Menander's "Sikyonios" Lloyd-Jones, Hugh Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Summer 1966; 7, 2; ProQuest pg. 131 Menander's Sikyonios Hugh Lloyd-Jones I N 1901 Pierre Jouguet discovered in the cemetery of Medinet-el­ Ghoran in the Fayoum several mummies stuffed with fragments of papyrus. Some of these came from a manuscript of the third century B.C. which contained a drama of the New Comedy. After a year, Jouguet published small fragments.1 Other larger and more important fragments could not then be read; cut up and glued together as they had been to serve as stuffing, a complicated chemical process was required. This process was carried out, to their great credit, by the papyrologists of the Sorbonne; and in January, 1965, Andre Bataille and Alain Blanchard offered to the public ten new fragments of the same play, some of them extensive, together with photographs of high quality.2 The papyrus contains about 423 lines of Menander's 1 BCH 30 (1906) 103f; these are conveniently accessible in o. Schroeder, Novae comoediae fragmenta in papyris reperta exceptis Menandreis (Berlin 1915) 99-102 and D. L. Page, ed. Greek Literary Papyri I (LCL, Harvard 1942) 306-312. a What follows is the text of a lecture, more or less as it was delivered in various places in Germany, England, Spain and the United States between June, 1965 and March, 1966. In January, 1965 I received through the kindness of the lamented Andre Bataille a copy of the Original publication of the new fragments by him and Alain Blanchard (Recherches de Papyrologie 3 [1965] 103-176 with plates). Between that time and June ofthe same year I discussed the play with friends at a seminar in Oxford and was lucky enough to be able to exchange suggestions with E. W. Handley in London and with Rudolf Kassel in West Berlin. During the autumn of 1965 these scholars published important contributions to the under­ standing of the work, Handley in the Bulletin of the London Institute of Classical Studies No. 12 (1965) 38-62 and Kassel in Eranos 63 (1965) 1-21. In January, 1966 Kassel brought out an edition of the play (Kleine Texte fUr Vorlesungen und Obungen 185 [de Gruyter, Berlin 1965]), whose production so soon after the publication of the large fragments is a remarkable feat of scholarship. Some of my suggestions and those of my Oxford colleagues found hospitality in these publications; and soon after receiving Kassel's edition I incorporated all I then had to add in an article which will presently appear in Emerita, together with the results of a fresh exami­ nation of the Sorbonne papyrus by Dr R. A. Coles. This paper aims simply at giving a general account of the play. It contains little that is new, and where it does this is indicated in the notes; to learn who first advanced any of the views adopted and what arguments support them, the reader should consult one or other of the publications I have referred to. Other literature is listed in Kassel's preface and in my article in Emerita. I take this opportu­ nity to give a list of misprints in his edition, most of them supplied to me by the editor 4-G·R.B.S. 131 132 MENANDER'S SIKYONIOS Sikyonios; fragments known from other sources bring the total to approximately 441.3 The first two of the new fragments (III and IV in the first edition, 1-19 and 20-51 Kassel) were seen by the first editors to belong together. In the second of them (23-4) we recognize what must be the ends of two lines found together near the end of the prologue of the Dyskolos (45-6): ... 'J' \.1.. -'- \ \ il'" '1- \ TaUT €GTt Ta K€'f'CXII.ata· Ta Kav €KaGTa o€ 0tP€GO'], €d.v {10VATJGO€· {10VA~OT)T€ M. It is natural to guess that here too the lines come from near the end of the prologue speech. In the Dyskolos they are followed by three lines in which Pan gives warning of the approach of Sostratos with his friend Chaireas; but here the fragmentary lines that follow look as if the prologue speech must have concluded with the formula. The contents of fro III of the first edition (1-19 Kassel) look like one of the accounts of past events given in prologue speeches and spoken as a rule by a divinity or a personified abstraction. We cannot know for certain whether the prologue speech began the play or not, since Menander's practice was not uniform in this respect; but the fragmentary lines following the prologue give me the impression that in this case the prologue did begin the play. In these lines we hear how a girl was kidnapped in infancy by pirates, together with an old woman, obviously her nurse, and a slave, and was sold at Mylasa in Caria . • • • • ]ap€tval ¢>T)f.J.t TOVTOV OvyaTpwp· ~[s 8'] ~yKpaT€ts €y~voVTo GW/LaTwv TP.[LWV, ti]v ypavv /Lev OUK l8og€ AVGLT€A€tv ci[Y€LV himself: p. iv, ad fin. praeJ., read "F. H. Sandbach"; n.12, read HM. F. Galiano"; p. 21, note on 270f in app.crit., for T]~ read T[~; p. 28, note on 393 in commentary, read "portandae"; p. 31, in fro 2 read ~Ao,86p1]TOV (twice); p. 35, at top, read "Verborum". The reader will find it convenient to read this paper with Kassel's edition in hand, but I have quoted extensively from the play, seldom departing far from Kassel's text, except that I have admitted rather more supplements to the text itself than would be proper in a criti­ cal edition. For an apparatus criticus, the reader is referred to Kassel. I am very greatly obliged to Mr Handley and also to the friends with whom I discussed the play in Oxford, in particular to Dr Colin Austin, now Fellow of Trinity Hall, Cambridge. But like all present and future readers of the Sileyonios I am above all indebted to Rudolf Kassel. 3 Fr. 6 Kassel is probably not from the Sileyonios; see C.W. Miiller, RM 107 (1964) 285-287. Kassel forgot this article in his edition but has now drawn my attention to it. .. 5 10 15 HUGH LLOYD-JONES ,..... , ~I ~\ , '),., aVTO £S, TO 7TCUU£OV UE Ka£ T~V O£KETTJV TfjS Kap{as ayaYOVTES Els Ta Mv'\au' ~[KEL ~XPWVT' ayopa£, Ka8fjTO T' E7Tt TfjS ay~[aA7JS €]XWV 0 8Epa7TWV rt,V TP0tP{/L7JV. 7TwA[ov/L'vQtS ] ~ \f) fH I " ff I [ 7T pOU7J1\ EV YEfl-WV ns' 7JpWTa 7TO?, OV ..... '),. ,,)# , ,., [p' TaVT EUTLV; 7JKOVUEV' UVVEXWp7JU . E1T LaTO. 7Ta,\{/Lf30'\os 8E TWL fiEpa1Tovn 7T~7Jut9[V ] ~ "f) " ", EK€{V7] yEyOV€V. (IIv.) aU' E/L 1TpaYJ.LaULV, , It is not certain whether TJY''1.J.WV should be interpreted as the proper name ·Hylp.wvor 1Jy€p.cfJv meaning "a commander"; for my reasons for inclining to the former view, see my article in Emerita. 134 MEN ANDER'S SIKYONIOS '"' "I. I ] ~" ',I.,. I'i:: ,'\' , ~Tp(f:T0'f'aVTJ, K awo,S' EaEt (tV a'f'oopa T aVE/\1TU7TOLS' naw , ", ,~ ~]f) • I ." ( '"' )' \ \ ' ~ OVK up avrYJS' ,/a as' voS', wS' EotKEV. ~Tp. al\l\a TOV; 130 ] \ ~" f} -- 'i:: \ \ , , • TE/\EVTwa EV ao, TO aov YEVOS' E ]ypa~EV. (B'r}.) a1Tof}V7}LaKWV 00 c!>f}OVEL ] , f} ~ \. ~" ~ .aw aya OV· TOVS' EaVTOV a aYVOE w OVK €(30VAET'. (IIv.) OV P.bVOV 0' ?jv ToiJ-ro' Ka~ 8{K'rJV 81 TWt "',,1.\ • 1 ." r~' \ B ' W'f'/\EV 0 1TaT'r}p, wS' EOtKE, ",WV 0 aoS' OLWTLWt 135 (ETP.) J1TVf}bP.'r}V (IIv.) 1ToAAwv TaAcfvTWV, ETpaTocPcfV'rJ, KaTtx. cnJp.- {3oAa. ( '"' ) "'\f} , 1 • 1 "'f}" ~Tp. 'r}/\ E 1TEP' TOVTWV a1TaVTWV P.OL TOT EV VS' ypap.f.LaTa 1 ~ \ \ , " \' " TT , T'r}V TE TOV 1TaTpoS' TE/\EVrYJV ap.a /\EyOVT ELS' naptav. (II ) " ,,), I , f}' ..... , , V. OVT aYWYLf.LOV aE TOVTWL 1TV Of.LEV'rJ TWV TOVS' VOf.LOVS' ,~ , ", I .... "'"' ,...... , EWOTWV TrJV T ovaLav aov, TOVTO 1TPOVVOELTO aov 140 Kat TEAEVTwa' CX7rEOtOOV UE TO/:S' €aVTWV EoAbyWS'. (ETp.) OOS' TO ypaf.Lf.LaTEtOLbV f.L0L. (IIv') Ka~ TaOt xwPtS' cP1pw ~ '" ,",,I.,.' , TWV YEypaf.Lf.LEVWV EKELV'rJt, ~TpaT0'f'aV'rJ, yvwpLap.aTa , " C' "".J.. C'~I \1 KaL TEKf.L'r}pL , WS' EKELVTJV E'f'aaav OL OOVTES' /\EyELV ,waav. (ffrJ.) JJ 8la1ToLv' 'A8'r}va, TOVTOVt aavTfjS' 1TbEL, 145 iva Acf{3'r}L T7Jv 1Ta/:o', Jyw O€ MaAf}cfK'r}V. (ETP.) {3a8t~ETE. OEVpO B7jpwv (B'r}.) OV AlYEtS' P.OL -; (ETp.) 1TpbaYE, f.L'r}f}lv 1TW AcfAEL. (871.) &AA' (Jf.Lws· K&YW-{ ETP.) {3cf~it~E. Kat aV OEVPO, IIvppta' ... , ... \' \" 'f} , \ 1 Q \ TWV Ef.LWV /\oywv yap OLUELS' EV EWS Ta uVf.LfJo/\a \ \ 'i::!1: ' , , , Q 1\ ~ KaL 1Tapwv OEc.sELS', Eav ns aVTa fJOV/\'r}TaL aK01TELV. XOPOY A slave called Pyrrhias has been sent home (120), apparently to see his master's mother (122) and probably to tell her that his master and his companions have arrived somewhere safely (121). What news does he bring (123)? He has returned looking melancholy (124). "Has any untoward event befallen us, Pyrrhias?" someone asks (125). "Your mother died last year," Pyrrhias appears to say. "Alas," says another person, evidently his master. "She was very old," puts in a third party. "But very dear to me," replies Pyrrhias' master, or so it seems. "But now your position is altered, very unexpectedly," says Pyrrhias, "you were not, after all, her son." "Whose son am I then?" "As she was dying," says Pyrrhias, " ... she wrote down here your family. A person who is dying does not grudge happiness to [the survivors]. She did not wish you to go ignorant of your own people. And it was not only that; .. HUGH LLOYD-JONES 135 it was also that your father, while still living, had lost a lawsuit to a Boeotian." "I had heard that," says the master. "A suit involving many talents, Stratophanes"-there we have the master's name-"a suit governed by international treaties." "Letters came to tell me all this at the time, in Caria, and also to tell me of my father's death." "She had learned from those who knew the law that you were liable to be seized by this man, you and your property; so she took thought for you in this matter and as she lay dying gave you back to your own people, as was proper." "Give me the paper!" "Apart from what she wrote down, I bring separately these tokens and proofs, as she said they were according to those who gave them to me." Now comes an aside by the third speaker in the conversation: "0 lady Athena, make this man your own, so that he may get the girl and I Malthake!" Now Stratophanes resumes: "Come on! Come this way, Theron!" "Won't you tell me ... ?" "Come along! Say nothing yet!" "But all the same, I too ... " "Come! You too come this way, Pyrrhias, for you shall bring at once the proof that what I say is true, and you shall display it on the spot for anyone who cares to examine it." Here the act ends; it is the third act of the play, for against the second line of the act that follows there is a stichometric letter, eta, indicating that this is line 700 of the play. Let us examine the tetra­ meter scene at the end of the third act. Stratophanes has sent his slave Pyrrhias home to his mother with a message, apparently with the news of his safe arrival at some place or other. Pyrrhias has arrived to find that the mother is dead; but she has not died before making a deposition showing Stratophanes to be the son not of his supposed parents but of some other couple of different nationality. The aside about Malthake indicates that Stratophanes will in fact turn out to be a citizen of Athens. If the heroine of a comedy is an Athenian citizen, one has to be an Athenian citizen oneself if one is to marry her. One of the mother's reasons for leaving the deposition has been that her husband has died leaving a large debt, for which Stratophanes would be held responsible only if he were really his supposed father's son. The news of his supposed father's death has found Stratophanes in Caria, a place already mentioned in the playas the scene of the sale described in the prologue speech. At the end of the scene Stratophanes departs to prove his real nationality, calling the slave Pyrrhias and the third speaker in the conversation, whose name turns out to be Theron, to accompany him. We know from a passage in Aelian and from three 136 MENANDER'S SIKYONIOS mentions in the Suda (see fro 10 Kassel) that Theron was the name of one of Menander's most celebrated parasites. Parasites, says Pollux (see fro 9 :Kassel), on the stage wear black or gray, except in the Sikyo­ nios, where the parasite wears white because he is going to be married. It looks as if Malthake (145) is the lady whom at some point in the action the parasite hopes to marry. The fourth act starts with a dialogue between two persons (150ff Kassel). "You are a mob full of nonsense," oddly remarks one of them, "you rascal, supposing that the man who weeps and implores must have a good case, whereas this just about proves that he is up to no good. That is not how the truth is determined, but much rather in a small assembly." 150 ( ~ ) "A t.J..A I I.,. \ I ~p.. ox oS' € '{J vapov P.€(T'TOS', W 7TOVTJpE (TV, ~, \ A' ~ ~ A' otKata 'Toy K aOJI'Ta 7TPO(TOOKWV EY€W \ \ ~ , ~ ~\ ~\" ~ Kat 'TOV O€0P.€VOV- 'TOV OE p.1JO€ EV 7TOEtV C' I ~\ ..... " ..... , VytES', (TXEOOV 'Tav'T E(T'Tt VVV 'T€KP.'Y}PLOV. , '0' pvS' €7T'Y}[pKO'TaS' a7TaV'Tas. (Ep..) DXAOS ~V S' OP.OAOY •• [ ( ') 'J'" ..... , " [ • OVK av YEVOL'TO 'TOV'T • EyW a€. 'TOp. 7TAovawv KA€7T'TOJI'Ta (T.[ I " , [ (TKEV'Y} 'T€ Kat 'TOV'TWV a7TOT. 165 '" 'i: " " ,/..,[ apyvptOV OVK €s OtKLas taws '{J 'TWV &:YOJLEVWV EK€ta€ 7TpO[ (Ep..) OLP.W'€. ( ? ) Kat aVo (Ep..) VOVV €X€tS' c/>[Oap€ls. aK&c/>'Y}S' , \ , JI '" I r" , EyW yap av a E7TO'Y}aa (TVvaT9LJ-"WTEpOV. "You have an oligarchic nature and you are a rascal, by mighty Zeus!" replies the second speaker at 156; at the end of the line we read EM[, which can hardly be anything but the beginning of one of the commonest names for an elderly Athenian citizen in the New Ii The last word of line 159 may conceivably have been {3apvC!f. 'ToJ-LWv, but by way of a parallel I can cite nothing more relevant than Nonnus, Dionys. 48.420 &.\A& po€ K€p7opolovCTa {3ap6CT'Top.os o~li pov8w, I TJKaX€ A"1MV'TO'o 1T&is, 8VCT1T&p8€Vo'l AlJP"1. HUGH LLOYD-JONES 137 Comedy, Smikrines. Bearers of this name are apt to be not altogether easy to get on with, so that it well suits the speaker of this scene's opening speech. "I don't care," he now replies. "Heracles!" says the other, "you will be the death of me, you very [irascible] people." "Why do you abuse me ... ?" says Smikrines. "I hate you and all you super­ cilious fellows," says the other, and then the details of the conversa­ tion become obscure, though it is clear that it becomes no politer on either side, and Smikrines appears to bring a charge of theft against some person whose identity cannot be made out. Finally Smikrines utters the imprecation O'tfLW~E (167); the other retorts with "The same to you!" and leaves the stage; and Smikrines hurls after his retreating back, "It's wise of you to clear off; else I would have sealed your lips tighter than a jar's."6 Smikrines, if this is indeed his name, will have been an elderly Athenian citizen. So, in all probability, will have been his interlocutor in this scene; the two treat each other with equal rudeness, so that they are probably equals in rank and station. Further comment on this scene must be postponed till later (pp. 155f); we must go on to consider that which immediately follows it (169ff Kassel): (Ayy.) JJ YEpatt, fLELVOV EfL 7TapaaTa[atV 86fLov. (EfL.) fLtvw. Tlvos 8E TOVTO (}wva[aEts Xapw; (Ayy.) 6JS (tv aU fLtKpOV Kat Ka1TV[ (EfL') (30VAOfLE(j' aKovaat TO: 7TEpt T[ Ka~ .. V . f!~Vpf!WEt8E~f![ (Ayy.) El8c1s TO: 7TVV[ 175 (EfL') a1Taaav 7]fLLV El[ (Ayy.) ETvYXavov fLEV ov[ {3 , \ \ A" [ atvwv, fLa TOV .LJ t , OVT~T JE TOVT' ifLOl, KaAws 7TOtWV ] \ \ ~ "" , , ~at Ta TWV aN\WV KaKa 180 ]f.Lat CPOf3EPOS Els Tpun{3oAov ] \, {3..... of" 't\ I T~ KOtVOV fLEya owv OtS av TVXW ] I rt " 'Y .... . . .. TtKOS, Ot7TEP Kat fLoVO" aw,,<;,ovat Y7Jv- 't.] " ~'" "'" , ES c;.aTEws 0 7JKWV tV EVTUXOLfL" TWL T] WV 07JfLOTWV fLt.uOVTt AE7TTOV {3ol8tov 185 , "()' tI , "..... , VEfLEtV aKOVEW oaa 7TpoaEaT aVTWL KaKa • \ ~ '{3 , ,~ (' ~'" 0;-V7TO TWV /\a OVTWV fLEptoa TOVTWV 0 aVTOs 7JV. 6 Bataille's fragments x, v and VI follow one another in that order; see Kassel, "Menan­ clers Sikyonier," Eranos 63 (1965) sf! for a demonstration of this fact. 138 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 MENANDER'S SIKYONIOS 'TOU rijs (JEOU 01]JLOV yap ElJL' E71'WvVJLOV-7 {3M71'EtS ;-' E'\EvutVtOS) E71'lurrJV !5x'\OV lowv ''''' \' ,tt' "'" f ..... 71'pOS 'TO'S 71'po71'Vl\atOtS Kat 71'apES JL Et71'WV opw (J I ~~, l' I ~ I \ Ka 71JLEV7JV 71'ato EtS 'TE 'TOV'TWV 'TWV KVKI\WL I '(J \ ~ ~ l' \ I YEVOJLEVOS EV vs 071JLOS 71V Kat KVptOV 'T}ijs Ka(J71JLlV7JS KOP71S Here seven lines are missing. '" [ OV7fW 71'E71'VUJLat V C" " [ o KVptOS KaKOJL 71'071U'TIt K. , \ (J" ~ '(J ~\ [ Kav'TOS JLE VJLWV EV aot Kf!- , I ~ \ '" (J '[ E71'O'T/UE 'TOV'TO Kat JLEY WPEX 71 uaJLEV f ~ ff \~ I' f ~.. \ 1\ [ 71JLEtS 71'Ol\t'TtS EU'TtV 71 71'a,s, Kat JLOI\L S ovv 'TWt KVK'\Wt 71'cXALV Ka'TEu{3lu(J71 71'[ o'\OS ~XOS. u£w7Tfjs YEvoJLlV7Js 71'poutU'Ta'Ta£ I , \ ~ (J I \ I [ JLEtpaKtOV EyyvS 'TWt Epa71'OV'Tt I\EVKOXPW v • 1\ 'I I \ \ t \ (J V7fOI\ELOV aYEVEWV 'Tt Kat JL£KPOV I\a v 'Q 1\ , , , I .. ~r \ I .. E,...OVI\E'T • OVK EtauaJLEV· JLEt,:>OV I\EyE '(J I 'f3 I \.. I Q 1\ " €V VS 'TtS avE 071UE Kat 'Tt ,...OVI\E'Tat j C'C' " "ct" , , " cC' ~ l' t (J I .. 'TtS' EU'Tt; 'Tt I\EyEtS'; ° wEV OV'TOS ° Epa71'WV • ..I.- I .. 1\ \ 'Q (J ~ 8 " 'f"IUtV, 71'al\at yap ov ,...071 w; Kav 'TtVOS' ~ I " [ J \ \ 1\ \' , I OE71T EPW'T •• K at 'Ta 71'OIV\ aK71Koa 'J ~ \ I " \ \ ~ I .. av TOV I\EYOVTOS ap'Tt 71'P0S' TOV OEU71'0T'T/V. J I " 1:'1 •• • KOKKWOS YEVOJLEVOS V7faVEOVETO • •• 71'aVTE'\WS' ~V {30E'\VPOS· ou U~OOp' 7JpEUEV • Jf,'E£VOE, JLO£XW071S Ot JLaMov KaTE~aV7J · ] . y' EyKpayoVT~S' fH1T9· f!-p[ . J . ~CP9'f!-~V . [ · . Jp 'ToVrov Els (J' ~JLWV YEVOJLEVOS E'{3'\EV[ EV 'J \ I '\ '\ [J ~,\ [ I EtS T'T/V KOP71V, El\al\E' TE 'TO'S' EyyvS' UVXV a JOJL 71'E~EVYV'i' ~ KOPTJ !5]ifEt 'T'S' aVOptKOS' 71'aVV J \ \ LJ'" \ ., JLWS V7J 'TOV t EyyVS £U'TaTa£ ~(J ., \ I aJv pW71'OS E'TEpOS Ka£ TptTOS JVTWV cfJs 0' EvlfJ'\Eif' EyyV(JEV J ~o', Ega71'tV7JS' 71'OTaJLOV Twa JVTOS EJL71'a(JwS' 'TE 'TWV 7 For an explanation of my conjecture ~1TWyQf£Ov in place of the papyrus reading nrwvvp.ov, see my article in Emerita. e 1T&.\(u yap ou {JoT/8w; is presumably a question; but I do not understand the meaning of this passage, which is obscured by our ignorance of the surrounding context. 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 • HUGH LLOYD-JONES Aa ]p,f3d:V€Ta£ f3pVXWP,€VOS; J€Aaf3€ TOUS; EO'rYJK6Tas; ] I f3 1\ \ I \ I " € T£ OVI\€£j I\€y€, I\€y€o ] "., '()' V OVTWS; TJ €OS; ] • A , A Vp,tV €VTVX€LV T€lTporpa p,£KpOV 7Ta£8iov ] ati'Tw£ rpatV€Ta£ ] ' , 7!pwnO'Ta fL€V ]p,WV agtws; JTJO'TJBoaav JTJp ]fWV oxAOV ]€LV ] 0 7Ta]Tp6S; athfjs;, Ep,6V 0' OV'T' a7Toolowp,£ Tfj£ K6pTJ£o TpOrp€"i' arplTJp,' 0 OVOEV ag£w >.af3€"iVo ~ " , \, "" €Vp£O'K€TW TOp, 7TaT€pa Ka£ TOVS; O'VYY€V€LS;° OVK avnTd:TTOp,' OV(}'V 0" .. €J Y' 0" .. aKOVaaT€ , , ,~, ,,~ " '" Kat Tap,a 0 , aVOp€s; 0 OVT€S; aVTOt KVP£O£ TaVTTJS; (arp€LTa£ TOV rp6f3ov yap V7T6 y' EfLov) , \" ()' () \ 1 7TpOS; TTJV £€p€£av €O' € Ka£ rYJPTjO'aTw f .... " \ , " ,\ , Vp'LV €KHVTj TTjY KOpTJVo 7TOI\I\TjV nva A()' t .....,,, ~\" I TOV WS; 7TpoO'TJK €vvotav € tl\KVO' 0 aV€Kpayov .. , (}..... '" ., ft \ I ", '\ op WS; y€ 7TaV'T€S;, €LTa I\€y€ 7TaVT€S; 7Tal\LV 0 "'P 1 \' .,. ~I ':"'£KVWVWS; TO 7TPOT€POV € £va£ 7TpOO'€OOKWV ," ~'t' A,/.. 1 Kayw 0 7Tap€O'n 0 OVTOO'£ p,Ot VVV 'f'€PWV \ ~ ()' \, , fLTJrpos; ota TjKas; KCtL Y€VOVs yvwp£O'fLarao .,. ~\ ".,..... I ° £fLa£ u€ KaVTOS;, €, n TO £S; y€ypap,p,€VOtS; 1 '() , A' ~ A TOVTO£S; T€Kp,a£p€O' aL P,€ 7TtaT€VO'a£ T€ O€L, ., , , t' \ '\ I~ € tva£ 7TOl\trYJS; VP,€T€POS; 0 TTJV €1\7TWa 1 " ,/.. 1\ ()' , \ \' " ,/.. A A () , p'TJ7TW P, a'f'€I\TJO' ,al\l\ av 'f'avw TTJS; 7Tap €VOV " \' c\ tI ..... , Kayw 7TOl\tTTJS;, TJV €O'wO'a rw£ 7Tarp£, " • 'A' A "f3A €aaaT a£TTjO'at P,€ TOVTOV Kat I\a €LV O rwv avrt7Tparr6vrwv 0' EfLO;' rfjs 7Tapf)Evov fLTJ(}€IS y€v€O'(}w KVPWS 7Tp;'V afL rpavfj£ , ..... ',tt,(} ..... ,' \tt~' "(}A " €K€LVOS 0 op ws; Ka£ otKat, op ws; 0 ay€ , \ " "\f3'" t\ , [ 7TpOS; TTjV t€p€£av, ay€ I\a wv 0 0 I\€VKOXPCP s; EK€"iVOS; EgalrpVTjS; T€ 7Tapa7TTjoiX, mx>.[LV 139 140 MENANDER'S SIKYONIOS 260 I .I. .. , I ()" • , Kat -p"f}aL TaVTt UVJL7TE7TOt WS OVTOO't vVV ;ga7TlV"f}S EiA"f}CPE 8ta()~Kas 7TO()~[V , I \1 • I ~, [ EO'Tt TE 7TOl\t'T"f}S VJLETEpOS, TpaywWta , -. ", , " '.J... I [ " KEV"f}t T aYOJLEVOS 'T"f}V KOp"f}V a-p"fJuET at; It..,., ,,, ,.. \ 't: ' " ap OVK a7TOKTEVEtS TOV EsVp1]JLEVOV; 265 C't \ A" .", I ., fI "" f(" -., [ JLa L.I t , a/\/\a 0' , ouns· OV yap; OVK EK TOV JLEq OV, \ , ".. 1\ \' • ~ I , [ ()'" l\aO'TavpE; 7TO/\/\ VJLtV YEVOLTO Kay a a. , ~ .. " f3 It::! Y" ~ ,,, • () '[ EKEWOS ayE, aots avaO'TaO'. 0 Epa 7TWV ... ~ \' f3~~ ".1.[' , VJLWV KEI\EVOVTWV aOLEtTaL -p"f} O't, Kat •• \ , , ,,~ ".. I f3 I~ Y'" > I [ KEI\EVET , avopES; vat, aOLs. aVtO'T aTO, 270 ;f3aOL~E. JL'Xpt TOVTOV 7Tapfjv· T[ a AOL7Ta o€ , , \ , " , '" :- \ \' , '[p OVKETt I\EyEw EXOLJL av, ltI\I\ a7TE XOJLa£. His interlocutor having departed, Smikrines is preparing to follow when he is detained by a newcomer to the stage, who accosts him in the high-sounding language of paratragedy with HOld man, remain within the house's porch!" HI am remaining," replies the other in the same vein, Hbut on what behoof do you shout this utterance?" The newcomer seems to indicate that he brings news and Smikrines to express his willingness to hear it. Lines 176-7 unmistakably suggest the opening of a tragic messenger speech and indeed recall a particular specimen, one of the most famous in ancient times. The Messenger who in the Orestes of Euri­ pides comes to report to Electra the deliberations of the Argive assembly regarding her fate and that of her brother Orestes starts with these words: , , , > '(j \ ~ " ETvyxavov JLEV aypo EV 7TVI\WV EO'W f3 ' (j' (j ~, , , >.1.' ~ atvwv, TTV EO' at OEOJLEVOS Ta T aJL-pt O'OV I , > ,/,.' '0 I Ta T aJL-p PEO'TOV. The opening of his speech is parodied by the comic poet Alcaeus (fr. 19 Kock) and by Lucian in his ZEUS TpaywL86s (33); clearly it is paro­ died here also.9 In Bataille's fro v we find part of a long narrative speech which is obviously the one whose beginning we have just examined. In , R. Merkelbach (ap. Kassel) has ingeniously suggested that the messenger speech of the Sikyonios began (176-7) as follows: EWrXavov /L~ OU[K ayp68€ 1TVAwv lC1W {Jalvwv, /La TOV At', KTA. This is most attractive; only as the next letters in line 177 are OVT~T[, perhaps in line 176 ol1[T' is likelier than OU[K. HUGH LLOYD-JONES 141 its opening lines, the speaker is describing his own character and manner of life. The text is mutilated and we cannot guess the sense with safety (178-81); but at 182 we recognize a parody of the line with which the Messenger of the Orestes characterizes the honest farmer (920): 't ,., " '1'" ..... aVTOVpyOS, Ot7n::p Kat fLoVOt awt",Ovat Y7JV. The speaker claims that he, like that honest farmer, belongs to a class that "alone keeps the country safe." Perhaps he claimed to be 'a democrat' or 'a worker'; 0'11-'0 JTLKbS and ipya JTLKbS are the two likeliest suggestions made so far. Like the scene in the Argive assembly in the Orestes, the scene now to be described is concerned with the fate of a man and a woman, and an occasional touch of parody here recalls the Orestes. But it is going too far to say that this messenger speech is 'modelled' upon that one; rather it makes use of it in the same light, allusive manner in which the arbitration scene of Menander's Epitrep­ ontes seems to have made use of the famous scene in which the fate of an exposed infant was decided, in a very different fashion, in the Alope of Euripides.10 From 183 on we are able to follow the speech of the Messenger. "I was going from the city," he continues, "to meet one of my fellow­ demesmen, who was about to contribute a lean ox and to hear all its shortcomings described by those who got a share." Clearly he was on the way to attend a communal sacrifice offered by the members of his deme. "And I myself was one of them," he goes on, "for I am of the deme that gave the goddess her name-do you see ?-an Eleusinian. I stopped, seeing a crowd near the entrance to the temple, and with the words 'Let me pass!' I saw a girl sitting there. I became one of the . I d t " Clrc e, an a once ... The next section of the text is gravely mutilated; but the speaker went on to describe a dispute over the girl involving three men, one of them a slave, which took place before the great temple of Demeter at Eleusis. At 197, it is claimed that the girl is a citizen. "Gradually the great tumult all around died down," goes on the speaker "and as soon as all was quiet up came a young man near the slave, pale, rather smooth, beardless and small of stature. He wanted to [?speak]; we would not let him. 'Speak louder,' someone at once shouted, 'What does he want? Who is he?' 'What are you saying?' 'This slave knows,' • said he." 10 SeeWilamowirz, Das Schiedsgericht (1925) pp. 127ff. 142 MENANDER'S SIKYONIOS At this point the text again becomes obscure. But at 215 there is mention of someone whose appearance, in contrast to that of the pale young man, is Hvery manly." This person shows passionate emotion; the Hriver" of 219 will have been a river of tears, the word £p/TT(x.8ws in 220 applies to one of his actions, and in 221 he probably clasps his hair. The speakers are powerfully affected (222); they all encourage him to speak and he does so, starting with a solemn adjuration (224ff). HSO may the goddess grant you prosperity," he seems to say, HI declare that I brought this girl up when she was a small child." The next ten lines are fragmentary, but at 236ff we have the concluding words of this speech. First, he makes a present to the girl of a piece of his own property; this is probably the slave who had been kidnapped with her and is now taking part in the dispute over her. HI will take no payment for having reared her," he continues (237), HI demand nothing. Let her find her father and her relations; I do not oppose it." The audience expresses approval and the speaker continues. H 'But hear my side of the case, gentlemen!' he says. 'You yourselves be the girl's guardians and-for she has nothing to fear from me, at least-deposit her with the priestess and let her look after her for you: This rightly won him much sympathy; they all called out, 'Quite right!' and then, 'Go on!' 'At first I thought I too was a Sicyonian; but here is this man who now brings me my mother's testament and the proofs of my true birth. And I myselfbelieve-ifI am to infer from what is written here and to credit it-that I too am your fellow-citizen. Do not yet deprive me of my hope; but ifI too am proved to be a fellow citizen of the girl whom I preserved for her father, allow me to ask him for her and to get her. And let none of my antagonists get the girl into his power before he is revealed.' H 'Quite right!' and 'Justly! Quite right!' they cry. 'Come, take her to the priestess!' At once the pale man rushes up again and says, 'I'm convinced of this, that this man has suddenly obtained a testament from somewhere, and is your fellow-citizen, and will let go the girl he is trying to get hold of by an empty piece of play-acting!' 'Will you not kill the shaven one?' 'No, but you, whoever you are!' 'Out ofthe way, pervert!' 'I wish you all good fortune! Come, rise and go!' said he. 'If you command her,' said the slave, 'she will go,' and then, 'Command her, gentlemen.' She rose and went. Up to that moment I was present, but the rest I cannot tell you; I must go" One of the contenders for the girl is a pale, slender young man, HUGH LLOYD-JONES 143 closely corresponding to the mask of the "soft young man" (ct7TaAOS' V€aVlaKOS) as described by Pollux: "white-skinned, unused to the sun, obviously soft" (A€VKbS', uKLaTpocplas, ct7TaA6T1]Ta Vrro87JAWV). The other on the contrary, is "very manly in appearance" (215). This second speaker at first believed himself to be a Sicyonian but points to the presence of someone who has brought his mother's deposition and the proofs of his true birth (246ft} We remember that the person called Stratophanes who figured in the third act has received from his slave Pyrrhias just such documents; and we can hardly help concluding that the manlier of the two claimants and Stratophanes must be one and the same person. The name itself has a military ring, and it is borne by a soldier in Plautus' Truculentus. "Lady Athena, make him get the girl!" Theron has murmured at line 145. That confirms that Stratophanes is pursuing a girl, and so supports the identification. When Stratophanes heard of his father's death he was in Caria (136-7), and Caria is a natural place in which to find a mercenary soldier; Plautus' Curculio and Terence's Eunuchussupplyparallels. Not all soldiers in the New Comedy are of the boastful sort typified by Pyrgopolinices in Plautus' Miles Gloriosus: Polemon in the Perikeiromene and Thrasonides in the Misoumenosll are sympathetic characters, each of whom ends by marrying the heroine. At 226, if the text is right, Stratophanes claims to have reared the girl in infancy; at 253 he claims to have preserved her for her father. Either he is the supposed son of the man who bought her in Caria (9, 14) and speaks of having reared her and having preserved her because his father has done so, or else he himself is the man who bought her.12 In either case, Stratophanes is now a suitor for her hand. Following, perhaps, in his father's footsteps, Stratophanes has served as a mercenary in Caria; as we shall see presently, he has made a great deal of money. On hearing of his father's death and of the large debt his father has incurred, Stratophanes has left Caria for Greece and landed at Athens. In the meantime, the Boeotian creditor (133-4) has made his way to the family horne at Sicyon and has laid hands upon the dead man's property. The girl has of course been given the education of a lady; but her legal status is that of a slave, and he has therefore acquired her together with the rest of the estate. 11 See now the new fragments published by E. G. Turner, Bulletin of the London Institute of Classical Studies, Supp!. 17 (1965); a review by Colin Austin which will shortly appear in the Classical Review will make an important contribution to their understanding. 12 See n.2 above. 144 MENANDER'S SIKYONIOS Slave-markets were held wherever a large number of people were assembled and therefore often at the sites of religious festivals; Delos is the classic instance. Wishing to dispose of the property he has acquired at Sicyon, the Boeotian has done so in the not far distant Eleusis; in one of the small fragments there seems to be mention of a panegyris taking place there (57-8 Kassel). Soon after arriving in Attica, Stratophanes will have heard that the girl is to be sold; this will have happened at some point during the first two and a half acts, almost all of which are lost to us. On receiving from Pyrrhias the proof of his own Athenian nationality, he hastens to Eleusis and must have arrived just as she was on the point of passing into the possession of a foppish young Athenian. Stratophanes and his family will have known from the start from the slave who was kidnapped with her that the girl was an Athenian citizen; indeed we may guess that they had already looked for her father without success. This slave was clearly with the girl at Eleusis and took part in the dispute described in the messenger speech. Insisting that she is an Athenian, Stratophanes per­ suades the Eleusinian assembly to deposit her with the priestess, at least for long enough to give him a chance to find her father. Most fortunately the discovery of her father happens to be preserved in another of the newly-published fragments (XI B Bataille: 343ff Kassel): 345 350 355 (KL.) (KL.) (B7].) (KL.) , , \ "\ () \ \ l' ()' , ..I..() ~ OVK ELS TOV OI\E pOV - XaI\E7TOS 7]a - a7TO~ Ep€l. , ., ~ rT , \ ~()' • '\ f3 a7T EJ.LOV; .nLX7JaLav av TOLOV V7TEl\a ES €pyov 7To-rJaELV T} Aaf3E'iv - {}' " • £JLO£ T£ uv U7TOVDa£9 v avaKOLVOVU £X£tS', B. ., '" (; , ['" A '" A ."'_ WUT a~ tOY TavTYJS' DOK£ tV av T7JS' ODOV, ~v K£K6JLtKeXS' JL£ 0£6[JL£v6S' JLOV TOU op6JLov , , '" '[p £) , ... a££ T£ JLtKpOV £T£ 7TpOE x£uvat; TtS £ £; IlgtOV, aKpt{JwS' tuOt, ytV[WUK£tV T60£. " '\., IT../... [ TLS' ELJLt; JLa TOV .n. 'fJatUT ov G7Tov8atov «Xv Ug7JL JL[ AaAovvTa y&.p U£ (}7Jpt[ 7TPOS' TOV TEAWVl7JV AL{}L [ , '£)' [ !T!'auaJL£vov l £VUVS' 7JJL J .. [ JLlnuJLo[ If these supplements are on the right lines, someone is complaining .. HUGH LLOYD-JONES 149 of the behaviour of a person who has persuaded him to go a long way with him by short stages and of whose identity he is unaware. The supplements are by no means certain, but they would suit the opening of the conversation between Theron and Kichesias; and as we shall see later this conversation must have followed the passage in question after no very long interval. As he leaves the house on the stage, Stratophanes is still talking to a person inside it whom he calls his mother. That shows that he has now found his real parents; and his recognition by them happens to be preserved in one of the old fragments published long ago by Jouguet (fr. XII A Bataille = 280ff Kassel). 280 'TT'Tlpvg XLTwvLaKov yvvcuKdov 8mAi}. !!1 [ '] ~. t , • 'c ' €JKpV'TT' T€ ya p aWJL TJVLK €S€1T€JL'TT'OJL€V , '] c' \ "'.... I 'TT'poe; TTJlI S €VTJV a€ TTJV TOT aLTovaall T€KVa ] . lI€UTLV aMa TlnL f3€f3aJLJLlVWL ] '" , ,1..' T €XOvaa xpWJLaToe; 'j'va£v 285 Joove; TOVJL JLlawL 8e 'TT'Opcpvp&s ] 0TJ KaiJT()e;. €JLf3,\E'TT'W a€, 'TT'aL, ] ,t' '\ '<;' TJTaL KatpOe; we; 'TT'ap €1\1TLOae; JTJJLL ,\aJL'TT'a87Jcp6pov J VTOe; im€paywvunv 290 JTL JLi}T€P &'\'\a TL Jroe; 0 VOJLL~W Ka'\€LV ] , , ",€tS TOll XPOllOV J.\' I ~~'TT'£aaaa T€ Jv ~ TVX7J 295 av1JLf3oAoV hJLa'TT'aL J aJLovJL€VTJ J . a YVWPLU7]t JMwv n{KlIa 300 Jas cpav€IS 305 'twJL€V €'taw o~vp[ " • e 1<;," [ av€p, €V ao EaT£. J ~af3€LlI. [ ]a'TT'cuolo[ ] KaAw. [ ]K[ 150 MENANDER'S SIKYONIOS f '" , t [ Tjp.W T€ 7TOLTjU€£V L eroLp.O €CPTj 7Tpo€'\()c1v €X()€~ €i!) 011.[ ( n ). 116 I '''' \,1.' , I '[ I ~Tp. 0 lr.10UXLWV a(J€I\,!,O!) €p.O~ €9' nv, 7TaT€p; 310 ( Ep..) &8€'\cp6!). &'\'\a 8€vpo 7TpOU[ ~p.a~ yap €v89 [v . ] ~pOU. [ XOP[OY The passage begins with a mention of what were clearly recognition tokens of the kind that commonly accompanied an infant who was exposed or given away in New Comedy.16 The foreign woman who was then asking for children was presumably the Sicyonian lady whom Stratophanes at first supposed to be his mother; he was no doubt given away by his parents during what was to prove a temporary period of financial embarrassment, as was Glykera, the heroine of the Perikeiromene. At 309 we find the question, HIs Moschion my brother?" which is answered in the affirmative. Who is Moschion? We may now turn to the passage immediately following the recognition ofKichesias (fr. 385ff Kassel). 385 390 (ETP.) L16vag ] L16vat, cppauov €lULc1v 7TP6!) Ma,\(}aKTjv €i~ Y€LT6vwv a7TavTct. O€vP.[ ,"', , . [ TOVS' KaV(JVTavaS', TOVS' aopT PI 'tl ~ [ a7Tct.VTa, TOVS' pLUKOV~ a7TaVT' Kat p.Tj .•. €VpTjUKOVT'aS' €vOa[o 11 For the 1TT'PV~ among recognition tokens, seeJHS 84 (1964) 30 (note on PAntin.15. verso line 6). 17 My articulation of lines 401-2 appears for the first time here and requires a word of HUGH LLOYD-JONES 151 )\ '" , ,- "~ [ a/\/\ OVK EpW YE' p:'fJ yap, OTav oaoy 1TapOx~aOJLat 01JAovon Kat y[ E~aoJLCtt 405 ",~ ... '" ' '''[' TPtTO? /!-fT C;XVTWV. avopES, ov 9V V1JaoJLcxt. OVK.(.) [ .... [ ~TfP.9? [ .. J .............. [ avrijs ()' halpas fJ KaK[ 410 aM' €pyov aplaat yv[. JE9[ First (385:fI) someone gives instructions for the removal to a neigh­ bouring house of a large quantity of luggage. There is mention of "barbarian slaves" (393) and instructions are given regarding "Theron and the drivers and the asses" (394f). Theron is the parasite of Strato­ phanes, and the speaker can only be Stratophanes giving orders for his property to be transferred to the house of his newly-found father; the other house visible on stage is presumably one which Stratophanes had hired as a lodging on arrival in Athens. The "barbarian slaves" are doubtless Orientals brought from Asia Minor; we are reminded of the slaves with rings in their ears who in the Poenulus bring on the luggage of the Carthaginian Hanno (978f). Like other soldiers of New Comedy, Stratophanes must have returned from service abroad with great wealth; he must have enough to compensate his future father­ in-law Kiehesias for the impoverishment which we know him to have suffered (375). Stratophanes leaves the stage (after 396) and there follows a solilo­ quy by Mosehion. "Now you, Mosehion, may not even look at the girl. Her skin is very white, her eyes are beautiful. You are talking non­ sense! The bridegroom is my brother ... fortunate. Why, what a thing it is-fellow, are you still talking?-to praise anyone because of ... ! But I am not in love-out of the question, when ... I shall ride beside the couple, it is clear, and make a third with them. Gentlemen, I shall not be able to do it!" After 405 the sense is not clear. But Mosehion, who has turned out to be the bridegroom's brother, clearly finds it hard to renounce his aspirations to the bride. Can we help guessing that this Mosehion and the pale, slender fop of the great dispute over the girl are one and the same person? We may note, but explanation. The parenthesis O~'TOs, ~Tt Myns; will be addressed, like the ov8~[v Myns which Handley plausibly supplements in line 399, by the speaker to himself; at the end of line 402, one might conjecture xap'v £vg[s 'TOV 7rpayp.aros. For the text of 404-5, see Emerita. 152 MENANDER'S SIKYONIOS cannot explain, the mention of an hetaira in 409; does she belong to Moschion's past life, or is she to be the consolation of his future? He is the kind of young man whom one might expect his father to marry off to keep him out of further mischief, as Chremes marries off Clitipho in the 'EavT6J1 TLfLWPOVfL€JlOS. It is now time to turn to a mutilated scene that follows immediately on the somewhat hurried departure of the messenger (fr. VI c Bataille, 15ff = 272ff Kassel). Why does the messenger leave so hurriedly? Perhaps because he sees a young man advancing towards the house of Smikrines with evidently hostile purpose. ( ETp.?) TOVS avopa7TooLuTeXs a7TayaY€~[JI VfLaS O;Aw. ( EfL. ?) ~fLaS uv; (ETp.?) vry T6J1 ., HALOJl. (EfL.?) KOPVf3[ aVnaLS, fL€LpaKLOJl j (ETp.?) Egatc/>JIT}S 7TOA£T[ 7]£ Y€VOfL;VWL 275 YEwarOJl OUK 19EUT{ fLo[£ ( EfL.?) 7TWS j ayvow TO TO£OVTO [ ( ETp. ?) OpaLS; f3aOL~' €ls Eg€Ta[ 7TpaYfL' Eg;Ta~€ [ , .... f I [ 7Tapa T'Y}S tEP€(f. S This young man now enters the stage and threatens to bring a charge of kidnapping (272). The person addressed can only be Smik­ rines, who is the only person present, and the plural number is used (273, if not also 272) because Smikrines' son Moschion is meant to be included in the charge. The new speaker mentions that someone, almost certainly himself, has recently become a citizen; who can he be but Stratophanes? If the girl's Athenian citizenship could be once established, anyone attempting to enslave her would in Athenian law lay himself open to just this charge, and would thus be liable to summary arrest (a7Taywy~: note line 272) by whoever might wish to prosecute. At 277 Stratophanes appears to challenge Smikrines to proceed to an enquiry (eg€Ta[ufL6J1 or egha[uI,JI). At such an enquiry he would certainly have had to establish his right to prosecute Smik­ rines by establishing his own citizenship. To do this he will have had to show the recognition tokens lately brought to him, together with his supposed mother's testament by his slave Pyrrhias. Clearly Smikrines or some other member of his household must have recog­ nized these tokens as the objects which accompanied Smikrines' elder son when as an infant he was given away to the Sicyonian lady. Fr. XXI A Bataille (= 280 Kassel; see above, p. 149) must have followed HUGH LLOYD-JONES 153 this passage at a brief interval. So the attempt of Stratophanes to prosecute Smikrines and Moschion led directly to his recognition as son of the one and brother of the latter; nothing could accord more closely with the classical pattern of the dramatic anagnorisis. Apart from the large fragment of the prologue speech, the muti­ lated scene that followed it (frs. IV A and B Bataille = 20-51 Kassel) and perhaps one or other of the small and hitherto unplaced fragments VII and VIII Bataille (= 52-109 Kassel), we have nothing of the first half of the play; our semi-continuous long portion begins in the middle of the tetrameter scene that came at the end of the third act and goes on, with minor interruptions, to the end of the play. Judging by his appa­ rent celebrity, the parasite Theron must have played a considerable part in this missing half. Can we guess at the character of any of it? The scene that followed the prologue speech (25-51 Kassel) is poorly preserved: 25 30 35 AJoytU,u6V avopLlc6V J'T€pav lo€iv ] ., • OVOtS ws ytYV€Tat J.€lI7J OdT€POV J OVTOU£ Jv ,uov 7TV(}OV ] •••• [ •• TO] VTWt nvt KaKWt UV~Evyvvvat J ,uE Kat UVVOtK{~ELV, yvvat, ] '''' , \ \ 8 ' . OVOE,uta,ua TW EW J " , , '\ V a7TEun TOVTWL yap, Tat\aV J. cf>aUtV, <> OE TpO,uOS 7TOAV Here not less than five and not more than nine lines are missing. 40 45 [ [ 1],u[ 8PEifJELS ,uo[ ,uaAAOV OET[ T'XVYW a. [ KTfj,u' Ean a[ cX7TA1]UTOS ~[ , "()' [ 7TaVT EU L€~. OVTW yap ~ ya[ UT~P &v~p cX7TA1]ur[ 154 MENANDER'S SIKYONIOS yuva£K' 1T'-povaa KpdJwv 'Tois OVOt[s '''' 'f [ EV 'Ta~s 1TopHa£s ws 1Tav )\ I " [ aEl. 'To£av'T7}v EVX0I-'7]V E " , ,~, ,~ [ EVXOV 'TOUlV'T7}V; 'T£ 0 aotK. 415 OVK JI-'I-'EI-'( '-)V7]KEV 0 f3aBv[ av()pw1ToV JA1TtaaV'Ta 8E9[ \ \~'" <:'[ Kal. 'T7}V OE7]a£v Ea'T£ aov o£ 1TWS 8' av S£aK6¢;a£s S&£8t;X[ \ • \ ~ \ '-I.. [" <:" 1TpLV 01-'0l\oY7Jaat. Kat a'TE'f'