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https://doi.org/10.56556/gssr.v1i1.304 

                                                                  

 

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Assessment of Some Heavy Metal Concentration in Fish, Water, And Sediment Of River 

Ndakotsu, Lapai, Niger State 

Alhassan Usman Gabi1*, I. M. Salihu1, U. I. Hamza1, I. Yahaya1, H. M. Muhammad1,  A. D. Aliyu1 
 

1Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University PMB 11 Lapai, Niger State, 

Nigeria 
 
Corresponding author:   Alhassan Usman Gabi,  usmanalhassangabi25@gmail.com 
Received: 14 February, 2022, Accepted: 15 September, 2022, Published: 16 September, 2022 

 

Abstract 

This research was conducted to assess the levels of heavy metals in fish tissue, sediment and water body, at river Ndakotsu, 

Lapai, Niger state, Nigeria. River Ndakotsu is the major river that serve as a boundary between Lapai local government and 

Agaie local government and is useful to surrounding towns and villages for irrigation farming fishing and domestic purposes. 

Due to this, it is necessary to monitor the level of heavy metals contamination in the water body, sediment and aquatic species 

tissue habiting this environment. The study water samples were collected using water sampler in three different locations. 

Equally, In-situ water physicochemical parameters such as temperature, ph and dissolve oxygen were determined using portable 

multi probes meter. Fish samples were collected from fishermen immediately they arrived from fish exploration and specimen 

were digested using concentrated nitric acid in wet digestion technique. The level of selected heavy metal in samples were 

determined by the use of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS model: Accusys 211 USA) after samples dilution. The 

water quality of the river was within the acceptable range for fresh water species. The concentration of heavy metals, cadmium 

(Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn). From the results obtained from this study, the 

concentrations of heavy metals (Mn, Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb and Fe.) found in all the water samples are lower than that in the fish 

sample species and higher in sediment sample than fish sample. 

Keywords: Heavy metal; sediment; River Ndakotsu  

 

Introduction 

Heavy metal is a major pollutant in freshwater which may be 

through daily human activities such as farming, fishing, and 

domestic activities or from natural source. Some heavy 

metals like cobalt, copper, iron, manganese and zinc are 

essential for enzymatic activity and in various biological 

processes. while metals, like cadmium, lead, and mercury, are 

not known to play important roles in the body and are toxic 

even in little quantity (Looi, et al., 2013; Yi, & Zhang, 2012; 

Copat, et al., 2013 & Shuhaimi-Othman, et al., 2010) 

Generally, research on heavy metals is important on two main 

fronts, from a public health perspective and from an aquatic 

environment perspective. Heavy metals are found in the 

aquatic environment and can amass laterally with the food 

chain. Moreover, the little quantity of absorbed metals may  

 

either be kept for metabolic use for vital organic processes or 

detoxified to an inactive metabolic level and temporarily or 

permanently stored in the body (Copat, et al., 2013& Alina, 

et al., 2012) A number of environmental factors, particularly 

physicochemical parameters and water hardness, can 

contribute significantly to the accumulation of heavy metals 

in living things to dangerous amounts and harm to the 

ecosystem (Alhassan et al. 2022; Kumar, & Achyuthan, 

2007). Substantial metal danger can bring about lower vitality 

levels and harm blood arrangement, liver, lungs, other crucial 

organs and kidneys, decreased or harmed focal and mental 

anxious capacity or even reason malignancy (Fernandes et 

al., 2008). This may result in bio-collection of substantial 

metals in man utilizing water and eating fish from this 

waterway. River Ndakotsu is the major river that serve as 

boundary between Lapai local government and Agaie local

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 government and is useful to bordering towns and village for 

irrigation farming, fishing and domestic purposes. However, 

daily activities around the river by surrounding town and 

villages may lead to anthropogenic effect this regime of 

operation go back to farm and availability of fertilizers and 

chemical for weeds and insecticides provided by government 

at the affordable prices.  This, made it is necessary to monitor 

the quality and level of heavy metals pollution in the water 

body, sediment and aquatic species habiting this 

environment. Analysis of heavy metal should be taken in to 

consideration because metals may be contained in the fish as 

they feed on the water body. This study primarily aimed at to 

determine the concentration of some heavy metal in fish, 

water, and sediment of river Ndakotsu. 

Materials and Method 

Description of the Study Area 

The area being sought that was used in this investigation is 

River Ndakotsu located in Lapai Local Government Area of 

Niger state, approximately between latitudes 9°.34”N and  

longitude  6°.30”E. 

 

Material and Method 

 Collection Of Samples 

Fish, sediment and water samples were collected between the 

periods of July-Sept 2018 from river Ndakotsu, Lapai, Niger 

State, Nigeria. The fish, sediment and water samples 

collected for analyses of heavy metal were immediately 

packed in to Ice cooled box and transported to Ibrahim 

Badamasi Babangida University laboratory for identification 

of fish to species level and further preparation of sediment 

and water samples collected follows. Samples were collected 

and prepared in triplicates. 

Preparation of the fish sediment and water samples for 

heavy metal analysis  

0.5 gram of fish, 1g of sediment and 50mL were processed 

with nitric corrosive and perchloric corrosive at proportion 3 

to 1. That is, 15mL of nitric corrosive and 5mL of perchloric 

corrosive were added to 1g of test in an assimilation tube, it 

was put in a Kiedjal warming square and warmed at 150°C 

until blend explains (turns dreary – This could take 2-3h). 

Refined water was added and resulting to cooling. The 

samples were analyzed for copper, manganese and 

magnesium using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer 

(AAS model: Accusys 211 USA). 

Data Analysis  

Descriptive statistics was used to calculate ranges, means and 

standard deviations from the data. The differences in mean 

were compared at (P < 0.05). The package used in the 

statistical analysis was SPSS. (Scientific package for social 

sciences).   

 

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Results 

The heavy metal concentration of river Ndakotsu water is 

reported below, including the concentration of lead, copper, 

Cadmium, iron, zinc and manganese. From the result below 

There were no cadmium and lead in the water of river 

Ndakotsu, but copper was present in station 1 and absent in 

station 2 and 3, zinc was found the highest heavy metals 

concentration follow by iron and manganese at last. 

Table 4.1 Heavy Metal Concentration Of River Ndakotsu 

Water 

Parameters Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 

Cadmium 

 

  

0.0±0a 0.0±0a 0.0±0a 

(0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00) 

Lead 

 

  

0.0±0a 0.0±0a 0.0±0a 

(0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00) 

Copper 

 

  

0.89±0.06b 0.0±0a 0.0±0a 

(0.83-0.95) (0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00) 

Iron 

 

  

3.67±0.409a 10.2±0a 2.56±0a 

(3.20-3.92) (10.1-

10.44) 

(2.55-2.56) 

Manganaz

e 

 

  

0.67±0.06a 0.65±0.015a 0.124±0.6a 

(0.66-0.67) (0.63-0.66) (0.12-0.13) 

Zinc 4.08±0.05a 6.36±0.15a 5.76±0.55a 

(4.04-4.13) (6.27-6.49) (5.70-5.81) 

 

Table 4.2 Scientific Classification of this species above 

 

SPECIES 

 

KINGDO

N 

 

CLASS 

 

GENU

S 

 

SPECIE

S 

 

Clarias 

gariepinus   

 

Animalia 

 

Actinoptery

gii 

 

Clarias 

 

C. 

gariepin

us 

Heterobranch

us bidorsalis 

Animalia Actinoptery

gii 

Clarias H. 

bidorsali

s 

Clarias  

anguillaris 

Animalia Actinoptery

gii 

Clarias C. 

anguillar

is 

 

The heavy metal concentration of river Ndakotsu fish is 

reported below, including the concentration of Cadmium, 

lead, copper, iron, manganese and zinc. From the result below 

There were no cadmium lead and copper in the fish of River 

Ndakotsu, but there  was present of zinc which was found the 

highest heavy metals concentration follow by iron and 

manganese at last.  

 

Table 4.2.1   Species of Fish Counted At The Stations 

Table 4.2.2   Heavy Metal Concentration of River Ndakotsu 

Fish  

PARAMETER

S 

STATION 1 STATION 2 STATION 3 

Cadmium 

 

  

0.0±0a 0.0±0a 0.0±0a 

(0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00) 

Lead 

 

  

0.0±0a 0.0±0a 0.0±0a 

(0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00) (0.0-0.0) 

Copper 

 

  

0.0±0a 0.0±0a 0.0±0a 

(0.00-0.00)  (0.00-0.00) (0.0-0.0) 

 

Iron 

 

  

16.04±0a 10.85±0a 17.62±0a 

(15.6-16.5) (10.7-11.0) (17.29-

17.88) 

Manganaze 

 

  

0.44±0.03a 0.33±0.02a 0.43±0.02a 

(0.42-0.47) (0.32-0.35) (0.41-0.45) 

Zinc 68.87±1.72b 89.47±1.21c 65.27±1.32b 

(67.30-

70.70) 

(88.20-

90.60) 

(64.10-

66.70) 

 

The heavy metal concentration of river Ndakotsu sediment is 

reported below, including the concentration of Cadmium, 

lead, copper, iron, manganese and zinc.  From the result 

below There was cadmium in station 2 but absent in station 1 

and 3, also lead and copper was present in station 1 and 2 but 

absent in station 3 in the sediment of river Ndakotsu, but also 

zinc was found the highest heavy metals concentration follow 

by iron and manganese at last.   

SPECIES OF 

FISH 

STATION 

1 

STATION 

2 

STATION 

3 

Clarias 

gariepinus 

7 _ _ 

Heterobranchus 

bidorsalis 

_ 6 _ 

Clarias  

angullaris 

 

_ _ 10 

T0TAL 7 6 10 

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Table 4.3 Heavy Metal Concentration of River Ndakotsu 

Sediment 

 

PARAMETER

S 

STATION 1 STATION 2 STATION 3 

Cadmium 

 

  

0.0±0a 0.17±0.06b 0.0±0a 

(0.00-0.00) (10-.20) (0.00-0.00) 

Lead 

 

  

11.73±1.67a 19.20±0.87a 0.0±0a 

(10.40-

13.60) 

(18.20-19.80) (0.00-0.00) 

Copper 

 

  

1.48±°C 21.37±0d 0.0±0a 

(1.40-1.60) (20.60-22.10) (0.00-0.00) 

Iron 

 

  

3054±22.6c 10.34±251.8d 1474.4±5.60
b 

(3029-3074) (141.30-

146.6) 

(1469.3-

1480.4) 

Manganaze 

 

  

233.3±6.14c 239.4±5.96d 56.47±2.60b 

(228.2-

240.1) 

(235.1-246.2) (53.90-

59.10) 

Zinc 

  

483.3±7.40e 571.97±3.97f 318.8±1.65d 

(475.8-

490.6) 

(569.1-576.5) (317.2-

320.5) 

 

Table 4.4 Physico-Chemical Parameters of River Ndakotsu  

Water 

Parameters Location 

1 

Location 

2 

Location 

3 

TEMPERATURE  

(°C) 

28°C 26°C 28°C 

pH (m)  8.3 m 7.8 m 6.0 m 

DISSOLVED 

OXYGEN (pp/m) 

1.7 ppm 6.3 ppm 6.0 ppm 

 

Discussion Conclusion and Recommendation  

Discussions  

Fish samples  

The results of heavy metals concentration in fish were shown 

in table 3 above. The result revealed that certain heavy metals 

are present in fish samples.  

The species of fish found across the three station of the rivers 

are: 

Clarias gariepinus in station one, Heterobranchus bidorsalis 

in station two and Clarias anguillaris in station three. 

Therefore, Clarias gariepinus was present in station one but 

absent in station two and three while Heterobranchus 

bidorsalis was present in station two and absent in station one 

and three and finally Clarias anguillaris was present in station 

three and absent in station one and two. 

From the analysis obtained from concentration of river 

Ndakotsu Lapai Niger State, it was found that cadmium, lead 

and copper was absent across the three station of the rivers.     

Concentrations of Zn and Fe was found to be higher in all fish 

samples.Its concentration ranges from Zn 68.87±1.72bmg/kg, 

89.47±1.21cmg/kg and 65.27±1.32bmg/kg across the three 

station of the river. This finding is supported by the report of 

Oluseye et al. (2012), Although These figures were much 

higher than the general guidelines limit of 50mg/kg for Zn in 

food recommended by UK Ministry of Agriculture, fishes 

and food (2007). In spite their higher values, these 

concentrations were statistically significant at p<0.05 and can 

induce infections. This finding is however in dissimilar with 

the findings of Tabinda et al. (2013). 

Fe, its Concentration ranges from 16.04±0amg/kg, 

10.85±0amg/kg and 17.62±0amg/kg This finding is however 

negated by the report of Oluseye et al. (2012), who revealed 

that High concentrations of Fe in fish samples could be due 

to pollution that occur/intake of these polluted particles by 

the fish samples in the water. 

Mn was found to be the lowest concentration of heavy metals 

across the three station of the river, ranges from 

0.44±0.03amg/kg, 0.33±0.02amg/kg and 0.43±0.03amg/kg 

and they all have the same significant differences across the 

three station of the river, this finding is supported by the 

report of Oluseye et al. (2012), who also recorded low 

concentration for Clarias garienpinus and Oreochromis 

niloticus. However, Mn fish helps in fish reproduction and 

normal functioning of nervous system (Olowoyo et al., 

2011). the findings of this research shows that concentration 

of Mn was significant at p<0.05.  Cu and Pb was found absent 

across the three station of the rivers.  

Water samples    

The concentration of Zn and Fe, was found as the highest 

range, Zn range from (4.08±0.05a), (6.36±0.15a) and 

(5.06±0.55a) for Fe ranges from 3.67±0.41amg/l, 10.2±0a to 

2.56±0amg/l having the highest value and were significant at 

p<0.05. Although, station 2 and station 1 had the highest 

values across the three station and were significant at p<0.05. 

These concentrations were greater than 0.03mg/l which was 

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the standard concentration of Iron in water according to 

NESREA (2011) for drinking water. Based on my finding is 

due some anthropogenic activities that take place at the river 

such as washing of cloths, bathing, washing of plate etc. also 

fertilizer used in agricultural activities and block industries 

found close to the river also flush down the waste product in 

to the river causes pollution to the aquatic organism   

Low concentrations Mn was obtained, based on this finding 

they range from (0.67±0.06a), (0.65±0.0.02a) and 0.12±0.6a 

were significant at p<0.05 except for Cu least concentration 

which was not significant. The report of this research is in 

line with the findings of Tabinda et al., (2013), who reported 

similar ranges of these heavy metals in their research carried 

out on Riverine water and fishes. According to the approved 

standard by NESREA (2011). Mn is a mineral required by the 

body in trace amount for manufacturing of enzymes 

necessary for metabolism. Excess amount of it may lead to 

poor bone formation, impair fertility and also causes death 

(Mergler et al., 2009). 

Cu was found as the lowest range, Cu was also found only in 

station 2 with range of (0.89±0.06b) and absent in station 2 

and 3 which their standard concentrations were 3.0mg/l, 

2.0mg/l and <2.0mg/l for Cu respectively. This signifies low 

concentration in River Ndakotsu Lapai, Niger state and 

cannot be consumed at moderate rate with effect of Cu, 

related diseases. Although, the metals when consumed at 

higher rate may lead to Liver, kidney and circulatory 

problems in human being (Wachira, 2007). high 

concentrations observed for Mn and Fe may render River 

Ndakotsu Lapai water undrinkable because they can induce 

cancer related disease, despite the fact that high concentration 

were observed for Zn. To be at the safer side it is however no 

recommended for consumption based on the findings of this 

research.  

 

Sediment Sample 

Heavy metals concentration of River Ndakotsu Sediment, 

according to this research cadmium was found only in the 

sediment of the river and absent in water and fish sample the 

concentration ranges from 0.17±0.06b in station 2 only and 

absent in station 1and 3. 

The concentration of cadmium was found at lowest range all 

over the three station of the river, 

Concentration of Zn, Fe and Mn was found the highest range 

from Zn (483.3±7.40e), (571.97±3.97f) and (318.8±1.65d) Fe 

range from (3054±22.6c), (10.34±251.8d) and (1474.4±5.60b) 

then Mn range from (233.3±6.14c), (239.4±5.96d) and 

(56.47±2.60b). 

This finding is supported by the report of Oluseye et al. 

(2012), In spite their higher values, these concentrations were 

statistically not significant across the three station and can 

induce infections. This finding is however in contrast with the 

report of Tabinda et al. (2013). 

Concentration of Cu and Pb was found at station 1 and 2 but 

absent in station and also at low range from Cu (1.48±°C) and 

(21.37±0b) Cu was statistically not significant Pb 

(11.73±1.67a) and (19.20±0.87a), Pb was statically 

significant. The low concentration for Cu. The concentration 

could be attributed to bioaccumulation of pollutant over a 

long period of time from other pollutant source. However, 

low concentrations of Pb inhibit inactive transport 

mechanisms involving ATP and also suppress cellular 

oxidation-reduction reaction (Olowoyo et al. 2011). 

 

Physico chemical parameters of River Ndakotsu water    

 

This analysis was carryout at the sampling station with the 

used of equipment such as thermometer, pH meter (manual) 

and dissolved oxygen meter across the three stations of the 

river, 

Temperature  

Temperature was found the highest value of 28°C in station 1 

and 3, in station 2 it was 26°C which is found at low value. 

The water quality parameters were within the acceptable 

range for temperature (Swann, 2006). According to Federal 

Ministry of Environment FME (2006) the temperature of 20 

- 33°C is recommended as permissible limit standard for 

aquatic life. 

 

Hydrogen Concentration 

 

Hydrogen concentration (pH) was found the highest value of 

8.3m in station 1 follow by 7.8m in  

station 2 and the lowest value was 6.00m in station 3. The pH 

can also affect fish health. For most freshwater species, a pH 

range between 6.5 - 9.0 is ideal, but most marine animals 

typically cannot tolerate as wide range pH as freshwater 

animals, thus the optimum pH is usually between pH 7.5 and 

8.5 (Boyd, 1998). 

 

Dissolved Oxygen 

 

Dissolved oxygen (pp/m) in station 1, 7.2 ppm was found as 

the highest value follow by 6.3 ppm in station 2 and 6.0ppm 

in station 3 which was found as the lowest value. (FME, 

2006) reported the permissible limit standard of dissolved 

oxygen for aquatic life is 6.8-10 ppm. 

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Conclusion 

From the results obtained from this study, the concentrations 

of heavy metals (Mn, Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb and Fe.) found in all the 

water samples are lower than that in the fish sample species 

and higher in sediment sample than fish sample, this may be 

as a result of bioaccumulation over a long period of time. The 

bio-accumulation of some metals in the fish gills were due to 

polluted water from river Ndakotsu containing various 

municipal wastes from the village inhabitant.  

Recommendation 

The need for regular checkups of the heavy metal 

concentrations in River Ndakotsu, selected tributaries since 

the river serves as source of irrigation and fish for the local 

inhabitants in the study area. Vegetation covers of riverine 

characteristics is pertinent to be established along the river 

for heavy metal absorption from the water and sediments. 

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experiment station, Auburn,       

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concentrations in fish and shellfish from eastern 

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Federal Ministry of Environment (FME (2006). National 

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Looi, L. J., Aris, A. Z., Johari, W. L. W., Yusoff, F. M., & 

Hashim, Z. (2013). Baseline metals pollution profile 

of tropical estuaries and coastal waters of the Straits of 

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Mergler, (2009). Heavy metal pollution of fish of QuaIboe 

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NESREA, (2011), Standard regulated values of some heavy 

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Ecophysiol.Occupy.Health. 7: 151-155. 

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(2010). Toxicity of copper and cadmium to freshwater 

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Zoo.42(5): 631-638.  

Swann L (2006). A temperature guideline to undastanding 

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pollutants in Nairobi river. Thesis, University of 

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https://doi.org/10.56556/gssr.v1i1.301  

 

Appendix 

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 Appendix 1   Row data of Heavy metal analysis of water (mg/L) 

Sample Cadmium Lead Copper Iron Manganese Zinc 

ST1 water 0.00 0.00 0.88 3.916 0.668 4.08 

 0.00 0.00 0.95 3.906 0.672 4.04 

 0.00 0.00 0.83 3.201 0.661 4.13 

ST2 water 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.436 0.652 6.32 

 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.124 0.658 6.49 

 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.105 0.629 6.27 

ST3 water 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.556 0.124 5.76 

 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.560 0.129 5.81 

 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.549 0.118 5.70 

Appendix 2   Row data of heavy metal analysis of fresh fish (mg/100g) 

Sample Cadmium Lead Copper Iron Manganese Zinc 

ST1 fish 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.95 0.44 68.6 

 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.53 0.47 70.7 

 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.64 0.42 67.3 

ST2 fish 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.82 0.33 89.6 

 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.69 0.35 88.2 

 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.03 0.32 90.6 

ST3 fish 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.68 0.43 65.0 

 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.29 0.45 66.7 

 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.88 0.41 64.1 

Instrument: Bulk Scientific AAS; Model: Accusys 211; Manufacturer: USA 

Appendix 3   Row data of Heavy metal analysis of sediment (mg/Kg) 

Sample Cadmium Lead Copper Iron Manganese Zinc 

ST1 SD 0.00 11.2 1.45 3059.5 228.2 483.5 

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 0.00 13.6 1.60 3029.3 231.5 490.6 

 0.00 10.4 1.40 3073.6 240.1 475.8 

ST2 SD 0.20 19.6 21.4 14400.1 246.2 570.3 

 0.20 18.2 22.1 14600.6 235.1 576.5 

 0.10 19.8 20.6 14100.3 236.9 569.1 

ST3 SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 1473.5 56.4 318.8 

 0.00 0.00 0.00 1469.3 59.1 320.5 

 0.00 0.00 0.00 1480.4 53.9 317.2 

Instrument: Bulk Scientific AAS; Model: Accusys 211; Manufacturer: USA 

 

 

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