"Leitourgia" and Related Terms (II) Lewis, Naphtali Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Fall 1965; 6, 3; ProQuest pg. 227 Leitourgia and Related Terms (II) N aphtali Lewis THE PRECEDING SECTIONS of this study appeared in GRBS 3 (1960) 175-84. The present section covers the six centuries of the Hellenistic monarchies and the Roman Prindpate. The period after Constantine the Great is here omitted because the institutional framework underwent major alteration and-possibly as a conse­ quence-Ieitourgia terms appear to have been much less used. V. Postclassical Greek The sources surveyed in the present section comprise the major and minor authors of the period excepting the Christian fathers but in­ cluding the Septuagint and the New Testament, and the inscriptions and papyri published to the end of 1964. The total number of instances recorded is 765; of these 166 are found in the Septuagint and 15 in the New Testament. Section I listed all the leitourgia terms attested in the sources. I re­ peat the list here for the reader's convenience. '\ I aI\EL'TOvpy'T}'TOS AEL'Tovpylw and compounds with avTt-, a1To-, Ka'Ta-, 1Tpoa-, avA-, and perhaps JK-. AEL'T01JPY'T}fl-a AEL'TOvpy'T}ala and a compound with &-. AEL'TOvpy1}aLfl-0S A€L'TOvpyta and a compound with &-. AEL'TOVpytaKoS AEL'TOVpyLKOS AEL'TOVPYLOV AEL'TOVPYOS and a compound with {mo-. 227 228 LEITOURGIA AND RELATED TERMS (ll) Tituli Asiae Minoris II.224 (Roman era) has APXIIATPOY AI1ITOYP­ rOY, but as the compound aA€{TovpyOS occurs nowhere else among so many hundreds of instances it is altogether likely that we have here a stonecutter's error for aA€LTovPY~TOV. Accordingly, aA€{TovpyOS should be removed from LS] (ADDENDA, p. 2046), or at least marked as highly suspect. In Section IV a complete semantic inventory was given of the leitourgia terms occurring in the literature and inscriptions of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. For the later period covered here it would be impractical for several reasons to attempt a similar itemization of citations. In the first place the sources for the postclassical period are vast, diffuse, and constantly being added to by new finds and new publications. Moreover, in some instances the sense in which the term is used cannot be determined with exactitude because of the fragmen­ tary state of the preserved text. Similarly, it is sometimes impossible to decide with assurance whether an undated inscription-say, a tombstone with no distinguishing trait-should be assigned to the Hellenistic or the Roman era. In these circumstances a definitive list is obviously beyond attainment, but we can still profit from a tabu­ lation showing the relative frequencies of the several meanings. For the purposes of this tabulation, incerta have been tallied under the meaning that seems to be most likely and assigned a Hellenistic or a Roman date according to my best guess; such distribution is likely to be statistically sound, and in any case the number of instances involved is too few to occasion any significant distortion of the overall result. In the Tables that follow the letters a-e represent the principal meanings as outlined in Section IV, viZ. a = a liturgic office or service in a political or administrative unit. b = any other service to a community or state or administrative unit. e = a service or function of any kind. d = cultic service to divinity. e = engineer or similar service in military forces. Table I presents the distribution of the 542 occurrences of leitourgia terms found in the secular sources. With these are included in Table II the 223 occurrences in the Septuagint, Philo, and the New Testament; the grand total of Table II is thus 765. NAPHT ALI LEWIS TABLE I HELLENISTIC ROM_>\"'~ MEANING LITERARY NON LITERARY LITERARY NON LITERARY a 2 54 15 244 b 2 20 5 15 C 6 20 32 121 d 8 61 2 l3 14 e 7 123 04 0 Total 25 167 65 285 1 11 of these 12 occur in papyri. 2 26 of these 61 occurrences are in the papyri from the Serapeum at Memphis. 3 All from Egypt, 11 papyri and 1 inscription. 229 TOTAL 315 42 70 96 19 542 , In Dio Cassius 38.41.7, where Caesar's troops are' called Kp'Ta~ ap.a Ka~ '\tnovpyo~ TOV 7ToMp.ov, the context is military but the term is used in sense b. TABLE II HELLENISTIC ROMAN MEANING LITERARY NON LITERARY LITERARY NON LITERAR Y a 2 54 b 2 20 c 205 20 d 1607 61 e 7 12 Total 191 167 5 Including 14 occurrences in the Septuagint. 6 Including 7 occurrences in the New Testament. 7 Including 152 occurrences in the Septuagint. 15 5 3yti 638 0 122 8 Including 42 occurrences in Philo and 8 in the New Testament. 244 15 12 14 0 285 A few summary generalizations may be drawn: TOTAL 315 42 91 298 19 765 1. The non-literary sources preponderate: 83 per cent of the secular citations, 59 per cent when the indicated Judaeo-Christian literature is included, 2. The secular source material from the Roman period is more abun­ dant than that from the Hellenistic period in the ratio of 2.6: 1 for the literary totals and 1.7:1 for the non-literary. But the non-literary ratio is produced by the overwhelming preponderance of Roman material for meaning a; for meanings b-e the Hellenistic non­ literary citations are more numerous. 3. The preponderance of meaning a in the Roman period (74 per cent of the secular total for that period) is a faithful reflection of the ex- 230 LEITOURGIA AND RELATED TERMS (II) pansion of the system of compulsory public service under the Roman emperors. 4. For the Hellenistic period the preponderance of meaning d is dearly attributable to the Septuagint in Table II. The rather unexpected finding that this culric sense is also the most frequent in Table I results from the concentration of occurrences (26 of 61) in the Mem­ phis Serapeum papyri. 5. While the Greek of the sacral Septuagint shows meaning d in nine out of every ten occurrences, 9 the language of the New Testament reflects koine usage more faithfully with its occurrences divided almost evenly between meanings c and d. BROOKLYN COLLEGE OF THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK july. 1965 8 Cf the comments on Septuagint Greek by o. Montevecchi in "Continuita ed evoluzione della lingua greca nella Settanta e nei papiri," Actes du xe Congres International de Papyrologues Varsovie-Cracovie 1961 (Wroctaw-Varsovie-Cracovie 1964) 46-47.