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https://doi.org/10.56556/gssr.v1i2.313 

                                                                  

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Design of strategies for an efficient and applicative transition from the linear 
economy to the circular economy, Colombia case 

Christian Manuel Moreno Rocha1*, Luis Santiago Santamaria Jotty2 

1Department of Energy, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla-Colombia 
2Independent Researcher 

 

Corresponding author: Christian M Moreno Rocha; cmoreno7@cuc.edu.co 
Received: 29 September, 2022, Accepted: 14 October, 2022, Published: 15 October, 2022 
 

Abstract 

The process of transition from linear economy to the circular economy has shown   progress in other countries thanks to the 

strategies implemented, by analyzing these from the perspective of some authors, it was possible to identify which ones can 

be replicated in the country. The approach of this article is qualitative of a proactive documentary type with an inductive 

method, the sources were secondary, from databases such as Dialnet, Scielo, Academic Google, repository of universities, 

books, foundation reports and DANE reports, also information was obtained from a primary source through a dialogue whit 

recyclers and owners of warehouses in the village of La Playa and Barranquilla. Through the sources, essential strategies 

for sustainable development in Colombia were analyzed, such as: pedagogical strategies focused on changing the behavior 

of the various sectors of the community through educational campaigns, technological innovation strategies that allow the 

development of consumer goods that generate the least environmental impact, and social strategies. It was concluded that 

eco-design, the implementation of innovative technology and access to loans for circular activities are essential for the 

development of the model, in addition, successful experiences of developed countries in term of C.E can be replicated since 

they offer the opportunity to improved through pedagogical technological and social strategies. 

 

Keywords: Circular economy; recycling; eco-design; sustainable development; waste 

 

 

Introduction 

 

The interest in adopting the circular economy has increased 

in recent years taking into account that in addition to being 

considered as an alternative to change the linear economy 

model, "many companies have also begun to realize that 

the linear system increases their exposure to risks, 

especially the increase in the price of resources and 

interruptions in their supply. " (Ellen MacArthur 

Foundation, 2014, p.02). As not all resources in nature are 

renewable, companies are forced to pay more for their raw 

material to avoid stopping their production. (Sandoval et 

al., (2017) affirm that what is involved is to close the cycles 

of energy, of materials it is not about going against 

economic growth, but that the resources we have have an 

intensive use instead of increasing their exploitation ". A 

circular economy contributes to at least 12 of the 17 goals 

outlined in the UN's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable 

Development."  (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2019, p 19).  

Chaves, R. & Monzón, J.L. (2018) conceive that the 

circular paradigm is in the current production system an 

innovative change, since the idea of regeneration is present 

in each phase of the production process. (p. 34). "In EC, 

one of the goals is to increase product life, produce goods 

with long life cycles, and focus on services rather than 

products." (EU-LAC Foundation, 2018, p 8). Brook. 

(2018). Expresses that, in Europe and Asia, the 

incorporation of this economic paradigm is promoted 

through the implementation of pedagogical, technological 

and social strategies. Sweden, in 1997 outlined its current 

energy policy, whose motto was the transition to an 

ecologically sustainable society, this is evidenced in 

research such as (Moreno et al., 2022; Moreno Rocha et 

al., 2022). Fulfilling this goal, the European country opted 

for recycling, its population is characterized by recycling 

99% of its organic waste and 88% of inorganic waste and 

this is how it now produces energy through the "From 

waste to energy" program. The initiative has proved so 

effective that Sweden now imports tons of waste from 

other countries such as Italy and the United Kingdom to 

supply the 32 energy centers it now owns. 

In the study Advances and challenges for inclusive 

recycling: Evaluation of 12 cities in Latin America and the 

Caribbean developed by The Economist Intelligence Unit. 

(2017) Brazil is recognized as one of the pioneers of 

inclusive recycling in Latin America and the Caribbean, 

also highlighting that in BuenosAires recycling becomes 

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an activity co-managed by the State and cooperatives, with 

a joint social responsibility, in the Colombian case in 

Bogotá the recyclers become visible and are recognized as 

providers of the public cleaning service,  and are therefore 

entitled to remuneration. (p. 22) 

In Colombia, Resolution No. 1407 of July 26, 2018 aims 

to regulate the environmental management of packaging 

waste and packaging of paper, cardboard, plastic, glass 

and metal." 

Although materials are used through recycling, the 

disproportionate increase in plastic during the COVID-19 

pandemic since 2020 is worrying since not being able to 

recycle all single-use plastic would increase environmental 

pollution (UN News, 2021).  

The chemist-ecologist Michael Braungart and the 

American landscape architect William McDonough, 

consider that currently there is no recycling but an 

undercycling because the raw material is losing value until 

the usefulness of the material reaches its lowest level, just 

as in recycling, reduction and reuse do not meet 100% with 

the objective set by the circular economy (McDonough and 

Braungart,  2005). 

Therefore, the objective is to analyze pedagogical, 

technological and social strategies of circular economy as 

a factor of sustainable development from the perspective of 

studies of authors that can be replicated in Colombia.  

 

Methodology 

 

The focus of this article is qualitative of a propositive 

documentary type with an inductive method, an analysis of 

scientific literature was carried out, databases such as 

Dialnet, SciELO, Google Scholar, repository of 

universities, books, reports of foundations and reports of 

DANE, information was also obtained from primary source 

through a dialogue with recyclers and owners of deposits 

of the corregimiento la playa and Barranquilla. 

 

Development  

 

For the Hellen Mac Arthur Foundation, (2014). The 

Circular Economy differs from the mere management of 

waste and recycling in that theproducts designed and 

optimized can be reused their components, in this way 

large amounts of energy and labor are not lost as it happens 

in recycling, this is what defines the Circular Economy.  (p. 

4). The reason why it is considered that recycling does not 

fully meet the requirements of the circular economy 

according to McDonough and Braungart (2005) is because 

raw materials are not designed for this purpose, for this 

reason, although   once their useful life cycle is finished 

they are transformed into new materials, the result is a low 

quality product. When plastics other than those used in soft 

drink or water bottles are recycled, they are mixed with 

different plastics to produce a lower quality hybrid, which 

ismolded amorphously and cheaply.  

In Colombia, DANE in its First Circular Economy Report 

of 2020 defines the  

circular economy such as: 

"a system of production and consumption that 

promotes efficiency in the use of materials, water 

and energy; taking into account the resilience of 

ecosystems and the circular use of material flows 

through the implementation of technological 

innovations, alliances and collaborations between 

actors, and the promotion of business models that 

respond to the fundamentals of sustainable 

development". Pag (7) 

Although the circular economy is frequently associated 

with recycling and perhaps the power of this in being 

transformed into energy as evidenced in research such as 

(Manuel et al., 2022), this is not the only way to contribute 

to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), other ways 

to contribute to these objectives is the creation of 

companies whose purpose is the EC,  To achieve this end 

they focus on the design of innovative products that can be 

reused, repaired, remanufactured or recycled, this strategy 

allows them to be more competitive by reducing 

investment in virgin raw materials. 

The DANE in its first circular economy report published 

on August 5, 2020, marks the starting point of the SIEC 

Circular Economy Information System that will integrate 

technical and statistical information to generate new 

knowledge and guide the execution of the Pact for 

Sustainability, and the public policies that are formulated 

in this regard.  

This report presents indicators of statistical information 

that are classified into four components that allow 

analyzing some topics of interest to the Colombian case 

such as: extraction of environmental assets, production of 

goods and services, consumption and use, closure and 

optimization in the life cycles of materials and products.  In 

the Second Report published on December 11, 2020, it 

presents 23 indicators of available statistical information 

and the classification of the components remain the same 

as the first report. 

In the third circular economy report published on July 28, 

2021 , there are four new components, these are: demand 

for environmental assets and ecosystem services, 

conservation or loss of value of materials in the productive 

system, pressure on ecosystems due to the disposal of 

waste and the fourth is factors that facilitate the Circular 

Economy. Without departing from the purpose of the first 

two reports, this is the result of the statistical articulation 

undertaken by DANE within its technical directions, but 

also in the context of the National Statistical System SEN. 

In the Fourth Report published on December 2, 2021, the 

Circular Economy indicators were categorized into the 

following four components: Demand for environmental 

assets and ecosystem services, conservation or loss of 

value of materials in the productive system, pressure on 

ecosystems due to the disposal of waste and Factors that 

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facilitate the Circular Economy. This report includes for 

the first time information about the indicators of area 

modified by type of forest cover, sustainable extraction, 

extraction and use of timber resources, in natural forest, 

Pressure for fishing and Average size of catch and 

distribution by size. 

The fifth circular economy report published on June 23, 

2022 maintains the following components: Demand for 

environmental assets and ecosystem services, conservation 

or loss of value of materials in the productive system, 

pressure on ecosystems for the disposal of waste. 

In the first report, the indicator Percentage of households 

that make separation in the source of waste expresses that 

in 2018 39.9% of households (6.2 million) of a total of 15.5 

million, made separation at the source of some type of 

waste and households by departments that classified waste 

in a higher percentage were:  Bogotá D.C, Antioquia, 

Caldas, Santander, Cundinamarca, Boyacá, Casanare, 

Valle del Cauca, Putumayo, Huila and Nariño, while in the 

fourth report it appears that between 2018 and 2020 the 

highest levels of waste classification according to the 

departments is headed by Bogotá D.C. and in the 

departments of Santander, Cundinamarca, Boyacá, 

Putumayo, Antioquia and Cauca. 

 

Table 1. Components that group the Circular Economy indicators 

First report 

August 5, 2020 

Second report 

December 11, 2020 

  

Third report 

 July 28, 2021 

 

Fourth report 

December 2, 2021 

Fifth report 

June 23, 2022 

 

1.Extraction of 

environmental assets. 

  

2. Production of goods 

and services. 

 

 3. Consumption and 

use. 

 

 4. Closure and 

optimization in the life 

cycles of materials and 

products.  

 

1. Extraction of 

environmental assets.  

 

2. Production of goods 

and services.  

 

3. Consumption and use. 

 

 4. Closure and 

optimization in the life 

cycles of materials and 

products. 

1.Demand for 

environmental assets 

and ecosystem services. 

 

2. Conservation or loss 

of value of materials in 

the production system. 

 3.Pressure on 

ecosystems for waste 

disposal. 

 

4. Factors that facilitate 

the Circular Economy. 

1. Demand for 

environmental assets 

and ecosystem services.  

2. Conservation or loss 

of value of materials in 

the production system.  

3. Pressure on 

ecosystems for waste 

disposal. 

 

 4. Factors that facilitate 

the Circular Economy.  

 

1.Demand for 

environmental assets 

and ecosystem services. 

 

2.Conservation or loss 

of value of materials in 

the production system. 

3.Pressure on 

ecosystems for waste 

disposal. 

 

 

The second report of the DANE of 2020 maintains the logic 

of output or product, in this one addresses among other 

issues the form of disposal of waste from households in the 

country, it is mentioned that in the urban area the type of 

fuel that is used in greater proportion is natural gas, while 

in rural areas it is propane gas and firewood or wood. 

With regard to the collection or disposal of garbage, the 

second report reports that in 2019 81.2% of a total of 

15,999 households had a garbage collection service 

through the cleaning company, while 12.6% of households 

burned garbage and 6.2% disposed of garbage by another 

means. In 2018, the number of households that had the 

garbage collection service was 0.51% lower than in 2019 

and the percentage of households that burn garbage 

remained the same. Page 7 

In the fourth report regarding the way households dispose 

of their waste, a difference in the data can be observed 

when compared with those of the second report. In 2018 

80.7% of households had a toilet service, in 2019 81.2% of 

households had a garbage collection service through the 

cleaning company and between 2019 and 2020 the fourth 

report reports an increase of 0.6% in households with toilet 

service, burning as a way to eliminate waste in 2018 and 

2019 was 12.6 and between 2019 and 2020 it was 11.8% 

presenting a decrease in burning by 0.8%. 

  

Table 2. Percentage of households by form of waste 

disposal National total 2018 - 2019 

Year It is collected 

by the toilet 

services 

They burn 

it 

Another 

way 

2018 80,7% 12,6% 6,7% 

2019 81,2% 12,6% 6,2% 

2019-

2020 

81,8% 11,8%  

 

In the fifth circular economy report, the indicator 

percentage share of the consumption of energy products of 

households that is part of the component Demand for 

environmental assets and ecosystem services, presents the 

participation of the consumption of each energy product 

within the total consumption of energy by households, in 

this you can see how the demand for each type of product 

increases or decreases. Page 11.

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Table 3. Percentage share of energy product consumption in total household energy consumption.  Total, national 2016-2020 

 Liquefied 

petroleum gas 

(GUP) 

Natural gas 

(distributed) 
Firewood Motor Gasoline Electricity 

2016 5,5 0́% 11,3% 21,3% 28,5% 33,3% 

2017 6,3% 11,5% 18,7% 30,9% 32,6% 

2018 5,0% 13,4% 20,5% 24,4% 36,7% 

2019 5,7% 13,0% 18,3% 26,0% 37,0% 

2020 7,4% 14,4% 18,8% 20,3% 39,1% 

Results 

 

Strategies  

 

Working ondesign has become a strategy of some Asian 

and European countries such as Japan, South Korea, 

Germany, Norway, Spain, Italy and Switzerland among 

others, in order to close the cycles of resources and be 

reused all its components. 

With respect to private companies, they must establish as 

strategies the accompaniment of campaigns that promote 

the importance of the adoption of EC in economic, social 

and environmental development. To achieve this end, the 

training of committed leaders convinced of the benefits of 

the circular model is essential.   Kowszyk and Maher in 

their case study for the EU-LAC Foundation (2018) 

highlights the importance of dreamy, idealistic and 

courageous leadership at the head of companies, an 

example of the importance of assuming this attitude is 

presented by this study in the company Neptuno Pumps of 

Chile where its Executive Director Petar Ostojic decided to 

act as a promoter of EC in the media of Chile and Latin 

America to raise awareness about the Importance of this 

business model, also as a strategy went to the use of social 

networks, the organization of talks and presentations in 

companies, universities and other institutions, this work 

that was of personal initiative led him to receive awards 

and recognition for his achievements in the field of EC by 

Latin American governments and the World Economic 

Forum and UN agencies.  In Colombia, Resolution No. 

1407 of July 26, 2018 aims to regulate the environmental 

management of packaging waste and packaging of paper, 

cardboard, plastic, glass and metal. 

In chapter 3 article 11 of said resolution, are among other 

obligations: Promote the incorporation of circular economy 

guidelines, in the prioritization of alternatives for the use 

of packaging waste, and support the manufacturer in 

innovation and ecodesign for the manufacture of containers 

and packaging with sustainability characteristics. 

Chapter 2 Article 9 establishes quantitative targets for 

producers where "Producers shall meet the target of using 

packaging waste with respect to the total weight of 

packaging placed by them on the market in the base year," 

below are the percentages set out in Table I of this 

Resolution." 

 

 

Table 4. Quantitative targets for producers 

Evaluation period 

Year 

Annual increase 

            (% meta) 

Goal of use of packaging waste (%) 

2021 10% 10 

2022 2% 12 

2023 2% 14 

2024 2% 16 

2025 2% 18 

2026 2% 20 

2027 2% 22 

2028 2% 24 

2029 3% 27 

2030 3% 30 

On December 24, 2020, the Ministry of Environment and 

Sustainable Development issued Resolution 1342 of 2020, 

modifying Resolution 1407 of 2018. Among the 

modifications are that of Paragraph 1 of Article 2 of 

Resolution 1407 to indicate that, within the exclusions of 

this regulation, the packaging and containers of drugs and 

medicines in general are included, eliminating the 

reference to primary packaging and containers.  

Article 8 of Resolution 1407 is modified by establishing 

that existing producers as of December 31, 2018, must 

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submit the Environmental Waste Management Plan no 

later than January 31, 2021, thus extending the period that 

was indicated above and that expired on December 31, 

2020 for existing producers as of December 31, 2018,  

Article 16 of Resolution 1407 was modified, in this it is 

established that natural or legal persons who consume or 

use goods or services, as the last link in the marketing chain 

must: - Carry out a correct separation at the source of 

packaging waste and deliver the separated waste at 

collection points,   requirements are established for 

producers with returnable packaging systems, with the aim 

of establishing the returnability efficiency indicator and 

alternatives to obtain a returnability efficiency certification 

are included. 

In order for the process of change not to stagnate, 

pedagogical, technological and social strategies that can be 

replicated and that are aimed at empowering CD must 

always be present. 

 

Pedagogical Strategies 

 

Having clarity about what the circular economy is allows 

company directors to transmit the concept of EC to their 

employees and other actors related to the company, to 

identify which issues they can lead with their experience 

and knowledge and in which they can benefit from learning 

from others, all the challenges they face on the road to 

greater circularity can be solved (EU-LAC Foundation 

2018). 

 

Sáez and Urdaneta, (2014) suggest in their conclusion that 

to achieve improvements in solid waste management in 

Latin America and the Caribbean requires will on the part 

of governments, strong investments and continuous 

education of citizens on the issue of waste use. 

The organization of conferences and activities in 

companies, microenterprises and educational institutions 

accompanied by information on the proper management of 

solid waste and the contribution that these can generate if 

they are commercialized, will allow to demonstrate the 

changes in society. The relevance and applicability of 

modules to develop recycling projects in Educational 

Institutions allows young people to multiply knowledge in 

their community. From the perspective of Romero, (2017), 

schools are the ones that allow pilot tests, because there is 

a certain level of plurality depending on their type and 

location, in addition, the actors involved are repeaters of 

knowledge within their environment regarding Solid Waste 

Management.   

To reduce the strong negative impact generated by the 

textile industry on the environment, it becomes pertinent 

that the consumer is aware of the final destination of their 

garments, Peña A (2019) recommends that the will of the 

consumer is important and that through educational 

campaigns about raising awareness about the large number 

of impacts generated by the textile industry,  by the 

abandonment of a garment, its decomposition time, the 

amount of dyes and microplastics generated as a result of 

its decomposition. 

During the I International Congress of Sustainability 

organized by Knauf in October 2018 in Madrid, the ABC 

live interviewed the architect Walter Stahel he 

commented that "we always forget that there is a renewable 

resource: work, human labor. We must produce a better 

human resource, because if we do not use this resource, we 

will not move forward. You have to focus on people, on 

training" 

The COTEC Foundation for Innovation, in its 2017 report 

"Situation and evolution of the circular economy in Spain", 

is aware of the lack of information and data that allow 

actions to be taken in search of the adoption of the circular 

economy effectively. 

In Colombia as in any part of the world, the process of 

transition from linear to circular is only possible with the 

presence of leaders who know and recognize that its 

implementation generates great benefits and that, to 

achieve results, the first thing to do is to change the 

mentality of those who run the companies and that of the 

citizens of all social strata. For Soria, (2016) educational 

strategies are those that allow generating environmental 

awareness and managing the characterization of waste, in 

this way the generation of economic income for people 

dedicated to recycling can be improved by applying a more 

comprehensive recycling. 

On June 14, 2019 at the Chamber of Commerce of 

Medellín, President Duque officially launched the national 

economy strategy, through which it is intended that the 

country become one of the three most competitive 

economies in Latin America by 2030. To achieve this goal, 

he emphasized the need to reach the awareness of 

Colombians about the good management of garbage, 

efficient handling of materials, water and energy, and also 

encouraged producers, suppliers, consumers and other 

actors in the productive chain to develop business models 

that incorporate waste management, efficient management 

of materials and change in the lifestyles of citizens.  

 

Technological Innovation Strategy 

 

To achieve the transition process towards the circular 

economy, it is necessary to innovate in new technologies, 

processes, services and business models, and to make 

consumers aware of the importance of changing their 

behaviors COTEC, (2017). 

Currently, the vast majority of companies only have 

machines that fit the linear economic model and designers 

focused on products that have as characteristics to become 

garbage in the literal sense of the word or in the best case 

be suitable to be recycled losing their quality in each 

process until losing their value completely. 

To be able to adopt the EC it is essential to have eco 

designers who elaborate products that from the moment 

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they begin to create take into account that these should not 

lose value, but at the same time it is necessary to have 

machines capable of disassembling the product to consider 

which parts can be remanufactured.  If it is a recycling 

company, you must have machines capable of identifying 

and separating each of the materials that compose them. 

 It is important that once the useful life of a product is over, 

they can decompose in the soil and provide their nutrients 

to the soil or are food for plants and animals, otherwise 

they are useful to be reincorporated back into industrial 

cycles to provide quality raw materials, (McDonough and 

Braungart 2005) 

The ABC of the orange economy defines it as a tool for 

cultural, social and economic development that differs 

from other economies by the fact that it is based on the 

creation, production and distribution of goods and services 

whose cultural and creative content can be protected by 

intellectual property rights, therefore if the orange 

economy is considered as a tool of economic development,  

this can support technological creativity so that companies 

are competitive and can consolidate with innovative 

technology, therefore it is pertinent that projects supported 

through the orange economy focus on innovative 

technology at the service of the circular economy. 

The Development Bank of Latin America CAF (2018), 

Development of a study that allows to know the 

contribution of innovative technology in the field of solid 

waste in countries of Europe, Asia and other countries. The 

result of this studyor shows the panorama of the state of 

consciousness of other countries with respect to the 

circular economy and what is proposed is that a deep 

evaluation of the possibility of replicability be made taking 

into account that it adapts to the Colombian context.  What 

the report shows is that there are systems that recognize the 

people who recycle, the type of waste, systems that warn 

when the containers are filled and these automatically 

compact the garbage, specialized systems for people with 

disabilities, machines that give money in exchange for 

materials that are recycled and luminous screens that 

inform the user about the classification of waste.  

 

Proposed social strategy  

 

The offer of products that have a programmed useful life is 

what is known as planned obsolescence, this generates in 

many Colombian households negative impacts on their 

economy making evident the economic interest on the 

social interest, the absence of social contribution by these 

manufacturers is in Europe and the same should be in 

Colombia a subject of interest of different social groups. 

In Europe, the Spanish Technical Institute of Cleaning 

(2017), states that the denunciation of different social 

groups has caused the fight against obsolescence to be 

incorporated into its agenda, issues such as increasing the 

coverage of guarantees, the establishment of minimum 

useful lives, or information to the consumer about the 

useful life of each product are supported by the new 

legislation as lines of fight against obsolescence. 

For most households electronic devices and appliances 

more than a luxury has become a necessity, therefore, the 

absence of any of these devices affects the quality of life of 

many families, being so, the repair positively impacts the 

economy due to the decrease in costs, therefore,  being able 

to access these is facilitated and has an impact on the social 

aspect.  The contribution of the repair and reconditioning 

cannot be ignored, however, it must be required that the 

repaired items have a certification and a logo that identifies 

them, and that for this reason their cost is lower without 

this indicating lower quality. 

With regard to recycling, it must be taken into account that 

the organization of this sector of society dedicated to 

collection is in process, employers can adopt some workers 

of this trade who work in their environment and provide 

them with endowment every six months and make them 

aware of how important their work is for society,  the 

environment and the economy of the country, when their 

work is dignified, will not feel like a relegated social class 

of little value, they can even become multipliers in their 

area of work of the benefits of a correct classification of 

solid waste.   

For the COTEC Foundation (2017), the transition from the 

linear to the circular economic model can create numerous 

jobs and promote socio-economic growth at the local level 

and strengthen social cohesion and integration. By 

investing less in raw materials, workers' working 

conditions can be improved.  

Discussion 

 

The circular economy as an economic model must be 

recognized for its social, economic and environmental 

contribution, therefore companies must adopt as a strategy 

a leadership focused on the sustainability of the EC, 

although it is true that the government must do its part, that 

is, create policies that support the development of the 

circular economy,  companies must concentrate on 

strategies that allow the transition from the linear model to 

the circular from their economic activity, the results of 

these efforts will only be fruitful if there is a reciprocal 

relationship that feeds both sectors; therefore, the strategies 

implemented in the public sector should not only have 

regulations as a preference, but these should be aimed at 

facilitating access to financial support and financing of 

projects focused on the creation of innovative technology 

useful for companies in all sectors including those 

responsible for solid waste collection. (discussion) 

Taking into account that the deterioration of the planet is 

not diminisheddue to the fact that there are still 

inappropriate practices in human beings and an economic 

model that prevails despite the efforts, it becomes 

mandatory that at the local and global level the strategies 

aimed at making the circular economy model mandatory 

and not remain only in the discourse

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Table 5.  Types of Strategies to Empower E.C. 

Pedagogic Technological Social 

• The clarity of the circular 

economy allows company 

directors to transmit the 

concept of EC to their 

employees and other actors 

related to the company, (EU-

LAC Foundation 2018). 

• Strong investments and 

continuous education of 

citizens on the issue of the use 

of waste.  Sáez and Urdaneta, 

(2014) 

• The schools allow pilot 

tests, in addition, the actors 

involved are repeaters of the 

knowledge within their 

environment regarding Solid 

Waste Management. Romero, 

(2017). 

• raise consumer awareness 

about the large number of 

impacts generated by the 

textile industry, by the 

abandonment of a garment, its 

decomposition time, the 

amount of dyes and 

microplastics generated as a 

result of its Decomposition. 

Peña A (2019) 

• Iinnovate in new 

technologies, processes, 

services and business models 

COTEC, (2017).. 

• Designmachines to make it 

easier to disassemble and 

separate each of the parts and 

materials that make up a product 

to be reused, remanufactured or 

recycled 

• Support of the orange 

economy to the circular 

economy through projects that 

focus on innovative technology. 

• There are systems that 

recognize the people who 

recycle, the type of waste, 

systems that warn when the 

containers are filled and these 

automatically compact the 

garbage, specialized systems for 

people with disabilities, 

machines that give money in 

exchange for materials that are 

recycled and luminous screens 

that inform the user about the 

classification of waste. CAF 

(2018) 

•  The fight against obsolescence, 

issues such as increasing the coverage 

of guarantees, the establishment of 

minimum useful lives, or informing 

the consumer about the shelf life of 

each product are supported by the new 

legislation as lines of fight against 

obsolescence.  express Spanish 

Technical Institute of Cleaning 

(2017),  

• Require repaired and refurbished 

items, a certification and a logo that 

identifies them, and that for this 

reason their cost is lower without this 

indicating lower quality. 

• Educational strategies and waste 

characterization improve the 

generation of economic income for 

people dedicated to recycling by 

applying a more comprehensive 

recycling. Soria, (2016) 

• We must produce a better human 

resource, because if we do not use this 

resource, we will not move forward. 

You have to focus on people, on 

training" Walter Stahel. 

 

• Investing less in raw materials 

improves workers' working 

conditions.  

Colombia is one of the leading countries in the region that 

is concerned with showing and promoting an interest for 

the transition to the circular economy, however, there are 

different limitations, currently both consumers and 

companies maintain a relationship of consumption and 

production focused on the Linear Economy model 

(produce, consume and discard), privileging factors such as 

price over quality and useful life of products,  (Castle 

2018).  

It must be recognized that in Colombia people are not yet 

prepared for certain behaviors driven by CD and their 

absence can be considered as an obstacle that slows down 

the transition from the linear to the circular. In Europe there 

are businesses dedicated to the purchase and sale of 

second-hand clothes, however, the pride of the vast 

majority of Colombians is to buy an item made supposedly 

with virgin raw material since they consider it important to 

be the first owner and that will guarantee the durability of 

the article unlike a remanufactured or second-hand 

product. 

Although the circular economy is often associated with 

recycling, this is not the only way to contribute to the 

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), other ways to 

contribute to these objectives is the creation of companies 

whose purpose is the EC, to achieve this end companies 

must focus on the design of innovative products that can be 

reused,  Repaired, remanufactured or recycled, these 

strategies allow them to be more competitive by reducing 

investment in virgin raw materials. 

Although the design strategy contributes indisputably from 

the economic and environmental, Ramos (2019) highlights 

that by proposing the elaboration of tableware from banana 

leaves as an alternative to plastic sheets, it is much easier 

to adopt the circular model when new products are 

produced because existing ones such as plastic tableware 

make it difficult to change. "Consumer demand is a crucial 

component to the success of product design strategies and 

at any given time can become a barrier to design strategies 

for EC." (Re yes Forero, I. A. 2021, p 68).  

Although the circular economy model has been globally 

accepted as the appropriate economic model to achieve the 

fulfillment of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development 

adopted by the UN General Assembly, this implies that in 

the transition process the way of producing and a global 

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awareness of environmental damage must be changed,  

social and economic generated by the old model of linear 

economy, it is precisely in these aspects where the different 

sectors of society must have a clear knowledge, it is well 

known that many entrepreneurs do not dare to make the 

leap to have their companies organized with the old form 

of linear production, change implies investment,  time and 

pedagogy to raise awareness among its managers and staff 

in general.  

 If it is a question of achieving the goal that by 2030 

Colombia will be among the top three most competitive 

economies in Latin America, we must not lose sight of the 

situation that collectors or recyclers are going through. 

It is said that cardboard among solid waste is one of the 

most important for its contribution to the environment, 

however,  this is only the opinion of those who do not 

exercise this activity and are unaware of the social 

problems that recyclers or recuperators go through, they 

ensure that there is no collaboration of society in general 

with respect to the final disposal of cardboard and other 

waste,  from the economic some say that the collection of 

cardboard is not profitable due to its volume and its low 

price, to this is added that there are seasons that greatly 

lower the value and the response with which they find is 

that they are not buying.  

With regard to deposits, little infrastructure and little 

technology can be appreciated, however, recycling is still 

the solution of many desperate unemployed who seek 

sustenance in this way. Although recycling and reuse are 

activities that man has practiced since he lives in 

community, its objective was not to reduce the 

deterioration of the environment, the reason was and is to 

survive, to be able to satisfybasic needs.  

Taking into account the above, Colombia like other 

countries is aware that the reduction of pollution generated 

by solid waste, especially single-use plastics, is one of the 

great environmental challenges that is intended to be 

solved with the implementation of the circular economy 

model, however, with the appearance of COVID-19 these 

have become a safe protection option  worldwide for the 

security they provide and their low cost. Personal 

protective equipment such as masks, plastic packaging and 

other sanitary waste generated for protection reasons, 

require measures to be taken with respect to collection 

management practices in order to positively impact health 

and the environment. 

According to Plastics Technology Mexico (2020) in its 

article Reflections on COVID-19 and residual plastics 

written by chemical engineer Adrián Méndez Prieto, it is 

recognized that, although before the pandemic single-use 

plastics were strongly pointed out, the health sector and 

governments found the solution to reduce infections and 

deaths in single-use plastics used in personal protective 

equipment (PPE) for being reliable and accessible.  

 

UN Environment Executive Director Erik Solheim in the 

foreword to the UN report SINGLE-USE PLASTICS: A 

Roadmap for Sustainability (2018), states that plastic is not 

the problem, the responsibility for what is done with it is 

ours in terms of how to use it,  plastic has facilitated the 

expansion of solar panels, clean energy from turbines, food 

storage and in the health sector the use of plastic has saved 

many lives.   

The United Nations reports in UN news Global Look 

Human Stories of March 30, 2021 that the use of plastic 

during the COVID-19 pandemic affects the most 

vulnerable because the disproportionate increase in plastic 

from 2020 to date is worrying since not being able to be 

recycled all single-use plastic would increase 

environmental pollution. According to the United Nations, 

more than 70% of this plastic will end up in the ocean and 

landfills, and up to 12% will be burned. 

It should not be overlooked that companies dedicated to the 

manufacture of plastics prioritize the cost of the raw 

material, therefore, if oil prices are low, virgin resins end 

up being preferred because they are of lower value with 

respect to recycled ones.  Thus, plastic pollution increases 

due to the new incursion of new packaging and articles 

made with virgin resins, in this situation it seems that 

efforts aimed at protecting the environment and 

empowering the circular economic model were at a slower 

pace than environmental deterioration. 

With the presence of the pandemic, the little preparation in 

which the waste recovery system is found in health 

services, restaurants and other places that depend on 

single-use plastics to carry out their activities safely is 

demonstrated, as well as the scarce protection and 

preparation of recyclers to carry out their work without 

exposing their health.    

From Sánchez's perspective in his article "The post-

pandemic challenges in solid waste management" he 

expresses:  

While the rapid disposal of single-use products is often 

seen as beneficial to the health of staff and consumers, the 

imminent increase in the volume of this waste resulting 

from the COVID-19 pandemic challenges to overwhelm 

existing waste management systems that have not been 

able to cope with existing plastic waste satisfactorily. Pag 

(6) 

 

Conclusions 

 

The promotion of the circular economy must occur in all 

social spheres and in all business activities to change the 

linear paradigm that prevails in the country, in this process 

the private sector, the public and citizens in general must 

participate, being thus, the change of mentality is 

fundamental for the success of the transition process from 

the linear to the circular economy.  

It must be recognized that ecodesign, the implementation 

of innovative technology and access to loans for circular 

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activities are fundamental for the development of the 

model, in addition the successful experiences of developed 

countries in the field of CD can be replicated since they 

offer the opportunity to improve through pedagogical, 

technological and social strategies. 

The implementation of innovative technology is essential 

to achieve sustainability, therefore, the government must 

support the creation of companies that intend to operate 

with this economic model, resources must also be provided 

to those companies dedicated to the collection of solid 

waste to invest in equipment that allows them to be more 

efficient, in this way they ensure their economic 

sustainability,   contribute to environmental and social 

sustainability, likewise citizens must be trained, aware of 

the importance of proper management of solid waste and 

companies must take responsibility for their waste, 

extended producer responsibility is fundamental to the 

success of THE EC. 

Although one of the objectives at a global level is to reduce 

the use of single-use plastic, it is pertinent to recognize that 

with the presence of the pandemic its effectiveness in 

minimizing the proliferation of this is indisputable, the 

contribution of these plastics forces to recognize the 

importance of their permanence in sectors such as health 

and food, therefore, plastic is not the problem as erik 

Solheim puts it,  the problem remains the same since before 

the pandemic.  

Colombia, like other countries concerned about the 

consequences generated by the linear economic model, has 

become aware that it must generate strategies aimed at 

transition.  

Resolution 1407 and the DANE reports allow the country 

to have clarity on the shortcomings and strengthens in the 

field of CD, however, the problem generated by the 

pandemic at a global level also tested the management of 

solid waste by becoming evident weaknesses in the 

collection systems, increasing the impact on ecosystems, 

affecting the fulfillment of the goals in terms of packaging. 

However, it is pertinent to bear in mind that the 

responsibility for keeping Circular Economy strategies on 

the right track should not only fall on the State, the planet 

belongs to everyone and everyone is responsible.

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/3/TESIS%20MAESTRIA%20DIEGO%20SORI

A.pdf 

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https://latitudr.org/wp-

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http://www.jescae.com/
https://repositorio.uisek.edu.ec/bitstream/123456789/2511/3/TESIS%20MAESTRIA%20DIEGO%20SORIA.pdf
https://repositorio.uisek.edu.ec/bitstream/123456789/2511/3/TESIS%20MAESTRIA%20DIEGO%20SORIA.pdf
https://repositorio.uisek.edu.ec/bitstream/123456789/2511/3/TESIS%20MAESTRIA%20DIEGO%20SORIA.pdf
https://latitudr.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/EIU_Inclusive-Recycling_report-SPANISH.pdf
https://latitudr.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/EIU_Inclusive-Recycling_report-SPANISH.pdf
https://latitudr.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/EIU_Inclusive-Recycling_report-SPANISH.pdf

