degrees accounting for 16%. The monthly average 

wave parameters show substantial interannual variability 

due to the occurrence of tropical cyclones. On October 

12, 2013, a significant peak wave height of 6.7 meters 

was recorded due to the effects of Tropical Storm 

Phailin. On October 12, 2014, a significant peak wave 

height of 5.84 meters was recorded due to the effects of 

Tropical Storm Hudhud, whose track was 250 kilometers 

southwest of the study location. The analysis showed 

that a single tropical cyclone affected the annual 

maximum significant wave height, while the annual 

average value was nearly identical (1 m) in both 2014 

and 2015. Western Bay of Bengal waves are affected by 

cyclones, swells from the Southern Ocean, and the 

southwest and northeast monsoons (Maurin & Rangin, 

2009). 

 

Table 3. Platforms According to Water Depth 

Platforms Required water depth 

Concrete 

Gravity 

Platform 

within 200 m and best from 100 m to 150 

m, can be suited up to 350 m 

 steel template 

structure 

Up to 500 m 

Complaint 

Structures 

Normally 300 m to 600 m 

Larger TLP Successfully has reached 1250 m 

Spar Platform  Presently used up to 1000 m though 

technology can extend up to 2500 m (Deep 

water platform) 

FPSO Up to 2600 m 

Semi-

submersible 

1800 m 

Conclusion 

Hydration study has resurfaced among experts 

worldwide due to several reasons. It could become the 

next generation's pure energy norm. Hydrates are 

abundant worldwide. The upstream offshore oil and gas 

value chain includes drilling rigs, research and support 

ships, platform building, production, and extraction. 

Downstream work includes refining and selling goods. 

Our energy supply, primarily natural gas and a 

potential new oil sector at sea, rests mainly on fossil 

fuels, which can be dug and handled. Bangladesh still 

needs to assess its marine petroleum potential. 

Bangladesh has 26 TCF of gas, but only 1 TCF is 

offshore. Up to 2014, 19 exploratory wells were dug in 

the Bay of Bengal, but only two gas finds—the Sangu 

and the Kutubdia—had minimal amounts. Sangu's 0.8 



Global Sustainability Research 

 Global Scientific Research   31 
 

TCF stocks are gone, but Kutubdia's 0.04 TCF are not. 

The Magnama (3.5 Tcf) and Hatia (1.0 Tcf) have been 

dug but have not yielded marketable petroleum. 

Bangladeshi areas near Myanmar's gas deposits may 

have similar natural traits and gas or oil prospects.  

Thus, subsea structures for harvesting deposits and 

developing current structures are essential. Water depth 

and deck tools determine which level is best. Fixed 

platforms of steel template and concrete gravity fit 

Blocks SS-01, SS-02, SS-03, SS-04, SS-05, SS-06, SS-

07, SS-08, and SS-11, which have ocean depths up to 

200 m and layers without rock zones. Since SS-09 and 

SS-10 are in a rock zone, concrete gravity is best. The 

deep-sea rocks' geological knowledge is limited to their 

2000–2500 m ocean level. We cannot specify a 

platform for those pieces. We can only recommend 

deep-water platforms like bigger TLPs, SPAR, FPSOs, 

and semi-submersible platforms. 

A well-planned approach for finding oil and gas areas 

and deposits is needed to perform a multi-line scan in 

the Bay using cutting-edge technology. Whoever drills 

last is likely to pull not only their fair share of gas and 

hydrocarbon reserves but also those from across the 

boundary, so any delay in exploration could negate the 

opportunity to harness hydrocarbon resources, 

especially those (if any) located on either side of the 

maritime boundary (India and Myanmar). Extensive 

digging and research are needed to increase gas output. 

Petroleum extraction will require public-private 

cooperation to share data, information, tracking, best 

practices, assessment methods, and results. In order to 

predict resources for future use, the government should 

build a hydrate-stable map of the nation in the Bay of 

Bengal area. 

• Little research was conducted on the distant regions, so 

scarce information was available. 

• Since underwater building is so novel, there are few 

tools to draw from. 

• The marine islands of Bangladesh have never been 

surveyed. This means that no information regarding the 

area's bathymetric shape exists. 

• Tides, currents, ocean temperature, and other aspects of 

that marine region were poorly understood. 

 

Acknowledgment: None 

 

Funding: No funding received 

 

Conflict of Interest: The authors shows no conflict of 

interest  

 

Data availability: N/A 

References 

Atreya, P., Islam, N., Alam, M., & Hasan, S. D. (2013). 

Seismic Response and Stability Analysis of 

Single Hinged Articulated Tower. Open Journal 

of Civil Engineering, 3(4), 234-241. 

Bhattacharya, S., Carrington, TM., Aldridge TR. (2006). 

Design Of Fpso Piles Against Storm Loading. 

Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, 

Texas, USA. 

Dawood M., El-Hakem Y., Tork B., Mokhtar A. (2019). 

Fixed Offshore Platform Rehabilitation with 

Friction Damper. IOSR Journal of Mechanical 

and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE). 16(1), 45-

53. 

Dewangan P., Ramprasad T., Ramana, MV., Mazumdar, 

A., Desa, M., Badesab, FK. (2010). Sea bed 

morphology and gas venting features in the 

continental slope region of Krishna  Godavari 

basin, Bay of Bengal: Implications in gas hydrate 

exploration. 27, 1628-1641. 

Dyanati M., HuangQ.  (2014). Seismic Reliability of a 

Fixed Offshore Platform Against Collapse. 

ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on 

Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. San 

Francisco, California, USA. 

Dasgupta, PK., (2004). Basinward prograding 

petroliferous Neogene time- transgressive 

wedges from Assam-Arakan orogen, India, XI 

Geological Conference, Bangladesh Geology 

Society. 

Hasan, AQ., & Qasim, RM. (2017). Study the Effect of 

Location and Soil Side Slope on Fixed Offshore 

Platform. American Journal of Civil Engineering 

and Architecture, 5(2), 66–70. 

Hu, ZZ., Mai, T., Greaves, D., & Raby, A. (2017). 

Investigations of offshore breaking wave impacts 

on a large offshore structure. Journal of Fluids 

and Structures. 75, 99-116. 

Imam, MB. & Hussain, M., (2002). A review of 

hydrocarbon habitats in Bangladesh. Journal of 

Petroleum. Geology, 25(1), 31-52. 

Ismail, M., & Shamsuddin, A. H. M. (1991). Organic 

matter maturity and its relation to time, 



Global Sustainability Research 

 Global Scientific Research   32 
 

temperature and depth in the Bengal Foredeep, 

Bangladesh. 

Islam, A. (2010). Petrophysical Evaluation of Subsurface 

Reservoir Sandstones of Bengal Basin, 

Bangladesh. Journal of the Geological Society of 

India. 76, 621–631. 

Lafond, E. C. (1957). Oceanographic Studies In The Bay 

Of Bengal. Proceedings / Indian Academy of 

Sciences. 46, 1–46. 

Maurin, CT., Rangin, (2009). Impact of the 90°E Ridge 

at the Indo- Burmese Subduction Zone Imaged 

from Deep Seismic Reflection Data; Marine 

Geology. 266, 143–155 

Solomon, O., Dansiki, EJ., Werigbologha A. (2020). 

Design And Analysis Of Crack Propagation On 

Offshore Jacket Platform Under Gravity And 

Environmental Load. Global Scientific Journal. 

8(5), 1131-1141. 

R. El-gamal, A., Essa, A., & Ismail, A. (2014). Effect of 

Tethers Tension Force on the Behavior of 

Triangular Tension Leg Platform. American 

Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 

2(3), 107–114. 

Roybarman, A. (1987). Geology and hydrocarbon 

prospects of West Bengal. Petrolium Asia 

Journal. 6(4), 51-56. 

Saiful I., Jameel, M., Jumaat, MZ., & Shirazi, S. M. 

(2011). Spar platform at deep water region in 

Malaysian sea. International Journal of Physical 

Sciences, 6(30), 6872–6881. 

Shahjahan, K., Chowdhury, L. R., Kashem, M. A. 

(2002). Geochemical character and genesis of oil 

in the eastern folded belt of the Bengal basin. 

Bangladesh Journal of Geology, 21, 85-97. 

Wandrey, C.J., Milici, R., and Law, B.E. (2000). 

Regional Assessment summary – South Asia. In: 

U.S.. Geological Survey digital data series 60, 

U.S. 

Zaheer, M., & Islam, N. (2009). Dynamic Response of 

Articulated Tower Platforms to Random Sea 

Environment. 327-332. 28th International 

Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic 

Engineering. 327-332. 

Khan, A. A. (2021). Geological Evolution and the 

Hydrocarbon Potentiality of the Bay of Bengal. 

In BMJ (Vol. 5).  

 

 


	Literature Review
	Detailed Study on Offshore Structures
	Offshore Section Resources
	Methodology
	Conclusion
	A well-planned approach for finding oil and gas areas and deposits is needed to perform a multi-line scan in the Bay using cutting-edge technology. Whoever drills last is likely to pull not only their fair share of gas and hydrocarbon reserves but als...
	References

