





































30

Graduate Student Journal of Psychology
2023, Vol. 21

Copyright 2023 by the Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology
Teachers College, Columbia University

A Scoping Review on Energy Drink Consumption 
Among Adolescents and Young Adults

 Adolescence, defined by the World Health Or-
ganization (WHO) as individuals aged between 
10 and 19 years, is a pivotal stage characterized by 
rapid physical, cognitive, and psychosocial devel-
opment, laying the crucial foundations for good 
health (World Health Organization, 2019). Re-
cently, there has been a discernible global increase 
in energy drink consumption among adolescents, 
which has become a subject of significant health con-
cern and professional debate (Miller et al., 2018).
 Energy drinks (ED) are beverages that typically 
contain varying amounts of caffeine, taurine, glucu-
ronolactone, vitamins, herbal extracts, proprietary 
blends, and amino acids. They are marketed as prod-
ucts capable of enhancing mental alertness and physi-
cal endurance (Ahuja et al., 2021; Higgins et al., 2018). 
These drinks, available in carbonated or non-carbon-
ated forms and with or without sugar, are distinct 
from traditional beverages like coffee, tea, sodas, and 
sports drinks, even though they may seem similar. A 
notable difference is in their caffeine content, with 
energy drinks potentially containing between 40 
to 250 milligrams per 8 fluid ounces, as per the U.S. 
Food and Drugs Administration (FDA, 2018). This 
range is significantly higher compared to the caffeine 
content in an 8-ounce cup of coffee, which usually 
contains 80 to 100 milligrams. Studies also indicate 
that energy drinks have an average taurine concen-
tration of approximately 750 milligrams per 8-ounce 

serving (Ahuja et al., 2021; Caine & Geracioti, 2016).
 The rise in the consumption of energy drinks 
among adolescents can be attributed to a myriad of 
factors. Targeted advertising, the promise of increased 
alertness, combating fatigue, aspirations for improved 
academic and athletic performance, and the trend of 
mixing these drinks with alcohol are some of the driv-
ing forces behind their popularity (Quigley et al., 2019; 
Reissig et al., 2009). However, this increasing consump-
tion has been linked with several adverse health effects, 
including elevated blood pressure and psychological is-
sues such as anxiety (Lisko et al., 2017). Furthermore, 
due to the addictive properties of caffeine and other 
similar components in energy drinks, there have been 
increased reports of anxiety, stress, and depression 
among consumers (Linden-Carmichael & Lau-Barra-
co, 2017; Richard & Smith, 2016). Given these associ-
ated risks, some countries have instituted restrictions 
on the sale of energy drinks, with others contemplat-
ing similar regulatory measures (Winston et al., 2005).
 Therefore, this scoping review aimed to examine 
the use of energy drinks in adolescents and young 
adults to provide a synthesized summary of the ev-
idence and identify gaps in our knowledge. The re-
search question is: Have there been observable trends 
in the consumption of energy drinks among adoles-
cents and young adults (aged 12-25) in the past decade, 
with particular emphasis on identifying influencing 
factors and associated health and behavioral risks?

This scoping review aimed to identify empirical studies that have explored the use of energy drink consump-
tion among adolescents and young adults. Method: A scoping review search was conducted in the following 
five databases: PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, Scopus, and Psycnet. Some inclusion criteria, such as being published 
in the last 10 years, and exclusion criteria, such as article type, animal-model usage, and age, were used to se-
lect the studies, and 11 were analyzed independently. Results: The results showed that adolescents use ener-
gy drinks for many factors, such as connection with peers and family, propaganda, and taste. Some studies have 
been developed in Australia and the United States of America, and some have explored other variables associat-
ed with energy drinks and alcohol use. Conclusion: It is essential to understand how energy drink consumption 
and behaviors are related to health or risky behavior and its associations with other drugs. More research is need-
ed to explore the long-term health impacts of energy drink consumption during the critical developmental peri-
ods of childhood and adolescence, as well as its association with alcohol and other substances. The findings un-
derline the importance of stringent regulations, public health policies, and educational initiatives to mitigate the 
risks associated with energy drink consumption among adolescents. Future research is essential to understand the 
long-term implications and develop effective preventive strategies to safeguard adolescent health and well-being.
 Keywords: energy drinks, adolescents, health,  consumption

Filipe Reis Teodoro Andrade1,2, Gabriel Thalheimer1,2, Santiago David Vásquez Hidalgo2,3,
 & Rosa Maria Martins de Almeida1,2,3

1Department of Developmental and Personality Psychology, Universidade Federal of Rio Grande do Sul, 
2Psychology Institute, Universidade Federal of Rio Grande do Sul, 

3Basic Health Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal of Rio Grande do Sul



31

ENERGY DRINK CONSUMPTION AMONG ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS

 With energy drinks gaining popularity due 
to aggressive marketing strategies, it is imperative 
to scrutinize the associated risks, thereby laying 
the groundwork for the development and imple-
mentation of prevention programs targeting both 
the youth and their guardians (Ahuja et al., 2021; 
Brache & Stockwell, 2011; Zandvliet et al., 2005).

Methods 
 A literature review followed the premises pro-
posed by PRISMA (Page et al., 2021a; Page et al., 
2021b). The scoping review was carried out accord-
ing to the following steps: (1) formulation of the re-
search question; (2) production and registration of 
the investigation protocol; (3) definition of inclusion 
and exclusion criteria; (4) developing of the research 
strategy and conducting the reference search; (5) 
screening of studies based on inclusion and exclusion 
criteria; (6) evaluation of the quality of studies; (7) 
data extraction (8) data synthesis and evaluation of 
the quality of the studies (Donato & Donato, 2019).
 The approach for conducting systematic scop-
ing reviews by Levac et al. (2010) guided the re-
view based on the five-stage methodological frame-
work that Arksey and O’Malley (2005) developed.
Stage 1: Identifying the Research Question. 
The central question guiding this scoping review was: 

"Have there been observable trends in the 
consumption of energy drinks among ad-
olescents and young adults (aged 12-25) in 
the past decade, with particular emphasis 
on identifying influencing factors and as-
sociated health and/or behavioral risks?"

Stage 2: Identifying Relevant Studies  
 After the initial search in EMBASE and PubMed, 
five electronic databases were searched: EMBASE, 
PubMed, PsycNet, Scopus, and Web of Science, 
with the last searches performed on August 03, 
2022. Date limits were set for 10 years, and the search 
strategy included using descriptors: Energy Drinks 
AND (Teenagers) AND (Addiction), with neces-
sary adaptations to the specifications of each data-
base (Table 1). In searches between June 07, 2022, 
and August 03, 2022, 143 materials were identified.
Stage 3: Study Selection 
 Quantitative and qualitative peer-reviewed, 
original, full-length research papers were included. 
The reviewers were previously trained for the task 

according to the following exclusion criteria: (a) re-
views and meta-analyses; (b) Theses, dissertations, 
abstracts, and publications in congresses; (c) studies 
that are not in English; (d) animal model research; (e) 
sample with subjects under 12 or over 25 years old. 
Participants    
 This Review focused on adolescents and young adults 
aged between 12 and 25 years. The population may have 
been studied in schools, universities, or through surveys. 
Concept    
 During the review, the focus was on energy 
drink consumption by adolescents, specifically on 
health and relational factors. Studies that solely fo-
cused on addiction to sugar were not considered. 
The PICO strategy was used based on eligibility cri-
teria, with P (population) being adolescents, I (inter-
vention) lower levels of use, C (comparison) being 
patterns of use in adolescents, and O (outcome) be-
ing energy drink consumption during adolescence.
Search Strategy    
 When performing the search strategy in the five 
different databases, a total of 143 records were iden-
tified. These records were exported to Rayyan Soft-
ware (Ouzzani et al., 2016). Duplicate records were 
then removed, resulting in 139 records for screening 
the title and abstract. The screening was performed 
by two authors (FRTA and GT), who independent-
ly compared the titles and abstracts of each record 
with the inclusion criteria. FRTA and GT finally 
agreed to include 11 records as relevant studies for 
full-text screening. The records considered eligible 
for full-text screening were then distributed among 
one other author, RMMA, in addition to FRTA 
and GT. They independently screened the full-text 
studies to assess eligibility for inclusion in the review.  
 The research tool Rayyan Software was used to 
combine all materials, remove duplicates (n=143), 
and for the independent reviewers (FRTA and GT) 
to screen the 139 unique titles and abstracts simul-
taneously (Ouzzani et al., 2016). FRTA and GT 
had a concordance rate of 96.8%, and a third re-
viewer (RMMA) assessed divergences. With those 
steps complete, 13 articles were selected for the sec-
ond round of assessments, this time analyzing full 
text according to the same criteria previously stated. 
 Based on the analysis of the complete texts, 13 ar-
ticles were selected for the data extraction phase.  After 
this second exclusion phase, data extraction began, con-



32

ANDRADE ET AL.

girls. In contrast, Ludden & Wolfson (2010) found 
that girls were likelier than boys to report expecta-
tions around appetite suppression. Patterns of use ac-
cording to age were less clear-cut, with some studies 
showing that consumption levels increased with age 
and others demonstrating that the converse was true.
 Martz et al. (2015) showed that cross-racial and 
ethnic patterns were also identified; black students 
were less likely to consume energy drinks than their 
white counterparts or Latins. Other studies have sug-
gested that consumption levels are highest among 
Aboriginal, Hispanic, and/or Black students (Martz 
et al., 2015; Visram et al., 2016; Xu et al., 2020). 
Higher consumption levels were positively associ-
ated with being underweight or obese, being from a 
single-parent family, receiving complimentary school 
meals, having special educational needs, and having 
higher spending (Reid et al., 2015; Scalese et al., 2017).
 Young people with higher scholastic averages, 
a higher sense of coherence, higher levels of parental 
monitoring, and more educated parents were less like-
ly to consume and consistently associated with ener-
gy drink consumption was the use of alcohol and/or 
binge drinking, smoking, or susceptibility to smok-
ing and other substance energy drinks (Miller, 2008).
   One survey of Australian college students ob-
served that premixed alcohol-mixed energy drinks 
(AMEDs) included the ability to drink more, sensa-
tions of being more awake or in control, the symbolic 
attractiveness of AMEDs, and the ease of obtaining 
and concealing the beverages for underage drinkers. 
The survey also identified several negative aspects 
of AMEDs, including difficulty speaking, hang-
overs, and increased aggression (Jones et al., 2012).
 A study on the appropriateness of caffeinated 
drinks for children found that high caffeine intakes 
(>5 mg/kg body weight per day) were associated with 
an increased risk of apprehension (anxiety) and with-
drawal symptoms. Nevertheless, evidence from young 
adult studies and expert discussions was used to sug-
gest that relatively small quantities of caffeine may 
benefit cognitive function and sports performance, as 
well as contribute to daily liquid intake (Jones et al., 
2012; Kemps et al., 2019; Sanchis-Gomar et al., 2015).
Views Regarding the Consumption of Energy 
Drinks
 Our analysis of mixed method studies and rele-
vant survey results revealed two significant themes: 

sidering as inclusion criteria in the study: (a) articles that 
had energy drinks in their title; (b) studies that evaluated 
the effect of energy drinks on adolescents; (c) research 
that made comparisons between groups or intragroup; 
At this stage, two articles were excluded (see Figure 1).
Stage 4: Charting the Data  
 Three authors (FRTA, GT, and RMMA) ana-
lyzed energy drink use in adolescence, including three 
main phases: preparation, organizing, and writing. 
One author (FRTA) extracted study characteristics, 
which were also reviewed by GT and included in an 
agreement between RMMA. As this was a review, 
study quality (e.g., risks of bias, study strength) was 
considered, but not for a meta-analysis. Tables 1 
and 2 show the systematization and categorization 
of relevant topics from the results of the studies in-
cluded in this review, reflecting the review questions.
Stage 5: Collating, Summarizing, and Reporting 
the Results   
 The main characteristics of the eleven includ-
ed studies are presented in Table 2. The studies 
were grouped by year of publication. Studies pub-
lished in the same year were grouped alphabetical-
ly by first authors’ surnames. The extracted data 
were: (1) citation; (2) country; (3) Study design; (4) 
outcome measures; (5) sample; (6) main findings.
Findings     
 The f indings of the review are present-
ed according to the review questions. Table 
2 reports the general information and signif-
icant f indings of the reviewed publications.

Results 
 Concerning the overall number of articles, there 
were 119.796 participants from different countries, 
most of them from China, the United States of Ameri-
ca, and Italy, aged 12 to 19 years, who completed various 
surveys. The average is 11.979,6 adolescents. The most 
predominant type of test was the socio-demograph-
ic questionnaire, covering 50% of the total articles. 
 Several studies indicated that boys were more like-
ly to report consumption than girls and in a more sig-
nificant amount (Choi et al., 2016; Koivusilta et al., 
2016; Magnezi et al., 2015). In this scoping review, 
cross-sectional survey data suggested that the use of 
energy drinks is patterned by gender. Larson et al. 
(2014) found a significant connection between reg-
ular consumption and lower breakfast frequency for 



33

ENERGY DRINK CONSUMPTION AMONG ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS

ergy drinks by children and young people is associated 
with several adverse outcomes and health-damaging 
behaviors. 139 studies were located, with 11 meeting 
our inclusion criteria. A total of 99.740 participants 
were included in the 11 articles. In which we have ob-
tained the gender data of 28.326 participants (28.4%), 
amongst 47.2% were males and 52.7% were females.
 Three randomized controlled trials demonstrated 
that pre-exercise ingestion of an energy drink positively 
impacted some aspects of sports performance (O’Dea, 
2003; Pennay & Lubman, 2012; Sanchis-Gomar et 
al., 2015). Nevertheless, the referred studies involved 
small numbers of athletes, and the results should thus 
be treated with some vigilance. Several cross-section-
al studies indicated that energy drink consumption 
by adolescents was strongly and positively associated 
with higher rates of impulsivity, risk behavior, smok-
ing, alcohol, and other substance use, as well as being 
linked to physical health manifestations such as head-
aches, loss of vigor, stomach aches, insomnia, fatigue, 
and hyperactivity (Azagba et al., 2014; O’Dea, 2003).
 Two studies provided evidence of a dose-response 
effect, although none of the investigations could de-
fine the reason (Jones et al., 2012; Pennay & Lubman, 
2012). Typically, boys consume more energy drinks 
than girls. Usage was found to be patterned by gender 
and age, although there was some variance between 
studies on the direction of the association. The high-
est consumption levels have been observed in sed-
entary and physically active people, suggesting a link 
between sports and screen-based relaxation activities. 
 An exciting finding among the analyzed studies 
is in a Hungarian study by Toth et al. (2020) where 
he examined 631 high school students and their re-
lationships with energy drinks that corroborate the 
hypothesis of this review. The social environment of 
respondents and the amount of time they spend with 
friends were also factors influencing ED use. Parents 
supporting or forbidding education use have a signifi-
cant influence on their children. Those with a weaker 
sense of coherence and a tendency toward depression 
were much more likely to become addicted, those 
who were active in sports were significantly less like-
ly to report symptoms of depression, and their sense 
of coherence was also more potent than young people 
who did not engage in sporting activities at the same 
time, ED consumption was widespread among young 
people who were active in sports (Tóth et al., 2020).

motivations for usage and convincing on usage.
Motivations for Use
 Many individuals, particularly boys involved in 
sports, consume energy drinks to enhance their athlet-
ic performance. Others may opt for energy drinks as 
an occasional substitute for soft drinks, but only when 
they have extra funds available, as they tend to be pric-
ier (Abian-Vicen et al., 2014; Costa et al., 2014; Gal-
lo-Salazar et al., 2015). Participants in studies have com-
monly reported that energy drinks "wake you up, make 
you feel alert, and taste good," "make me hyper," and 
"keep me energized for soccer matches" (Abian-Vicen 
et al., 2014; O'Dea, 2003). A research study conduct-
ed by Jones explored the perceptions of alcohol-energy 
drinks (AEDs) among 12-17-year-olds and found that 
young people enjoyed them because they increased the 
fun at parties and acted as a pick-me-up (Jones, 2011).
Convincing on Use
 The use of energy drinks among young people is 
influenced by advertising and brand loyalty, accord-
ing to a study that involved participants from three 
different age groups (16-21, 22-28, and 29-35 years). 
The study found that energy drinks were advertised 
on various platforms such as TV, the internet, games 
promotions, sports sponsorship, and shops. Industry 
marketing targeted specific drinks to men or wom-
en using sexualized imagery, humor, and social me-
dia (Bunting et al., 2013). The younger age group 
seemed more aware of their projected social image 
and more influenced by their peers when making 
purchasing decisions. Social situations, particularly 
spending time with friends, were identified as famil-
iar contexts for energy drink consumption. Parents 
also played a significant role in influencing their chil-
dren's use of energy drinks. They either discouraged 
or prohibited the consumption of energy drinks or 
encouraged and endorsed their use. The study found 
that energy drinks were easily accessible from conve-
nience stores or supermarkets, provided by parents, 
shared by siblings or friends, or obtained free at spon-
sored events. (Bunting et al., 2013: Costa et al., 2014).

Discussion 
 This review set out to examine evidence of any asso-
ciations between adolescents and young adults’ health 
and consumption of energy drinks. It also sought to ex-
plore consumer experiences and attitudes toward these 
drinks. The evidence demonstrates that the use of en-



34

ANDRADE ET AL.

group at risk. That said, an experimental study devel-
oped in Canada provided evidence that current warnings 
in caffeinated energy drinks (CEDs) could be enhanced 
to increase the salience of messages, with a more signif-
icant impact from clear, descriptive, front-of-package 
‘high source of caffeine’ labels, eliciting lower prod-
uct appeal and perceived safety ratings in young adults 
aged 12–24 years (Reid et al., 2015). As caffeine is the 
primary psychoactive ingredient in energy drinks and 
is responsible for the vast majority of toxicity, energy 
drink labels that present high levels of caffeine associ-
ated with 'danger' could reduce the number of poison-
ings through indiscriminate use (Zandvliet et al., 2005).
 Advertisements for energy drinks are often target-
ed towards adolescents through popular TV shows and 
websites, which could potentially encourage them to 
consume such drinks (Harris et al., 2015). It is important 
to note that while the average amount of caffeine con-
sumed by teenagers has decreased over the past 20 years, 
there has been a significant increase in energy drink con-
sumption among adolescents over the past decade (Tran 
et al., 2016). This is a cause for concern due to the numer-
ous reported adverse effects of excessive caffeine, rang-
ing from minor sleep disturbances to mortality. High 
consumption of energy drinks among young people in 
recent years is a worrying trend (Mesirow et al., 2015).
 The need to understand adolescents' consumption 
of energy drinks is justified primarily by a range of imme-
diate risk behaviors that are associated. Regarding future 
health, recent reviews have pointed out that standards 
adopted during this period have a potentially lasting in-
fluence and can extend into adulthood, with repercus-
sions on physical and psychological health (Rice & Klein, 
2019). Different behaviors of children and adolescents 
can negatively affect health and well-being, with short 
or long-term impacts. Regarding energy drinks, there is 
evidence that the age at first use predicts future risks. A 
longitudinal study with young American military offi-
cers pointed to the age range between 13 and 16 years 
as critical, suggesting that adolescents who begin con-
sumption during this period become more likely to con-
sume larger quantities of the product in isolated episodes 
than those who started consumption after the 20 years 
(Sather et al., 2016). Furthermore, new associations have 
been found between frequent ED consumption with 
alcohol by adolescents and a greater risk of developing 
alcohol dependence in adulthood (Arria et al., 2011).
 ED does not present therapeutic benefits, contains 

 The studies mentioned above have reported 
perceived beneficial effects on young people’s bod-
ies and sports performance, with slight mention of 
any adverse effects and limited knowledge of ener-
gy drink ingredients among participants (Frank-
lin et al., 2013; Pennay & Lubman, 2012; Sam-
pasa-Kunyinga et al., 2020; Visram et al., 2016).
 Other literature findings show that energy drinks 
can significantly increase the likelihood of negative 
mental health conditions, such as stress, anxiety, and 
depression. These adverse outcomes are particular-
ly prevalent in adolescents and young consumers 
(Richards et al., 2016). Although energy drinks may 
positively impact mood in the short term, long-term 
consumption is more likely to harm mental health 
(Trapp et al., 2014). However, there is a lack of com-
prehensive data regarding the potential link between 
energy drink consumption and mental health issues 
in young people (Kaur et al., 2020). Consequently, 
it is plausible that the components of energy drinks 
could contribute to the development or aggrava-
tion of mental health problems (Babu et al., 2008).
 As for the appeal of energy drinks among the 
young, taste and energy-seeking were identified as 
critical drivers for consumption. Advertising and 
brand loyalty have been highlighted as significant 
influences on young people’s attitudes toward ener-
gy drinks, and peers, family, and friends also played 
an important role. A few studies found that more 
than half of young energy drink consumers (53%) 
reported using energy drinks to continue partying 
and drinking alcohol over a more extended period 
and may experience adverse effects ranging from dif-
ficulty sleeping to addiction to alcohol (Franklin 
et al., 2013; Park et al., 2012; Wiggers et al., 2020).
 A study by Leal and Jackson (2019) used sam-
ples for monitoring students between 2010 and 
2016 and found that energy drink consumers are 
significantly more likely to intend to initiate mari-
juana use. Youth who heavily use energy drinks have 
substantially higher odds of having the intention 
to use marijuana (Snipes & Benotsch, 2013). Oth-
er studies in Table 2 show that adolescents may have 
associations with depressive symptoms when they 
ingest energy drinks with alcoholic beverages (Cot-
ter et al., 2013; Tóth et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2020).
 Aggressive marketing campaigns by manufac-
turers toward adolescents and young adults put this 



35

ENERGY DRINK CONSUMPTION AMONG ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS

tor, in combination with the gendered marketing 
and perceived links to sports performance. More re-
search is required to explore the longer-term health 
impacts, given that childhood and adolescence 
are critical yet understudied periods in developing 
health-related behaviors and use of energy drinks as-
sociated with alcohol or types of consumption. The 
potential effects of heavy and long-term energy drink 
consumption on child development, behavior, and 
educational outcomes also warrant further study. 
 Furthermore, the findings have important 
practical implications for public health policies 
and laws governing the sale of energy drinks to mi-
nors on a prevention level. The results highlight 
the significance of imposing more stringent regu-
lations and education efforts to block adolescents' 
access to these drinks, promoting healthy habits.
 Dealing with the problem of children and teens 
consuming energy drinks requires acknowledging the 
complexity of their choices. While educating them 
about health may have little impact, healthcare pro-
fessionals and others should provide clear informa-
tion about the safety of consuming energy drinks. 
They may need guidance from organizations like 
the Food and Drug Administration (FDA- U.S.A), 
the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (Anvi-
sa), and the European Medicines Agency (EMA). 
 It's essential to conduct further research to explore 
the long-term health impacts, particularly during child-
hood and adolescence, which are critical yet under-
studied periods in developing health-related behaviors.
Strengths and Limitations
 Three authors thoroughly and systematically 
screened titles and abstracts, followed by full-text stud-
ies and reference lists. Discussions were held to ensure 
that no appropriate studies were lost. We attempted 
to use various search terms such as "stimulant drink," 
"energy strip," "energy shot," and "energy mint," as well 
as "youth," "young adults," and "teen" for the popula-
tion. However, these terms yielded little results in the 
research bases. This was a limitation of our study. Ad-
ditionally, we only included studies in the English lan-
guage, which may have caused us to miss some relevant 
papers. We searched five databases, but this is a partial 
number. However, we followed the recommendations 
of experienced academics to cast as wide a net as pos-
sible regarding the context, concept, and population.

understudied ingredients, is not fully regulated, and 
has no safe consumption levels yet established for chil-
dren and adolescents (Curran & Marczinski, 2017; 
Howland & Rohsenow, 2013; Seifert et al., 2011). 
The context is one of uncertainty regarding the acute 
and chronic safety of these products. Thus, it is neces-
sary to understand the patterns of ED consumption 
by adolescents in our reality, the motivations that have 
led them to consume, and the factors that may be as-
sociated, both protective factors against consumption 
and risk factors, due to eventual or regular use. Spe-
cial attention to this stage of development, character-
ized by lower assessment and self-protection capabil-
ities, can prevent global health and well-being issues, 
with consequences in different areas of adult life. 
Conclusion
 The data collected covered several significant bias-
es to be considered; however, regarding the use of en-
ergy drinks for adolescents, it is essential to have more 
studies to understand that energy drink consumption 
might increase risk behaviors associated with alcohol, 
which can be seen through competition, or impulsive 
risk, and depression (Table 2). Adolescence is a phase 
of significant biological and social changes. It is cru-
cial to be aware of these aspects, primarily regarding 
social support, for a greater possibility of dealing with 
new situations.
 This review contributes to the growing body of 
evidence regarding the health effects of consuming 
energy drinks. For young people, the negative im-
plications may outweigh the positive ones. Despite 
this, factors like the brand, relationships with energy 
drink users, taste, and perceived benefits increase their 
popularity among young consumers. The advertising 
for these products worldwide often features ideas of 
power, strength, energy, and explosion, using imag-
es and product names that allude to these concepts. 
It is crucial to explore the effects of high levels of in-
gredients like caffeine, taurine, and sugar in energy 
drinks on young people's bodies. More education 
is needed about energy drink patterns for this de-
mographic. However, addressing this issue through 
policies and interventions is complex due to the 
choices adolescents and young people make. While 
individual health education is unlikely to have a sig-
nificant impact, healthcare and other professionals 
can play a role in promoting safe consumption habits.
 Young men were identified as an essential fac-



36

ANDRADE ET AL.

emerging adolescent health risk: Caffeinated en-
ergy drink consumption patterns among high 
school students. Preventive Medicine, 62, 54-59.  
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.01.019

Babu, K. M., Church, R. J., & Lewander, W. (2008). 
Energy drinks: The new eye‐opener for ado-
lescents. Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medi-
cine, 9(1), 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
cpem.2007.12.002

Bonar, E. E., Cunningham, R. M., Polshkova, S., Cher-
mack, S. T., Blow, F. C., & Walton, M. A. (2015). 
Alcohol and energy drink use among adolescents 
seeking emergency department care. Addictive 
Behaviors, 43, 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
addbeh.2014.11.023

Brache, K., & Stockwell, T. (2011). Drinking patterns 
and risk behaviors associated with combined al-
cohol and energy drink consumption in college 
drinkers. Addictive Behaviors, 36(12), 1133-1140.  
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.07.003

Bryant Ludden, A., & Wolfson, A. R. (2010). Under-
standing adolescent caffeine use: connecting use 
patterns with expectancies, reasons, and sleep. 
Health Education & Behavior, 37(3), 330-342.  
https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198109341783

Bunting, H., Baggett, A., & Grigor, J. (2013). Ado-
lescent and young adult perceptions of caffein-
ated energy drinks. A qualitative approach. Ap-
petite, 65, 132-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
appet.2013.02.011

Caine, J. J., & Geracioti, T. D. (2016). Taurine, ener-
gy drinks, and neuroendocrine effects. Cleveland 
Clinic Journal of Medicine, 83(12), 895–904. 
https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.83a.15050

Costa, B. M., Hayley, A., & Miller, P. (2014). Young 
adolescents’ perceptions, patterns, and contexts 
of energy drink use. A focus group study. Appe-
tite, 80, 183-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ap-
pet.2014.05.013

Choi, H. J., Wolford-Clevenger, C., Brem, M. J., El-
mquist, J., Stuart, G. L., Pasch, K. E., & Temple, 
J. R. (2016). The temporal association between 
energy drink and alcohol use among adolescents: 
a short communication. Drug and Alcohol Depen-
dence, 158, 164-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
drugalcdep.2015.11.009

Cotter, B. V., Jackson, D. A., Merchant, R. C., Babu, 
K. M., Baird, J. R., Nirenberg, T., & Linakis, J. 

Recommendations for Further Research
 The findings have considerable and varied implica-
tions in the context of this research. This study reveals 
the increasing concern over adolescent energy drink 
intake and its potential connection to other drugs, 
especially alcohol. Theoretically, our findings add to 
the field by verifying and deepening our knowledge of 
the dangers that alcoholic drinks pose to adolescents. 
 Our research indicates that further long-term 
studies are required to track adolescents and better un-
derstand how their behavior may be affected as they ap-
proach adulthood through energy drinks. Additional-
ly, this study highlights the need for more investigation 
into the development and effectiveness of preventive 
and educational programs targeting adolescents. This 
includes researching school-based interventions, pub-
lic awareness campaigns, and collaborating with men-
tal health professionals to combat the psychological 
risks of consuming energy drinks and other substanc-
es. Ultimately, this study establishes a strong founda-
tion for future research to safeguard adolescent health 
and well-being while identifying key areas where sig-
nificant contributions can be made to address the dan-
gers of energy drink consumption in this age group.

References
Abian-Vicen, J., Puente, C., Salinero, J. J., González-

Millán, C., Areces, F., Muñoz, G., ... & Del Coso, 
J. (2014). A caffeinated energy drink improves 
jump performance in adolescent basketball play-
ers. Amino Acids, 46, 1333-1341. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00726-014-1702-6

Ahuja, M., Awasthi, M., Records, K., & Lamichhane, 
R. R. (2021). Early age of alcohol initiation and its 
association with suicidal behaviors. Substance Use 
& Misuse, 56(9), 1332-1338. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2021.1922452
Arksey, H., & O'Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: to-

wards a methodological framework. International 
Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 19-32. 
https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616

Arria, A. M., Caldeira, K. M., Kasperski, S. J., Vincent, 
K. B., Griffiths, R. R., & O’Grady, K. E. (2011). 
Energy drink consumption and increased risk for 
alcohol dependence. Alcoholism: Clinical and Ex-
perimental Research, 35(2), 365-375. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01352.x

Azagba, S., Langille, D., & Asbridge, M. (2014). An 



37

ENERGY DRINK CONSUMPTION AMONG ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS

ergy drinks mixed with alcohol. JAMA - Journal 
of the American Medical Association, dez(12), E1-
E2. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.187978

Ilie, G., Boak, A., Mann, R. E., Adlaf, E. M., Ham-
ilton, H., Asbridge, M., Rehm, J., & Cusimano, 
M. D. (2015). Energy drinks, alcohol, sports and 
traumatic brain injuries among adolescents. PLoS 
One, 10(9), e0135860. https://doi.org/10.1371/
journal.pone.0135860

Jones, S. C. (2011). “You wouldn't know it had alcohol 
in it until you read the can”: Adolescents and alco-
hol-energy drinks. Australasian Marketing Jour-
nal, 19(3), 189-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ausmj.2011.05.005

Jones, S. C., Barrie, L., & Berry, N. (2012). Why 
(not) alcohol energy drinks? A qualitative study 
with Australian university students. Drug and 
Alcohol Review, 31(3), 281-287.   https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2011.00319.x

Kaur, S., Christian, H., Cooper, M. N., Francis, J., Al-
len, K., & Trapp, G. (2020). Consumption of en-
ergy drinks is associated with depression, anxiety, 
and stress in young adult males: Evidence from a 
longitudinal cohort study. Depression and anxi-
ety, 37(11), 1089–1098. https://doi.org/10.1002/
da.23090

Kemps, E., Tiggemann, M., Cibich, M., & Cabala, A. 
(2019). Cognitive bias modification for energy 
drink cues. PloS one, 14(12), e0226387. https://
doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226387

Koivusilta, L., Kuoppamäki, H., & Rimpelä, A. 
(2016). Energy drink consumption, health com-
plaints and late bedtime among young adoles-
cents. International Journal of Public Health, 61, 
299-306.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-016-
0797-9

Larson, N., DeWolfe, J., Story, M., & Neumark-Sz-
tainer, D. (2014). Adolescent consumption of 
sports and energy drinks: linkages to higher physi-
cal activity, unhealthy beverage patterns, cigarette 
smoking, and screen media use. Journal of Nu-
trition Education and Behavior, 46(3), 181-187.  
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2014.02.008

Leal, W. E., & Jackson, D. B. (2019). The role of ener-
gy drink consumption in the intention to initiate 
marijuana use among adolescents. Addictive Be-
haviors, 93, 240-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
addbeh.2019.02.008

G. (2013). Energy drink and other substance use 
among adolescent and young adult emergency 
department patients. Pediatric Emergency Care, 
29(10), 1091–1097. https://doi.org/10.1097/
PEC.0b013e3182a6403d

Curran, C. P., & Marczinski, C. A. (2017). Taurine, 
caffeine, and energy drinks: Reviewing the risks 
to the adolescent brain. Birth Defects Research, 
109(20), 1640-1648. https://doi.org/10.1002/
bdr2.1177

Dawodu, A., & Cleaver, K. (2017). Behavioural cor-
relates of energy drink consumption among ad-
olescents: a review of the literature. Journal of 
Child Health Care, 21(4), 446-462. https://doi.
org/10.1177/1367493517731948

Donato, H., & Donato, M. (2019). Etapas na condução 
de uma revisão sistemática. Acta Médica Portu-
guesa, 32(3), 227-235. https://doi.org/10.20344/
amp.11923

Franklin, K. M., Hauser, S. R., Bell, R. L., & Engle-
man, E. A. (2013). Caffeinated Alcoholic Bev-
erages - An Emerging Trend in Alcohol Abuse. 
Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy, (Suppl. 
4), S4-012.  https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.
S4-012

Gallo-Salazar, C., Areces, F., Abián-Vicén, J., Lara, 
B., Salinero, J. J., Gonzalez-Millán, C., ... & Del 
Coso, J. (2015). Enhancing physical performance 
in elite junior tennis players with a caffeinated en-
ergy drink. International Journal of Sports Physiol-
ogy and Performance, 10(3), 305-310. https://doi.
org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0103

Gallimberti, L., Buja, A., Chindamo, S., Vinelli, A., 
Lazzarin, G., Terraneo, A., Scafato, E., & Baldo, 
V. (2013). Energy drink consumption in children 
and early adolescents. European Journal of Pedi-
atrics, 172, 1335-1340.  https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00431-013-2036-1

Harris, J. L., & Munsell, C. R. (2015). Energy drinks 
and adolescents: what's the harm?. Nutrition re-
views, 73(4), 247–257. https://doi.org/10.1093/
nutrit/nuu061

Higgins, J. P., Babu, K., Deuster, P. A., & Shear-
er, J. (2018). Energy drinks: A contemporary 
issues paper. Current Sports Medicine Re-
ports, 17(2), 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1249/
JSR.0000000000000454

Howland, J., & Rohsenow, D. J. (2013). Risks of en-



38

ANDRADE ET AL.

Norberg, M. M., Newins, A. R., Crone, C., Ham, L. 
S., Henry, A., Mills, L., & Dennis, P. A. (2019). 
Why are caffeinated alcoholic beverages especially 
risky? Addictive Behaviors, 98, 106062.  https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106062

O’dea, J. A. (2003). Consumption of nutritional sup-
plements among adolescents: usage and perceived 
benefits. Health Education Research, 18(1), 98-
107. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/18.1.98

Ouzzani, M., Hammady, H., Fedorowicz, Z., & El-
magarmid, A. (2016). Rayyan—a web and mobile 
app for systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 5, 
1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-
4

Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, 
I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., 
Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, 
R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, 
A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wil-
son, E., McDonald, S., ... Moher, D. (2021). The 
PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline 
for reporting systematic reviews. Internation-
al Journal of Surgery, 88, 105906. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.105906

Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., 
Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., 
Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, 
R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, 
A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wil-
son, E., McDonald, S., ... McKenzie, J. E. (2021). 
PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: 
updated guidance and exemplars for report-
ing systematic reviews. BMJ, 372. https://doi.
org/10.1136/bmj.n160

Park, S., Blanck, H. M., Sherry, B., Brener, N., & 
O'Toole, T. (2012). Factors associated with sug-
ar-sweetened beverage intake among United 
States high school students. The Journal of Nutri-
tion, 142(2), 306-312.  https://doi.org/10.3945/
jn.111.148536

Pennay, A., & Lubman, D. I. (2012). Alcohol and 
energy drinks: a pilot study exploring patterns of 
consumption, social contexts, benefits and harms. 
BMC Research Notes, 5(1), 1-10.  https://doi.
org/10.1186/1756-0500-5-369

Quigley, B. M., Miller, K. E., Eliseo-Arras, R. K., & 
Ball, N. J. (2019). Alcohol mixed energy drink use 
as a risk factor for experiencing and perpetrating 

Levac, D., Colquhoun, H., & O'Brien, K. K. (2010). 
Scoping studies: advancing the methodolo-
gy. Implementation Science, 5, 1-9. https://doi.
org/10.1186/1748-5908-5-69

Linden-Carmichael, A. N., & Lau-Barraco, C. (2017). 
A daily diary examination of caffeine mixed with 
alcohol among college students. Health Psychol-
ogy, 36(9), 881–889. https://doi.org/10.1037/
hea0000506

Lisko, J. G., Lee, G. E., Kimbrell, J. B., Rybak, M. 
E., Valentin-Blasini, L., & Watson, C. H. (2017). 
Caffeine concentrations in coffee, tea, chocolate, 
and energy drink flavored e-liquids. Nicotine & 
Tobacco Research, 19(4), 484-492. https://doi.
org/10.1093/ntr/ntw192

Magnezi, R., Bergman, L. C., Grinvald-Fogel, H., & 
Cohen, H. A. (2015). A survey of energy drink 
and alcohol mixed with energy drink consump-
tion. Israel Journal of Health Policy Research, 4, 
1-8.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-015-0052-5

Mai-Lippold, S. A., Dettlinger, C. M., Khalsa, S. S., & 
Pollatos, O. (2021). A pilot study on the effect of 
an energy drink on interoception in high vs. low 
anxiety sensitivity individuals. European Journal of 
Health Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1027/2512-
8442/a000061

Martz, M. E., Patrick, M. E., & Schulenberg, J. E. 
(2015). Alcohol mixed with energy drink use 
among US 12th-grade students: Prevalence, cor-
relates, and associations with unsafe driving. Jour-
nal of Adolescent Health, 56(5), 557-563. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.01.019

Mesirow, M. S., & Welsh, J. A. (2015). Changing 
beverage consumption patterns have resulted in 
fewer liquid calories in the diets of US children: 
National Health and Nutrition Examination Sur-
vey 2001-2010. Journal of the Academy of Nutri-
tion and Dietetics, 115(4), 559–66.e4. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jand.2014.09.004

Miller, K. E. (2008). Energy drinks, race, and prob-
lem behaviors among college students. Journal 
of Adolescent Health, 43(5), 490-497. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.03.003

Miller, K. E., Dermen, K. H., & Lucke, J. F. (2018). 
Caffeinated energy drink use by U.S. adolescents 
aged 13–17: A national profile. Psychology of Ad-
dictive Behaviors, 32(6), 647–659. https://doi.
org/10.1037/adb0000389



39

ENERGY DRINK CONSUMPTION AMONG ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS

Addictive Behaviors, 72, 93-99. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.03.016

Seifert, S. M., Schaechter, J. L., Hershorin, E. R., & 
Lipshultz, S. E. (2011). Health effects of ener-
gy drinks on children, adolescents, and young 
adults. Pediatrics, 127(3), 511-528. https://doi.
org/10.1542/peds.2009-3592

Snipes, D.J., Benotsch, E.G. (2013). High-risk 
cocktails and high-risk sex: examining the re-
lation between alcohol mixed with energy 
drink consumption, sexual behavior, and drug 
use in college students. Addictive Behaviors, 
2013;38:1418-1423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
addbeh.2012.07.011

Temple, J. L. (2009). Caffeine use in children: 
what we know, what we have left to learn, and 
why we should worry. Neuroscience & Biobe-
havioral Reviews, 33(6), 793-806. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.01.001

Tóth, Á., Soós, R., Szovák, E., M. Najbauer, N., 
Tényi, D., Csábí, G., & Wilhelm, M. (2020). 
Energy drink consumption, depression, and 
salutogenic sense of coherence among adoles-
cents and young adults. International Jour-
nal of Environmental Research and Public 
Health, 17(4), 1290.  https://doi.org/10.3390/
ijerph17041290

Townshend, J., & Duka, T. (2001). Attentional 
bias associated with alcohol cues: differences 
between heavy and occasional social drinkers. 
Psychopharmacology, 157, 67-74.  https://doi.
org/10.1007/s002130100764

Trapp, G. S., Allen, K., O'Sullivan, T. A., Robinson, 
M., Jacoby, P., & Oddy, W. H. (2014). Energy 
drink consumption is associated with anxi-
ety in Australian young adult males. Depres-
sion and Anxiety, 31(5), 420–428. https://doi.
org/10.1002/da.22175

Tran, N. L., Barraj, L. M., Bi, X., & Jack, M. M. 
(2016). Trends and patterns of caffeine con-
sumption among US teenagers and young 
adults, NHANES 2003-2012. Food and chem-
ical toxicology : an international journal pub-
lished for the British Industrial Biological Re-
search Association, 94, 227–242. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.fct.2016.06.007

Treloar, H. R., Piasecki, T. M., McCarthy, D. E., & 
Baker, T. B. (2014). Relations among caffeine 

bar aggression. Psychology of Addictive Behav-
iors, 33(3), 304–309.  https://doi.org/10.1037/
adb0000456

Reid, J. L., Hammond, D., McCrory, C., Dubin, J. 
A., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2015). Use of caffeinated 
energy drinks among secondary school students in 
Ontario: Prevalence and correlates of using energy 
drinks and mixing with alcohol. Canadian Jour-
nal of Public Health, 106, e101-e108.  https://doi.
org/10.17269/CJPH.106.4684

Reissig, C. J., Strain, E. C., & Griffiths, R. R. 
(2009). Caffeinated energy drinks—a growing 
problem. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 99(1-
3), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalc-
dep.2008.08.001

Rice, E. L., & Klein, W. M. P. (2019). Interactions 
among perceived norms and attitudes about 
health-related behaviors in U.S. adolescents. 
Health Psychology, 38(3), 268-275. https://doi.
org/10.1037/hea0000722

Richards, G., & Smith, A. P. (2016). A review of en-
ergy drinks and mental health, with a focus on 
stress, anxiety, and depression. Journal of Caffeine 
Research, 6(2), 49-63. https://doi.org/10.1089/
jcr.2015.0033

Sampasa-Kanyinga, H., Masengo, L., Hamilton, H. 
A., & Chaput, J. P. (2020). Energy drink con-
sumption and substance use among middle and 
high school students. International Journal of En-
vironmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 
3110. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093110

Sanchis-Gomar, F., Pareja-Galeano, H., Cervellin, G., 
Lippi, G., & Earnest, C. P. (2015). Energy drink 
overconsumption in adolescents: implications 
for arrhythmias and other cardiovascular events. 
Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 31(5), 572-575. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2014.12.019

Sather, T. E., Woolsey, C. L., Williams, R. D., Evans, M. 
W., & Cromartie, F. (2016). Age of first use of en-
ergy beverages predicts future maximal consump-
tion among naval pilot and flight officer candi-
dates. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 3(2016), 9-13. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2015.12.001

Scalese, M., Denoth, F., Siciliano, V., Bastiani, L., 
Cotichini, R., Cutilli, A., & Molinaro, S. (2017). 
Energy drink and alcohol mixed energy drink 
use among high school adolescents: association 
with risk taking behavior, social characteristics. 



40

ANDRADE ET AL.

consumption, smoking, smoking urge, and sub-
jective smoking reinforcement in daily life. Jour-
nal of Caffeine Research, 4(3), 93-99.  https://doi.
org/10.1089/jcr.2014.0007

U. S. Food and Drug Administration. Consumer Up-
dates (2018). Spilling the Beans: How Much Caf-
feine is Too Much?. Washington, DC. Retrieved 
from: https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consum-
er-updates/spilling-beans-how-much-caffeine-
too-much.

Visram, S., Cheetham, M., Riby, D. M., Crossley, S. 
J., & Lake, A. A. (2016). Consumption of ener-
gy drinks by children and young people: a rapid 
review examining evidence of physical effects and 
consumer attitudes. BMJ Open, 6(10), e010380. 
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010380

World Health Organization. (2019). Adolescent Health. 
https://www.who.int/health-topics/adoles-
cent-health#tab=tab_1

Wiggers, D., Reid, J. L., & Hammond, D. (2020). Ef-
ficacy of Canadian health warning statements on 
caffeinated energy drinks: an experimental study 
among young Canadians. Health Education Re-
search, 35(6), 618–626.  https://doi.org/10.1093/
her/cyaa040

Winston, A., Hardwick, E., & Jaberi, N. (2005). Neu-
ropsychiatric effects of caffeine. Advances in Psy-
chiatric Treatment, 11(6), 432-439.  https://doi.
org/10.1192/apt.11.6.432

Xu, H., Guo, J., Wan, Y., Zhang, S., Yang, R., Xu, H., 
Ding, P., & Tao, F. (2020). Association Between 
Screen Time, Fast Foods, Sugar-Sweetened Bever-
ages and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Ado-
lescents. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 458. https://
doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00458

Zandvliet, A. S., Huitema, A. D., De Jonge, M. E., Den 
Hoed, R., Sparidans, R. W., Hendriks, V. M., Van 
Den Brink, W., Van Ree, J. M., & Beijnen, J. H. 
(2005). Population pharmacokinetics of caffeine 
and its metabolites theobromine, paraxanthine 
and theophylline after inhalation in combination 
with diacetylmorphine. Basic & Clinical Phar-
macology & Toxicology, 96(1), 71-79.   https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2005.pto960111.x



41

ENERGY DRINK CONSUMPTION AMONG ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS

Table 1

Search Strategies Used for EMBASE, PsychNet, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science



42

ANDRADE ET AL.

Table 2

Summary of the Information and Characteristics of Each Study (n =11)



43

ENERGY DRINK CONSUMPTION AMONG ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS



44

ANDRADE ET AL.



45

ENERGY DRINK CONSUMPTION AMONG ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS



46

ANDRADE ET AL.

Note. Some of the studies utilized abbreviation words. ST: Screen time, FFs; Fast foods; SSBs: Sugar-sweetened 

beverages; ED: Energy drink; EDs: Energy drinks; MTF: Monitoring the Future; ARCs: Alcohol-related conse-

quences; AmED: Alcohol mixed with energy drink. 



47

ENERGY DRINK CONSUMPTION AMONG ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS

Figure 1

Flow Chart of Steps Performed During a Scoping Review




