id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentence	flesch	summary	cache	txt
grbs-16636	Johstono, Paul; Taylor, Michael J.	Reconstructing the Battle of Pydna	2022	33	.pdf	application/pdf	10707	444	61	Hellenistic tactical manuals described two ways for phalanxes to cover their flanks and rear, the oblong plaision and squared plinthion.50 However, in the manuals and in 46 While most of this essay has focused on topographical and tactical aspects of the battle, the methodology associated with J. Keegan, Face of Battle (London 1976), remains a landmark study for appreciating the psy- chological and physical variables of frontline combat, and how they impact the overall outcome of battles; for the dynamics of Roman battle see P. Sabin, “The Roman Face of Battle,” JRS 90 (2000) 1–17, although note that the hour-long combat at Pydna represent a brisk battle by Roman standards. 47 Livy reports less than 100 killed, mostly among the Paeligni.43 The lopsided casualty ratios were typical for Roman battle, where most of the casualties were suffered by the defeated side massacred in the pursuit, while few men were killed on either side during the pitched battle so long as they were able to maintain formations that maximized the protec- 41 Erdkamp, Mnemosyne 59 (2006) 545; P. Brunt, Italian Manpower (Oxford 1971) 643, was generally skeptical of casualty reports in Roman sources.	cache/grbs-16636.pdf	txt/grbs-16636.txt