Global Sustainability Research ISSN: 2833-986X https://doi.org/10.56556/gssr.v3i1.740 Global Scientific Research 43 RESEARCH ARTICLE The Effects of Environmental Analysis on Optimal Attainment of Local Government Administration Objectives in Developing Countries (A Study of Nigeria) 2015-2023 Imene Aroghene1*, Francis Ikenga2 1Delta State University, Abraka Nigeria: Email: Imene.aroghene@delsu.edu.ng 2Department of Political Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria: Email. faikenga@delsu.edu.ng Corresponding Author: Imene, Aroghene; arogheneimene@gmail.com Received: 28 December, 2023, Accepted: 04 February, 2024, Published: 12 February, 2024 Abstract Environmental analysis in government administration is the process of assessing and evaluating the internal and external factors that can have an effect on an administration performance and strategy. Although the environmental analysis is important to figure administrations strength, weaknesses opportunity and threat and this knowledge can help to place her on strong footing to actualize set objectives. The study explored the Effects of Environmental Analysis on Optimal Attainment of Local Government Administration Objectives in Developing Countries with a focus on Nigeria. The study employed descriptive research design. Population of the study were drawn from the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria. The data for the study were sourced through a structured questionnaire. Descriptive, correlations and regression analysis was applied to the study to evaluate the effects of the dependent variable on the independent variables through the aid of the statistical package SPSS 23. From the regression results its suffice to conclude that environmental analysis of Local government administration that is proxy with political, economic, social & legal, would have a meaningful influence on optimum actualization of local government objectives in Nigeria. The study recommended that local government administrators should prioritise analysis or evaluation of internal and external environment such as political, economic, social and legal state of their local government area pre and post inauguration. Keywords: Environmental analysis; Local government; administration Introduction Typically, government of nation rotect, provide social facilities and enact policies that lead to better life of citizens of such state. These are achieved through devolution of power to segments of government from federal to state and local government, (Imene 2023). The Local Environmental is a term that is allied with the natural conditions which living things animate. It is connected with the conditions that affects the behaviour and development of environment. It looked at society and its natural environment. Environmental analysis (EA) is aligned on evaluation of interactions between living organisms and their natural habitats. Global Sustainability Research Global Scientific Research 44 An environmental analysis is a tactical method that pinpoint all internal & external elements that might have an impact on a public or private organization's success. Environmental analysis offers insights into species' evolutionary histories and contemporary factors influencing events. It applies to public management, examining the impact of public organizations on their environment. It examines global policies and their interactions, as the world becomes a global village. Political ecology focuses on societal interactions and politics in relation to environmental issues. There are various environmental factors that impede the development of Local Government Administration (LGA) in Nigeria and other states. Environmental factors like hinder the development of Local Government Administration (LGA) in Nigeria. The primary objective is to improve the Federal government's development agenda, and LGA's rights are enshrined in the constitution, with reforms tasked with responsibility and financing (imene 2023) Environmental analysis of lga in this context is mostly concerned with how the above factors affect the way in which local affairs is conducted and how administrative actions affect the core values of government interaction. Ikenga & Chima (2021) argued the failure of government to provide visionary leadership, good governance such as transparency, accountability and provision of socioeconomic amenities that have direct bearing on the lives of the people. LGA has no universal application rather it has to be analyzed within the ecological attributes of each administrative system in which it operates. Environmental analysis is a Strategy or a game plan that reflects administrative awareness of how, when and where it should compete, against whom and for what purpose it should compete. It is not only important for all organizations (public or private) to understand why they are in existence but also to put in place an attainable strategic plan to improve their productivity. Survival can be traced to efficient use of resources to achieve greater level of performance (Erhijakpor& Aroghene, 2023). Imene and Udjo-Onovughakpo opined that productivity in most firm has fallen as a result of recurrent conflict within an organization. Since survival is related to productivity there is need for Administrators of Local Government Administration to harmonise their environmental factors to obtain its optimum objectives. Statement of the Problem Local Government Administration is often faced with diverse challenges that prevent their attainment of their objectives and optimum performance which include quality primary education, maintenance of local roads, provision of parks, maintaining conducive environment, provision of basic social amenities and proper town planning, Alao, etal (2016) sated that the government at the local level equally carries out the task of naming roads and streets and numbering of houses; provision of maintenance of Public amenities, sewage, and garbage collection; certification of all births, deaths, and marriages; valuation of privately held homes or tenements for the intent of placing rates as may be authorized by the House of Assembly of a State among other things. The establishment, maintenance, and control of slaughterhouses, marketplaces, motor parks, street lights, drainages, and other public roadways, are all tasks that fall under the purview of local government administration. The challenges that impede LGA from attaining optimum objectives as stated by some scholars are in diverse areas including deprived autonomy, access to information, access to credit facilities and finances, poor skills matrix, lack of skills required to survive with populace demands, economic linkages, and lack of access to development services that are critical for their productivity. Local government council area often have low education levels, poor management styles of their enterprises, lack of awareness on the strategic management practices, challenges in acquisition of external financial support and challenges in strategic management of sources of finance. A failure to understand and analysed the environmental components of a local government council could be seen as a debacle for non-attainment of Local Government objectives in most developing countries such as Nigeria. These challenges when not addressed, lead to a high level of collapse of the productivity and essence of creating Global Sustainability Research Global Scientific Research 45 local government as a tier of government. A number of studies such as Joseph A, S (2014), Alao, etal (2016), Mukoro A., Asaju, K. (2010) Ikenga & Chima (2021) and Imene A. (2023) have been carried out on under performance of LGA in Nigeria and other developing countries but a minimal focus on environmental analysis of LGA was discovered. It is based on this premise that this study tends to look at the effect of environmental analysis that comprises Political analysis, Social Analysis, Economic Analysis, Legal Analysis (PESL) of LGA in developing states with the view of seeing how this can help in attaining its optimum objectives. Thus, the aim of this study is to fill the gap by providing more evidence on Strategic Management Processes through environmental analysis of LGA in Nigeria. The major tools the study employed is PESL to form the environmental analysis of local government administration in developing states to actualize their optimum goals. Study Objective The general objective of the study is to examine the Effect of Environmental Analysis and optimal attainment of local government administration (LGA) objectives in developing states while the specific objectives are as to: 1. Examine the effect of Political Environmental Analysis on optimal attainment of LGA objectives in developing countries 2. Examine the effect of Economic Environmental Analysis on optimal attainment of LGA objectives in developing countries 3. Examine the effect of Social Environmental Analysis on optimal attainment LGA objectives in developing countries 4. Examine the effect of legal Environmental Analysis on optimal attainment of LGA objectives in developing countries Research Hypotheses No significant relationship exists between: 1. Political environmental analysis and optimal attainment of LGA objectives in Nigeria. 2. Economic environmental analysis and optimal attainment of LGA objective in Nigeria. 3. Social environmental analysis and optimal attainment of LGA inistration objective in Nigeria 4. Legal environmental analysis and optimal attainment of LGA objective in Nigeria. Scope of Study The study covers local government area in the six (6) geopolitical zones in Nigeria as stated in table 1: Table 1: Local Government Areas (LGA) in Nigeria S/N LGA Number South-East Zone LGA 1 Aba North , Arochukwu , Bende , Obi Ngwa , Umuahia North , Umuahia South ,Ohafia , Ugwunagbo , Aguata ,Anambra East , Awka North , Awka South , Idemili North , Ihiala , Nnewi South , Ogbaru Onitsha North , Abakaliki , Afikpo South (Edda) , Ikwo , Ivo , Onicha , Ebonyi , Ishielu , Udi , Oji River , Aninri , Enugu East , Nkanu East , Udenu , Awgu , Enugu North , Aboh Mbaise , Ehime Mbano , Ezinihitte Mbaise , Ideato North , Ihitte/Uboma , Isu , Owerri North and Oguta LGA respectively 40 Global Sustainability Research Global Scientific Research 46 South –South Zone LGA 2 Abak , Eket , Essien Udim , Ibeno , Ibiono-Ibom, , Ika , Ikot Abasi , Mkpat-Enin , Obot-Akara , Onna , Udung-Uko , Ogbia , Yenagoa , Southern Ijaw , Calabar Municipal, Calabar South , Yala , Abi , Bakassi , Biase , Aniocha south , Bomadi Ukwuani , Oshimili south , Ughelli north , Isoko north , Warri central , Sapele , Uhunmwonde , Akoko- Edo , Ikpoba-Okha , Esan North-East , Igueben , Andoni , Bonny , Degema , Gokana , Ikwerre , Oyigbo , Tai LGA respectively 40 South West Zone LGA 3 Ado-Ekiti , Oye , Ekiti East , Ido-Osi , Moba , Agege , Alimosho , Apapa , Epe , Eti-Osa , Ifako/Ijaye , Ikorodu , Abeokuta South , Ijebu North East , Ijebu East , Imeko Afon , Ipokia , Odogbolu Remo North , Abeokuta South , Ijebu North East , Ijebu East , Imeko Afon , Ipokia , Odogbolu , Remo North , Osogbo , Orolu , Odo-otin , Ejigbo , Ede north , Ilesah east , Afijio Jobele , Ibadan North Agodi Gate , Ibarapa Central , Ido , Lagelu , Oyo West Ojongbodu and Irepo 40 North East Zone LGA 4 Alkaleri , Bogoro , Damban , Dass , Kirfi , Ningi , Demsa , Gombi , Madagali , Numan , Song , Toungo , Yola North , Demsa , Gombi Madagali , Numan , Song , Toungo , Yola North , Maiduguri , Kaga , Maiduguri , Kaga , Ardo Kola , Donga , Gassol , Ibi , Lau , Sardauna , Takum , Zing , Bade , Fika , Fune Gujba , Machina , Potiskum , Yusufari , Kirfi LGA respectively North West Zone LGA 5 Bukkuyum , Bungudu , Tsafe , Gummi , Shinkafi , Binji , Dange Shuni , Gada , Goronyo , Rabah , Sabon Birni , Sokoto South , Babura , Biriniwa , Guri , Gwaram , Gwiwa , Miga , Kaduna North , Kaduna South , Kubau , Kudan , Bagwai , Bebeji , Dawakin kudu , Dawakin Tofa , Gwarzo , Kibiya , Takai , Tsanyawa , Bakori , Jibia , Dutsin-Ma , Kankia , Katsina , Aleiro , Bunza , Dandi , Fakai , Gwandu LGA respectively 40 North Central Zone LGA 6 Yagba West , Bassa , Dekina , Okene , Lokoja , Idah , Kabba/Bunu , Koton Karfe , Moro , Irepodun , Isin , Ilorin East , Ilorin South , Offa , Agaie , Borgu , Gbako , Lapai , Lavun , Magama , Mariga , Mashegu , Rijau , Bassa , Jos North , Kanke , Mangu , Riyom , Shendam , Tafa , Wushishi . Elegushi , Suleja , Chanchaga , Katcha , Agaie , Agwara , Lavun , Bosso , Oke Ero , Oyun LGA respectively 40 Literature Review Conceptualism of Environmental Analysis Environmental analysis is a crucial step in strategy formulation, involving a thorough analysis of both internal and external environments. It helps identify opportunities and threats, while internal analysis focuses on identifying distinctive competencies. Muriuki, etal (2017) This analysis includes PESTLE, Porter's 5 forces, and internal resources, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of an organization's operations. Environmental analysis is a process that identifies and addresses issues through internal and external assessments. It involves SWOT analysis, focusing on opportunities and threats, and internal capacity. Environmental scanning is a process that monitors the business environment to make informed decisions. It helps administrators understand Global Sustainability Research Global Scientific Research 47 changes in economic, political, social, and technological trends, enabling governments to respond appropriately and meet their objectives. Conceptualization of Local Government Administration (LGA) LGA do not have a static definition but are seen from different scholars point of view. The 1976 LG Reform Guidelines definef LG of given in the recommendations is "government at the local level carried out by representative councils established by law to carry out specific functions within the defined boundaries." (FRN 1976). The LG is "open-access field institutions at the most basic sub-national level of government, formally and legally acknowledged, and required to carry out certain functions at the community level." Awa claims that LG is a political organization whose goal is to disperse political power. 1976). LG is defined by Iyoha, etal. (2005) as the ability of local residents to solve their own issues. They went on to say that the LG is a body made up of the local population who manage grassroots issues. Adamolekun (1983) defined local government as the bureaucracy responsible for organizing, planning, and directing the management of specific affairs. Emezi (1984) defines local government as a structured system aimed at preserving law and order, providing social facilities, and encouraging collaboration among residents for improved living conditions. Imene (2023) defines local government (LG) as a political and administrative institution managing grassroots affairs, requiring political clout and authority, and specific skills for various activities. LG, a separate legal entity from state and federal governments, is authorized to plan, design, and implement local programs, initiatives, and rules. Environmental Analysis (EA) Tools in Local Government Administration EA is frequently used to assist entities to understand its SWOT. The major tools that this study employed is Political, Economic, Social and Legal (PESL) to form the EA of local government administration in developing states. PESL cogitates factors that impact local council administration environment. It is a microeconomic and macroeconomic tool designed to better comprehend the internal and external environments through more in-depth environmental study. The many components of PESL analysis are alphabetically listed below. Political: The extent of other layers of government intervention in an organization's functioning is referred to as political problems. Taxes, regulations, elections, and political stability are all major problems. Economic: According to Mukoro (2005), Economic factors such as financial institutions, private sector, natural resources, technology, and agriculture significantly impact public service organizations. Administration in industrialized countries prioritize the overall health of its economic variables, such as Interest rates, growth, employment, inflation, and business opportunities are just a few examples. A new government administration, for example, may analyze the existing status of the economy to determine its viability. Economic factors have an impact on a council's long-term revenue and costs. Social: Alterations in demographics, safety and health-related attitudes, and technological advancements. These are all instances of societal problems. Legal: The type of local government organizations and their legal framework are determined by laws. Political Environmental and Local Government Administration Local government administration political environment values are: Global Sustainability Research Global Scientific Research 48 ➢ The utilization of resources ought to fulfill the combined requirements of all individuals: LG aims to serve individuals in communities, while democratic thought suggests local government exists for individual benefit, not financial support. ➢ Citizens' direct participation in political affairs and decision-making is crucial for political environmental analysis of local government, through meetings of ratepayer associations, vigilante groups, and social/political organizations. ➢ Democratic principles require local government branches to be responsible, sensitive to public needs, and understand their public accountability, requiring frequent interactions with the electorate. ➢ Local government is viewed as a crucial training ground for mass political education and mobilization, requiring responsible management of program effectiveness to efficiently satisfy needs. Marshall (1965) was clear in declaring that one of municipal government's main goals should be to promote sound political awareness. The populace gains knowledge about how to spot a fake politician, steer clear of choosing an unscrupulous or inept representative, engage in productive debates, balance spending and income, and plan ahead. A public spirit of political consciousness and awareness will emerge, grow, and mature as long as local government is in place. Economic Environment and Local Government Administration Strategic planning is a crucial aspect of policy-making, enabling organizations to learn about effective strategies and make informed decisions. Local policymakers often have a good understanding of their cities, but it's doubtful that they have all the information needed to create successful local economic development programmes. The administrators might not be well informed about relevant economic conditions in their cities at pre inauguration point as demonstrated by so many administration in developing nations such as Nigeria with statement like “the economy we met was more sick than we think”, LG administrators often lack awareness of new economic opportunities, despite entrepreneurs having better knowledge of these opportunities than civil servants. Hence LG leaders or administrators having entrepreurial economic mindset will go a long way in attaining economic development of the council and add to national economic development plan. Local Government Administration's economic environmental analysis is crucial for developing capacity in economic policies and providing valuable insights for policy makers. It is essential for local governments to produce strategic plans internally, as outsourcing to outside experts can lose learning opportunities of Aroghene and Akpoyibo (2023). Economic development and growth are measured by the increase in market value of goods and services produced within a locality. National economic development programs depend on local initiatives, as national governments lack the ability to implement programs across a nation. Uzor & Ikenga (2023) noted that rapid economic development and social well-being are crucial for developing countries, requiring sufficient growth to improve the material standard of living of the population. Social Environmental Analysis and Local Government Administration The physical infrastructure that supports daily life and work within local council are the social aspect that needs analysis. These factors especially the compact social and cultural infrastructure beautiful natural environment, high-quality post primary educational institutions,roads, sewers, market, leisure parks, motor park and other social amenities systems are the major component of what can promote the economic and social well-being of members of the council. Global Sustainability Research Global Scientific Research 49 Nepotism in Nigeria's Public Administrative system hinders supervision and control due to prioritizing loyalty to family, friends, and ethnic groups over nation loyalty. Merit is not the criterion used to determine who gets appointed to public office or what contracts are awarded, which encourages corruption and mediocrity. Another way to look at the public sector is as a faceless entity or "national cake" that those who are lucky enough to be near it should cut and consume. The larger your slice, the more intelligent people think you are. The same society considers people who have visited the halls of power but have accomplished nothing to be extremely stupid. Even their own families despise and mock them. The result is looting of the public treasury by public officers, politicians, the military et cetera. Aroghene (2023) pointed that Fraud activities in an organisation is internal or external. Internal in respect of those that man the organisation which comprises of shareholders, directors or administrators employed, appointed or elected to run the day to day of the firm or administration. This have impoverished the country and made the Transparency International to rate most developing states as one of the most corrupt nations in the world despite the acclaimed fight against corruption. Other social environmental factor that needs evaluating includes: Copy-Catism in Nigeria's political administration, influenced by European styles, may lead to cultural conflicts and hinder public sector productivity due to differing societal values. Legal Principles of Local Government Administration The legal framework and nature of local government (LG) structures are determined by a country's constitution and other laws. This analysis is crucial for assessing the viability of a metropolitan area and determining restructuring options. The Constitution, national legislation, state legislation, and by-laws guide LG operations and provide a framework for determining restructuring options. Legality provides a framework for LG officials, politicians, and stakeholders to determine the optimal design for their system, ensuring true value realization through strategy, structure, and technology. Legal factors therefore, involve the constitutional position on the place of LG in developing states, which has to with their existence, functions, limitations, right and autonomous status that will enable build a capacity to operate. For instance in Nigeria the 1999 constitution section stipulate the legal status of the LG administration, their authority, finance, functions and obligations. Theoretical Framework Development Administration Theory (DAT) The DAT theory was popularized in the early years of Comparative Public Administration, tracing back to Riggs, Montgomery, and Esman's work of 1970 The Development Administration Theory (DAT) is a goal-oriented, action-driven theory that focuses on evaluating administrative structures at developmental phases. It emphasizes the administration of development and the development of administrative capacities within state institutions, promoting political, economic, and social agendas. Empirical Framework Mukoro (2005) in his study of the Impact of the Environment on Nigeria’s Public Administration, claimed that both external (caused by the environment) and internal (self-inflicted) issues cloud the discipline and practice of public administration in Nigeria. These issues have a detrimental effect on government employees and public institutions, making it difficult for the government to provide the citizens' demands while maintaining its objective Global Sustainability Research Global Scientific Research 50 commitment to the poor outcomes of administrators' work. The study analyzed Nigeria's administrative machinery, revealing the persistent negative synthesis of failure due to environmental factors impacting leadership, administration, and citizens. The paper looked at PESC becomes mutually reinforcing on the system. This work is in line with the study of Mukoro (2005) and his assertion that environmental factors could have an impact on the performance of public institutions which Local Government Administration is part of. Also, in a study conducted by Alaoetal.(2016) they investigated environmental factors and LGA in Nigeria: a study of Ede North and Ede South Local Government, Osun state, Nigeria (1999-2014) The study discovered that the main environmental factors were imperialism, The godfather mentality, dishonesty, excessive social pressure, inadequate funding, and excessive state government intervention. The effects of traditional institutions, ethnicity, and religion were not as noticeable. The paper also discovered that if Section 8(6) of the 1999 Constitution is changed to lessen the lording influence of the state government, it may be possible to address the political class's lack of desire to see local government succeed as well as the privileged people's excessive expectations for personal gain. In line with this study, Shamsuddin & SiddigBalal (2013) in an investigation of Challenges of LGA; An Appraisal of Nigerian noted that Local Government in Nigeria faces series of critical challenges like creating critical social services and how to sustain them. The study shows that series of social amenities and performance of LG has the populace lose hope The inability of Nigeria's LGA as an institution to address persistent issues faced by the populace at large further suggests a lack of satisfaction with governance and, as a result, slows the populace's ability to become more involved in this grassroots administration. The purpose of local government, its operations, and the issues surrounding accountability and good governance were all examined in this paper. The Federal Republic of Nigeria's Constitution should be changed to enable local government authorities to deliver the essential goods and services to the populace. This is done by outlining the factors that work against the administration of local governments in Nigeria and identifying areas where they can contribute to development.The finding of this study also created the gap to shows that certain variable outside the constitutional amendment is needed for local government to optimize it objectives. Such variable are the internal and external environmental factor this study intend to reveal. Research Method The study utilized a survey research design to analyze data, focusing on 600 individuals from six geo-political zones, covering the entire country due to its vast nature. Primary data was collected through five Likert scale structured questionnaires, with a sample size of 333, using Yamane's formula. As such 333 structured questionnaire was distributed and 240 was retrieved and formed the sample size. The data was analyzed using frequency tables, while the Pearson product moment correlation co-efficient (PPMCC) denoted by "r" and coefficient of determination r2 were used to test the research objectives. PPMCC can be calculated using a simpler equation based on the deviations of the variables from their means adopted in Aroghene & Imene, 2023. The formular is stated thus as: PPMCC (rxy)= ∑ x y _ equation (1) √ ∑x2∑y2 Where: __ x = X – X (Deviation of weighted answer options from their mean) Global Sustainability Research Global Scientific Research 51 __ y = Y -Y (Deviation of response frequencies from their mean) while coefficient of determination( r2 )= ∑ x y _ 2 equation (2) √ ∑x2∑y2 Hayat, Mamun, Salameh, Ali, Hussain and Zainol (2022) model was adopted and modified to suit this study. This study model stated thus: OA = F(PEA,EEA, SAE, LEA) The model is presented in the econometric form as: OA = a0+ a1PEA +2EEA +3SAE +4LEA+ u Where: ao = Intercept OOA = Optimum Objective Actualization PEA = Political Environmental Analysis EEA = Economic Environmental Analysis SEA = Social Environmental Analysis LEA = Legal Environmental Analysis a1- a4 = Coefficient u = Error Term Data presentation, analysis, and discussion of findings The field survey data was presented in tables to understand the frequency of response options for the study's questions. Data for Hypothesis one (H01) Table 2: Frequency table for Response to Hypothesis One Five Likert Scaling Frequency Percentage (%) Cumulative Percentage Strongly Agreed (SA) 139 58 58 Agreed (A) 48 20 78 Undecided (U) 20 8 86 Strongly Disagreed (SD) 18 8 94 Disagreed (D) 15 6 100 Total (∑) 240 100 Source: Researcher’s computation from field survey, 2023 Global Sustainability Research Global Scientific Research 52 Table 1 exposed that 78% of the respondents agrees that Local Government can actualize her optimum objective if proper political environmental analysis is carried out by Local Government Administration. However, 8% of the responses fall within the neutral group while the rest 14% of our respondents refutes such assertions. Diagrammatic Representation of Table 2 Source: Researcher’s computation using excel, 2023 Data for Hypothesis Two (H02) Table 3: Frequency Table for Response to Hypothesis Two Five Likert Scaling Frequency Percentage (%) Cumulative Percentage Strongly Agreed (SA) 58 24 24 Agreed (A) 138 58 82 Undecided (U) 4 2 84 Strongly Disagreed (SD) 8 3 87 Disagreed (D) 32 13 100 Total (∑) 240 100 Source: Researcher’s computation from field survey, 2023 Table 3 uncovered that 82% of the respondents agrees that Local Government can actualize her optimum objective if economic environmental analysis such as income, expenditure and economic policies are carried out by Local Government Administration. However, 2% of the responses fall within the neutral group while the rest 16% of our respondents refutes such assertions. 139 48 20 18 15 58 20 8 8 6 58 78 86 94 100 STRONGLY AGREED (SA) AGREED (A) UNDECIDED (U) STRONGLY DISAGREED (SD) DISAGREED (D) Responses to Hypothesis One Frequency Percentage (%) Cumulative Percentage Global Sustainability Research Global Scientific Research 53 Diagrammatic Representation of Table 3 Source: Researcher’s computation using excel, 2023 Data for Hypothesis Three (H03) Table 4: Frequency table for Response to Hypothesis three Five Likert Scaling Frequency Percentage (%) Cumulative Percentage Strongly Agreed (SA) 130 54 54 Agreed (A) 57 24 78 Undecided (U) 22 9 87 Strongly Disagreed (SD) 16 7 94 Disagreed (D) 15 6 100 Total (∑) 240 100 Source: Researcher’s computation from field survey, 2023 Table 4 shown that 78% of the respondents agrees that Local Government can actualize her optimum objective if able to actualize her Legal and constitution foundation or environment properly. However, 9% of the responses were undecided while 13% of our respondents refutes such assertions that Legal environmental analysis cannot lead to actualization local government administration objectives. 58 138 4 8 32 24 58 2 3 13 24 82 84 87 100 STRONGLY AGREED (SA) AGREED (A) UNDECIDED (U) STRONGLY DISAGREED (SD) DISAGREED (D) Responses to Hypothesis Two Frequency Percentage (%) Cumulative Percentage Global Sustainability Research Global Scientific Research 54 Diagrammatic Representation of Table 4 Source: Researcher’s computation using excel, 2023 Data for Hypothesis four (H04) Table 5: Frequency Table for Response to Hypothesis four Five Likert Scaling Frequency Percentage (%) Cumulative Percentage Strongly Agreed (SA) 112 47 47 Agreed (A) 20 8 55 Undecided (U) 12 5 60 Strongly Disagreed (SD) 62 26 86 Disagreed (D) 34 14 100 Total (∑) 240 100 Source: Researcher’s computation from field survey, 2023 Table 5 reviewed that 55% of the respondents agrees that Local Government can actualize her optimum objective if the social environment of the council are well analyse by Local Government Administrators. However, 5% of the responses falls within the neutral group while 40% of our respondents refutes such assertions that social environmental analysis would not lead to actualization local government administration objectives. 130 57 22 16 15 54 24 9 7 6 54 78 87 94 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Strongly Agreed (SA) Agreed (A) Undecided (U) Strongly Disagreed (SD) Disagreed (D) Responses to Hypothesis Three Frequency Percentage (%) Cumulative Percentage Global Sustainability Research Global Scientific Research 55 Diagrammatic Representation of Table 5 Source: Researcher’s computation using excel, 2023 Model Estimation Table 6: Derivation of PPMCC (r) and Coefficient of Determination (r2) for Hypothesis One Scale X Y x = X - Ẍ y = Y - Ῡ xy x² y² Strongly Agreed (SA) 5 139 2 91 182 4 8281 Agreed (A) 4 48 1 0 0 1 0 Undecided (U) 3 20 0 -28 0 0 784 Strongly Disagreed (SD) 2 18 -1 -30 30 1 900 Disagreed (D) 1 15 -2 -33 66 4 4356 Total (∑) 240 0 278 10 14321 Source: Researcher’s Computation, 2023 Mean of weighted answer options: Ẍ= ∑ X = 15 = 3 n 5 Mean of frequency response options: Ῡ= ∑Y = 240 = 48 n5 From table 5, the PPMCC can be derived by substituting values into equation one as stated in the methodology. Therefore : From equation , PPMCC (rxy) = ∑ x y _= 278 = 278 = 0.7346 112 20 12 62 34 47 8 5 26 14 47 55 60 86 100 Strongly Agreed (SA) Agreed (A) Undecided (U) Strongly Disagreed (SD) Disagreed (D) Responses To Hypothesis Four Frequency Percentage (%) Cumulative Percentage Global Sustainability Research Global Scientific Research 56 √ ∑x2∑y2 √10x14321 378.43 Thus, coefficient of determination (r2)equals (0.7346)2 = 0.5396 = 54% Table 7: Derivation of PPMCC (r) and Coefficient of Determination (r2) for Hypothesis Two Scale X Y x = X -Ẍ y = Y - Ῡ xy x² y² Strongly Agreed (SA) 5 58 2 10 20 4 100 Agreed (A) 4 138 1 90 90 1 8100 Undecided (U) 3 4 0 -44 0 0 1936 Strongly Disagreed (SD) 2 8 -1 -40 40 1 1600 Disagreed (D) 1 32 -2 -16 32 4 256 Total (∑) 240 0 182 10 11992 Source: Researcher’s Computation, 2023 Mean of weighted answer options: Ẍ = ∑ X = 15 = 3 n 5 Mean of frequency response options: Ῡ = ∑Y = 240 = 48 n 5 From table 6, the PPMCC can be derived by substituting values into equation one as stated in the methodology. Therefore : From the sequation , PPMCC (rxy) = ∑ x y _= 182 = 182 = 0.5256 √ ∑x2∑y2 √10x11992 346.29 Thus, coefficient of determination (r2)= (0.5256)2 = 0.2763 = 28% Table 8: Derivation of PPMCC (r) and Coefficient of Determination (r2) for Hypothesis Three Scale X Y x = X -Ẍ y = Y - Ῡ xy x² y² Strongly Agreed (SA) 5 130 2 82 164 4 6724 Agreed (A) 4 57 1 9 9 1 81 Undecided (U) 3 22 0 -26 0 0 676 Strongly Disagreed (SD) 2 16 -1 -32 32 1 1024 Disagreed (D) 1 15 -2 -33 66 4 1089 Total (∑) 240 0 271 10 9594 Source: Researcher’s Computation, 2023 From table 7, the PPMCC can be derived by substituting values into equation one as stated in the methodology. Therefore : From equation , PPMCC (rxy) = ∑ x y _= 271 = 271 = 0.8749 √ ∑x2∑y2 √10x9594 309.74 Global Sustainability Research Global Scientific Research 57 Thus, coefficient of determination (r2)equals (0.8749)2 = 0.7655 = 77% Table 9: Derivation of PPMCC (r) and Coefficient of Determination (r2) for Hypothesis Four Source: Researcher’s Computation, 2023 Scale X Y x = X -Ẍ y = Y - Ῡ xy x² y² Strongly Agreed (SA) 5 112 2 64 128 4 4096 Agreed (A) 4 20 1 -28 -28 1 784 Undecided (U) 3 12 0 -36 0 0 1296 Strongly Disagreed (SD) 2 62 -1 14 -14 1 196 Disagreed (D) 1 34 -2 -14 28 4 196 Total (∑) 240 0 114 10 6568 Source: Researcher’s Computation, 2023 From table 8, the PPMCC can be derived by substituting values into equation one as stated in the methodology. Therefore : From equation , PPMCC (rxy) = ∑ x y _= 114 = 114 = 0.4452 √ ∑x2∑y2 √10x6568 256.28 Thus, coefficient of determination (r2)equals (0.4452)2 = 0.1982 = 20% Table 10: Summary of Model Estimation Hypothesis PPMC (r) Coefficient of Determination (r2) There is no significant relationship between Political environmental analysis and optimal attainment of local government administration objectives in Nigeria 0.7346 54% There is no significant relationship between Economic environmental analysis and optimal attainment of local government administration objective in Nigeria 0.5256 28% There is no significant relationship between Social environmental analysis and optimal attainment of local government administration objective in Nigeria 0.8749 77% There is no significant relationship between Legal environmental analysis and optimal attainment of local government administration objective in Nigeria 0.4452 20% Source: Authors’ Computation, 2023 Discussion of Results The weighted answer options have an average of 3, and the frequency response options have an average of 48, according to the model's estimation. By using equations one and two to derive the PPMCC and r2 for hypothesis one, the correlation was found to be 0.7346. This value is an indication that political environmental analysis and Global Sustainability Research Global Scientific Research 58 optimal attainment of local government administration objective in developing countries is strongly correlated and the relationship is positive. This showed that when local government administrators gives attention to the political state of their council, there is tendency of them actualizing optimum objective of its existence. The coefficient determination (r2) of 54% shows that variation in optimal attainment of local government administration objective is due to 54% variation in political environmental analysis . The 46% remainder is due to the disturbance term. This finding agrees with the opinion of Mukoro (2005)in his study of the Impact of the Environment on Nigeria’s Public Administration Similarly the PPMCC for the second hypothesis stood at 0.5256. Again the coefficient is an indication of a strong and positive correlation between economic environmental analysis and optimal attainment of local government administration objective in developing countries. Based on the coefficient, it would be safe to imply that the level of economic evaluation conducted by local government administrators will determine the level of actualization of her objectives. The R2 (28%) for hypothesis 2 shows that variation in optimal attainment of local government administration objective is as a result of 28% variation in economic environmental analysis. The rest 72% is held accountable to the error term. Similarly, the PPMCC for hypothesis three is 0.8749 with an R2 of 77%. The value of the PPMCC showed that social environmental analysis and optimal attainment of local government administration objective in developing countries is strongly and positively correlated. While the R2 showed that change in optimal attainment of local government administration objective is as a result of 77% change in social environmental analysis. The rest 22% is as a result of the error term. In conclusion, the PPMCC for hypothesis four is 0.4452 with an R2 of 20%. The value of the PPMCC showed that legal environmental analysis and optimal attainment of local government administration objective in developing countries is moderate and positively correlated. While the R2 showed that change in optimal attainment of local government administration objective is as a result of 20% change in legal environmental analysis. The rest 80% is as a result of the error term. Conclusion and Recommendations The study explored the Effects of Environmental Analysis on Optimal Attainment of Local Government Administration Objective in Developing Countries (A Study of Nigeria). It was reveal that local government operate in a strategic environment that deal with the people of at the grass root hence its actualization of her objective is key to a better society. From the tested hypotheses of political, social, economic and legal environmental analysis and optimal attainment of local government administration objective in developing countries is strongly correlated and the relationship is positive significant. Based on the findings the study recommend that local government administrators should prioritise analysis or evaluation of internal and external environment such as political, economic, social and legal state of their local government area pre and post inauguration in order to achieve optimum actualization of her objectives. This will enable them know the present state of the council, predicting the future, recognizing threats and allowing them to develop a response strategy, assisting in the achievement of expected goals and increasing its effectiveness. The study also recommend that local governments need to vigorously pursue their own complementary economic development policies in order to fit into the national development plan. Local government administrators should support social broad community initiatives which encourage an asset-based approach to addressing local concerns. Rather than focusing solely on a community's problems and negative pressures, the approach encourages the identification and development of strengths in order to expand local capacity and opportunities. Local governments Global Sustainability Research Global Scientific Research 59 can create or support opportunities for people to gather for social, educational, recreational, or cultural purposes, which will assist her in gathering appropriate feedback and propelling solutions. Declaration We declared that this work is a result of our research efforts. Acknowledgment: All authors whose work were useful as cited in this research are acknowledged Funding: No funding received Conflict of interest: No conflict of interest Authors contribution: All the authors contributed meaningfully to the actualization of the work Data availability: To be provided on request References Adamolekun, L. (1983). Public Administration: A Nigerian and ComparativePerspective. London: Longman. Alao, D.O, Ajike, C.A & Ibrahim, M.N. (2016).Environmental Factors and Local Government Administration in Nigeria: A Study of Ede North and Ede South Local Government, Osun State, Nigeria (1999-2014). 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