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Two curse tablets from Lilybaeum
Jordan, David R
Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Winter 1997; 38, 4; ProQuest
pg. 387

Two Curse Tablets from Lilybaeum 
David R. Jordan 

.N0NG THE INTERESTING lead curse tablets from Sicily pub­
lished in the last years are two opisthographic examples, 

inscribed in a mixture of Doric and Koine, from a grave 
of the third century B.C. at Lilybaeum (present-day Marsala); we 
owe their edition to Professor Antonietta Brugnone of the 
University of Palermo. 1 To judge from their letter-forms, as 
shown in her drawings, the two texts are probably contempo­
rary with one another and may well even be in the same hand, 
but this latter is difficult to say with any confidence, because 
the second text is written retrograde. 2 Not least among their 
interesting features are their personal names: the first curse is 
directed against a man (?) called Altleall~.a;V and the second, 
against a ZU)1tUp{wv 'tae; MUIl~UP, the two non-Greek names (no 
doubt Punic, as Brugnone suggests), being treated as inde-

1 B. Bechtold and A. Brugnone, "Novita epigrafiche da Lilibeo. La tomba 
186 della Via Berta,» Seconde Giornate Internazionali di Studi sull' area 
Elima (Gibellina, 22-26 ouobre 1994), Aui (Pisa 1997) 111-40. I am grateful to 
Professor Brugnone for a reprint of this article. All ancient dates below are B.C. 

The two basic corpora of curse tablets are R. WONSCH, Defixionum tabellae 
(=IG III.3 [Berlin 1897; repr. Chicago 1976: hereafter' DTWu'J) and A. Audol­
lent, Defixionum tabellae quotquot innotuerunt ... (Paris 1904; repr. Frankfurt 
a.M. 1967: 'DTAud'); for a list of Greek examples appearing subsequently see 
D. R. Jordan, «A Survey of Greek Defixiones not included in the Special 
Corpora," GRBS 26 (1985) 151-97. The standard introduction is tK. Preisen­
danz, "Fluchtafel (Defixio),» RA C 8 (1972) 1-24; M. A. Lopez Jimeno, Las 
tabellae defixionis de la Sicilia griega (Amsterdam 1991), has assembled the 
Greeks texts from Sicily; most appear also in L. Dubois, Inscriptions grecques 
dialectales de Sicile (=CollEFR 119 [Rome 1989]). 

2 Brugnone contrasts the looseness and the careless flow of the lettering of 
Text 1 with the neatness of 2. My assumption is that the retrograde writing of 
the latter would have caused the writer more trouble and thought and that 
this explains its more ordered appearance. 

J The dot between ~ and a stands on the tablet and was conceivably con­
sidered part of the spelling. 

387 



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388 TWO CURSE TABLETS FROM LIL YBAEUM 

clinable.4 Apithamb.al is about to bring a legal action (1tp&~lC;), 
and Zopyrion is evidently also about to enter into a lawsuit, as 
the wording of the second inscription implies. The curse against 
Zopyrion is unusual also in its reference to the "chthonic Ti­
tans," the" abominating dead," and the "priestess of Demeter," 
figures not elsewhere so named in any Greek curse; indeed this 
is the only recorded explicit mention, as far as I am aware, of 
the last two. Here, using as evidence Brugnone's published 
drawings (Figs.1-4), I address the establishment of the texts. 

A: 
2 
3 
4 

B: 5 
6 

1. (Fig. la-b) 

Tav 1tpii~LV 'tav A1tt8all~.aA 1t0't1. NUIlTtPLOV 
Ka'taSl~llt 7tapa Ka'tax80VlotOt 8eolOt 
Kal. Aall[E]av, 07t0><; [11]" Ouva'tat uv'tla, 
01t0><; 11["] ouva'tat AEYElV, 
7t0't1. 7tii[oa] 7tpa~t uv'tla AEYEtV 
11[,,]00£ Ilt OlV. 

5 1to.crav 1tpo.~\V 6 Il..,OE IltcrElV 

The text above is Brugnone's, with my own punctuation and 
my 1t&[ (Ja] for her 1ta[ ] in line 5: the drawing suggests that the 
lacuna would probably admit two letters. 

The position of Dameas' name in line 3 is a problem. Is he a 
second intended victim, another of Numerius' opponents? If 
so, the syntax is awkward, the object of Ka'taOioTlIH being 'tav 
1tp&~lV 'tav A1tl8all~.aA. (gen.), i.e. the legal action itself rather 
than the litigant in line 1, and we therefore expect some fuller 
phrase than the simple Kat f1all[E]av in line 3; in addition, plural 
victims require plural verbs in lines 3 and 4. Obviously some­
thing has gone wrong: the first two lines have been inter­
changed, for the text should have run: 

4 Brugnone (117) adduces several Punic names preserved in Greek char­
acters at Lilybaeum. I share the hope of an anonymous referee of this article, 
who remarks that if Apithamb.al and Mymbyr are Punic "then someone 
should be able to shed light on them." Brugnone notes (120) that in 
ZC01tuptcova to." MuJ.L~up, the substitution in the latter name of to." for tov + 
gen. could be the result of the indeclinability of the non-Greek feminine 
name. I have no evidence to cite from Punic sources, but as a traditional civic 
nomenclature maternal lineage as an alternative to the strictly paternal was 
available in certain parts of the ancient world, e.g. Macedonia (A. Tataki, 
"From the Prosopography of Ancient Macedonia: The Metronymics," Apxa{a 
MalCl:oov{a 5 [~.993] 1453-71) and Egypt (R. Tanner, "Ehe- und Erbrecht im 
pharaonischen Agypten,» Klio 49 [1967] 5-37, esp. 36). 



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DAVID R. JORDAN 

a: Tablet 1, Side A 

b: Tablet 1, Side B 

Figure 1. 

2 Ku-ru8i8TJf.Ll1tUpa lcu-ruX9oviQlcn 9Eatcn 
-rav 1tpa~lV -rav Am9uf.L~.uA 1to-rl NUf.LllptOV 

3 X"<Xl 6Uf.LEUV. 

389 

Dameas is not a second target of the curse but rather a co-de­
fendant in the litigation. It would have been he and Numerius 
who caused the tablet to be inscribed. 

How could such a mistake in the text have occurred? As in 
many such curses, part of the text is formulaic, part 'bespoke' 
or personalized. What I suggest is that the professional respon­
sible for the curse tablet probably jotted down the personalized 
details in the margin of the model, 



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390 1WO CURSE TABLETS FROM LIL YBAEUM 

Kcu:aa(&TH.lt 1tapa lCa"CaxSoviol<H S£OtOl 
01t0><; Il~ llUva"Cat nv"Cia etc. 

"Cav 1tp&~tv 
"Cav AmSall~.aA 
1tO't1. NUIl"pwV 
lCal. ~allfav 

and left the inscribing of the lead tablet to the assistant or 
apprentice, who evidently did not realize that all the 'bespoke' 
text was meant to follow line 1 of the model. 

The rest is not 'bespoke' but formulaic. This part too has its 
awkwardnesses, for the second 01t(j)~ Jl11 OUVCl'tUt is intrusive in 
line 4, and the infinitive in line 5 needs an auxiliary verb. Here 
too the error is no doubt the work of the scribe. I would sug­
gest that after writing 01t(j)~ Jl11 o-\)VU'tal av'ttu in line 3, he wrote 
AEyElV immediately beneath, at the end of the next line, to com­
plete the phrase. Then, seeing that there was some space re­
maining at the left, he continued with what was in his formula: 
01t~ 1111 OUVU'tat 1to'tt1taOUV 1tpa~tv aV'tlU AEyElV etc. But when 
he reached the A(YElV that he had written in line 4 beneath 
av'ttu, he was forced to turn the table over and to write the rest 
of his formula on Side B. 

By way of illustration, I would print and translate the restored 
text as: 

Museo "Baglio Anselmi," Marsala 
Inv. 1649 

H. 0.035, L. 0.12 m 

A: {"Cav 1tp&~tv "Cav AmSall~.aA 1to"Cl. NUJl"ptOV 1 

Lilybaeum 
Late III" 

2 KataaiaTJlll 1tapa lCa"CaxSoviotOl ScOtOl ("Cav 1tp&~tv "Cav 

B: 

3 
4 

5 
6 

AmSaIlP.aA no"Ci. NUIl"plOV) 
lCai. ~all[f]av, 01t0><; [Jl]~ auva"Cal uV'tia / Afynv, 
01t0><; Jl[~] liUva"Cal 
1to"Cl. n&[ oa] 1tp&~t uV"Cta AfYflV 
Il[TJ]{ 0) aE Ill0'i:v. 

5 1tacrav 1tpa~lV 

"I bind down before the chthonic gods the legal action of Apitham­
b.al against Numerius and Dameas, lest he be able to speak in opposi­
tion, lest be be able to speak in opposition to any legal action or to 
hate."s 

5 In other words, Apithamb.al is to be unable to speak either in his own 
1tpa~t" or in any 1tpa~t<; brought against him. The curse, this is to say, is meant 
to insure that its victim, whether plaintiff or defendant, shall be ineffective. 
Recently F. Costabile, «Defixiones da Locri Epizefiri: nuovi dati sui culti, sulla 
storia e sulle istituzioni," Minima epigraphica et papyrologica 2 (1999) 23-76, 
has published (his no. 3) a fourth-century judiciary defixio that has the same 
structure (see my "Three Texts from Lokroi Epizephyrioi," ZPE forthcoming): 



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DAVID R. JORDAN 391 

2. (Fig. 2a-b) 

The tablet is in six fragments, of which the largest two (a, b) 
join; the rest are only chips. It is possible to place one of the 
chips (c) in relation to the main fragments. No other chip pre­
serves a whole letter, nor is it recorded whether any chip is 
inscribed on its Side B. 

The published text: 

A 1 lCcnaoEro Zronupirova 'ta~ MUIl~uP napa cl>EPOE-
2 <poval lCal Tl'taVEOOl lCa'taXeoviol~ lCalnapa 
3 n[p ]lXOIlEVOlOl VE.ruOl~ ""c. E~ 'tOU~ a'tEAEO'tOU~ lCalnap-
4 a [ ]apim~ ~alla'tpo~ nap' anEUXOIlE[V ]a[ lO]LV 
5 x:a.~aoero OE VLV Ell ~oAillrol, a[lo9-r,oLV ?] 
6 al)'tou lCal 'VUX11V au'tou ~ 1111 ouva['ta.l - - -]v 
7 AaAla[v jlCa'taoEro oe VLV Ell ~oAi[ll]rol o[ro<ppo-] 
8 [o]uv(av) [a]u'tav lCal vouv x:a.l 'Vub~fJv] 

B 9 [lCa'taoero] OE onro~ 
10 [1111 ouvav'taL] aV'tLa 
11 [HYElv] ll(fJ)'tE 1tO[ lE'iV] 

At right angles to and at the left of 9-11: 

IUNIUS 
2 SEPTUMIUS 
3 C. ACIN<bUS 
4 M. A(N)NIUS 
5 L. UMBONIUS 
6 M. NAUTIUS 
7 M. RUSTIUS 
8 L. NAUTIUS 
9 UMBONIA 

The Latin names would have been inscribed first, as I see it: 6 

otherwise the Greek on that side would no doubt have run the 
full width of the tablet. The Greek of Brugnone's Side B, how­
ever, seems to continue (SE) that of her A. What initially strikes 
the eye is that the Greek text mentions none of the names in 
the Latin list. Were they merely accessories of the Zopyrion of 
AI? Is it to be ruled out that a scribe had written out a simple 
curse against them, consisting of names only, and then, before 
depositing the tablet in a grave, used its remaining surfaces for 

its text consists of a list of three men's names (nom.) plus "the others who are 
opposed (by us) and anyone who opposes us," i.e., the defendants and the 
plaintiffs. 

6 For a good discussion of the names see Brugnone's notes. 



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392 TWO CURSE TABLETS FROM LILYBAEUM 

the curse against Zopyrion?7 the following notes concern A 
only. 

Line 1. The texts of large numbers of Attic curse tablets, par­
ticularly of the fourth and third centuries, contain, often at their 
beginnings, the verb Ka'taoii) (see DTWu, index VA; DTAud, 
index VIA.l s.v. Achaia); six show the form -OEro, three -OlOTII.1l. 
This last occurs also in two Boeotian curses, DTAud 81 and 84, 
and one from Metapontum, SEC XXX 1175 (3 rd c.). So far, our 
two tablets from Lilybaeum provide the only instance of any 
form of the verb in Sicilian curses. That in the two tablets it has 
different forms is worthy of remark. Conceivably at Lilybaeum 
a handbook was available, with recipes in a variety of styles, but 
the answer may well lie elsewhere. We may instance the Attic 
DTAud 68 and 69 (4 th c.), with formulae quite similar to one 
another; it is not known whether they are in the same hand, but 
in 68 the verb has the form Ka'taoii), in 69 Ka'taolOTH.1l. 

Line 2. There has been a simple oversight in the transcription: 
the letters nAP A stand between Kat and TmlvEOcrt. These last, 
older gods now relegated to the Underworld, we hear of at e.g. 
II. 14.279 (8£Ou<; ... 'tou<; U1to'tap'taplou<;, o'\. Tt'tUVE<; KaAEOV't<lt) 
and Hymn. Hom. Ap. 335 ( TtTT)VE<; 1£ 8£Ol 'tOl uno x80vl vatE­
'tUOV'tE<;). They were popularly believed to be punishers of 
wrongdoers-cf Hsch. S.V. Tt'tUV'tE<;: 'tll.1roPOl ... Ot 1.1'h EXOV'tE<; 
ano'tlcrat a'tl'tuvE<; rovOl.1u~ov'tat, Ot Of EXOV1£<;, 'tt'tUVE<;, the 
source for the word a'tt'tuv'tE<; probably being late comedy: see 
in general E. Wiist, "Titanes," RE Reihe 2, 6 (1937) 1491-1503, 
esp.1492. 

Line 3. n[p hX0I.1EVOtcrt, which Brugnone testatively under­
stands as a deformation of a participle of <i>Plcrcrro, is awkward. In 
the drawing, the mark transcribed as h is compatible also with 
the second descender of u. It is better, then, to read nap' a/n­
[E]UX0I.1EVOtcrt in lines 2f, a phrase that finds its feminine 
counterpart in the nap' anEuxol.1E[ v ]a[ tcr] tv of line 4. For the 
next word, VEKUOt<; instead of the expected VEKU(E)crcrt, 
Brugnone cites comparable irregular dative plurals in -ot<;; of 
third-declension words in other Sicilian inscriptions, but we 
need not assume such irregularity here: for the U of the printed 
text the drawing, as I interpret it, shows traces compatible with 

7 F. Costabile, "La triplice defixio del Kerameik6s di Atene, n MinEpPap 1 
(1998) 9-54, has published a lead tablet inscribed in the fourth century, with 
three curses concerning lawsuits that have no evident connection. The editor 
makes a good case that the scribe was a professional. 



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DAVID R. JORDAN 393 

a: Tablet 2, Side A 

b: Tablet 2, Side B 

Figure 2. 

p, which will yield the more normally spelled vEKPO'iC;. The 
formulaic phrases that refer to chthonians in lines 1£ have 
metrical shapes, napa <l>EPO£<povut and (Kat?) mlpa Tl'tavEOOt 
Ka'taXSOVlOtC; (cf KCx'taxSOVlOto'i. Sroto'i. of Text 1 line 2), com­
patible with dactylic poetry, which may well have been their 
origin. They would be from the same stock as the phrases 
'tap'tupov aEpoEv'ta (cf Il. 8.13; Hymn. Hom. Mere. 256, 'to 
-rlEpoEv'ta), 'EKa'tEt xSoviat, and (Kat) 'EptvuotV -rlAtStc.ovatC; of 
the Attic DTWii 108 (4 th c.?), with its elegiac couplets, and the 
hexameter at the opening of D T A ud 81 (Tanagra, 2nd c.), 
'E[pJ.l.]ftv [Kt]KATtOKO) xSovtoV ... Kat <l>EpoE<povTlav. 8 Metrical 

8 Wunsch (DrWii p.viii) compares the Kat v'UXiav 'EKU'tT)V Kat i:1tatvi]v 
TIEP(WPOVEUlV of the magician's incantation at Luc. Menipp. 9. Such metrical 
btcpSai (F. Pfister, -Epodai," RE Supp. 4 [1924] 323-44) were clearly in circu­
lation. For example, there is a set of dactylic apotropaic verses preserved on 



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394 NO CURSE TABLETS FROM LIL YBAEUM 

considerations as well favor, then, VEKpOl<; over VEKUOl<;: (Kat?) 
1t(ip' a.7t[ E]UXOJl£VotOt VElCpOl<;. . 

The U7tEUXOJlEVOl VEKPO'i and the U7tEUXOJlEVal (sc. vEKpai), 
the «abominating dead," i. e., who send or enact curses, would 
be the equivalent, presumably, of the dead whom we meet with 
later in this line, the U"CEAEcr'tOl. These last, as I would interpret 
them, are dead persons whose forces are still active because of a 
lack of proper funeral rites; such dead were believed, as we see 
in the large fifth-century lex sacra from Selinus ( SEC XLIII 
630), to pollute the living with their miasma and indeed were 
invoked to afflict persons named on curse tablets.9 Here the 
occupants of the grave where our two tablets were deposited 
were no doubt known or assumed to be U"CEAEO'tOl. The phrase 
£<; "Cou<; U"CEAEO'tOU<; is very difficult, however. The blank before 
it seems to indicate the beginning of a new section, but there is 
no main verb. If this section is ordered like the others, a verb, 
presumably Ka"CaDEw, is to be supplied at its beginning, along 
with ()E VlV as in lines 5 and 7. But the reason for the choice of 
the preposition £<; is by no means obvious, and the article finds 
no parallel in the other phrases here that refer to chthonians. 
Have we a corruption from the formulary that was used? 
Traces of a gloss? Of instructions for depositing the tablets? 
Assuming an intrusion, I would bracket the phrase. 

Line 4. Brugnone tentatively assumes a misspelling [w]apiat<; 
for uwpial<;, which she understands as disturbances of the 
seasons, i.e., by Demeter. This is a difficulty, for we might ex­
pect divinities corresponding to the Tl"CUVEOOt, and one would 
prefer, if possible, not to rescue the preserved text by assuming 
an anomaly in the lacuna. In the note immediately following,lO 
Jaime Curbera offers an attractive solution: [i]apial<; (for ia­
pdat<;) ~aJla"Cpo<;, the Erinyes as "priestesses of Demeter," the 

fourth-century lead tablets from Selinus (comm. ad SupplMag 49.64-73), 
Phalasarna (my "The Inscribed Lead Tablet from Phalasarna," ZPE 94 [1992] 
191-94), Himera (my "Ephesia Grammata at Himera," ZPE forthcoming), 
and Locri Epizephyrii (Costabile [supra n.S] no. 2; see Jordan [supra n.S] for 
the verses). The Himerian and Locrian hexameters have been converted into 
Doric. In the magical papyri, which are of course mostly much later than the 
two curse tablets from Lilybaeum, there is an abundance of such dactylic 
verse, addressed to chthonians and other powers: see PGM vol. II 237-66. 

9 See M. H. Jameson, D. R. Jordan, and R. D. Kotansky, A Lex Sacra from 
Selinous (=GRBM 11 [Durham (NC) 1993]) esp. ch. VII, on the curse tablets 
from the Sanctuary of Malophoros. 

10 "Chthonians in Sicily," at 404f. 



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DAVID R. JORDAN 395 

Greek phrase incidentally having epic scansion. The final words 
of the second section (lines 3f) are no doubt meant to corre­
spond to those of the first (lines 1-3); line 4 should end, then, 
(Kat) 1tap' a1tEUxo~£[v]a[tO']tv (or even (Kat) 1tap' a1tEUXO­
~E[ v ]a[ to']t v (£1CpatC;;) ?), the (Kat) relieving the awkwardness 
of the two adjacent prepositional phrases. This solution reveals, 
then, an interesting structure in the text: the avenging Titans, on 
the one hand, with the male abominating dead, and, on the 
other, the avenging Erinyes with the female. 

Line 5. Brugnone's hesitant a[lO'B"O'tV ?] is a little short for the 
lacuna, and, as I read the drawing, the v belongs to the end of 
this line, not of the next. Taking line 8 as a clue, we may restore 
a[ u'tov Kat vou]v, which fills the space better. 

Lines 6-7. In her commentary, Brugnone suggests roe;; ~Tt 
ouv[a'tat aO'KEt]v I AaAux[v]. In the drawing, the traces of what 
is printed as a [ in line 7 appear to be compatible with v plus a 
blank space. We have such a blank before tc;; 'toue;; a'tEAEO'-tOUC;; in 
line 3, and there is another at the end of line 4, before the 
Ka'taOEro of line 5. I assume another here, before this repetition 
of Ka'taOEro. If we read the infinitive AaAtV (for AaAEtv: com­
pare the spelling ~tO'tV of the contracted infinitive ~tO'EtV at the 
end of Text 1), which is practically a synonym of AEynv, we may 
easily restore We;; ~Tt Mva['tat av'tta] I AaAtv. 

Lines 7-8. In line 8, one is reluctant to assume an abbreviation, 
which would be an anomaly on this tablet, as an explanation of 
letters assumed for a lacuna. The solution no doubt lies in 
[a]u'tclv, which seems inescapable as a reading, even though the 
intended victim named in line 1 is male. We must have a second 
target here, a woman, who will need a name. I should read: 
Ka'ta8Ero Of VtV t~ ~OA{~rot, L[-max. ca5-]![ ] YN, [a]u'tuv Kat 
vouv Kat 'l'u[XTtV au'tac;;]. «And I bind 'her down in lead, 
S[-] yn, her and (her) mind and her soul." L[ -max. ca 5 - ]/[ ] YN 
would be the woman's name, accusative if declined. I have' not 
found any likely Greek name to supply, but the occurrence of 
Apithamb.al and Mymbyr in our texts means that the name 
need not be Greek. 

Museo "Baglio Anselmi" 
Marsala, inv. 1647 

H. 0.038, L. 0.109 m Lilybaeum 
Late III 

f- Ka'taOEw Zwnvpiwva 'tilS Mvf,l~vp napa <l>EpcrE-
2 f- <pOVat Kat napa Tt'tavEcrcrl Ka'tax9oviolS Kat nap • U-
3 f- n[E]vX0f,lEVQlcrl VEKpOlS. vaC. (Ka'taOEW O£ VW) US 'tOUS 

. U'tEAEcr'tOVS} 'Kat nap-



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396 TWO CURSE TABLETS FROM LIL YBAEUM 

4 ~ a [i.]a.p{a.l~ 6alla.tPOS (ICa.I.) n:a.p' an:EuXOlle[v]a.[lO]W. tJAC. 

5 ~ Ka.ta.8ero 8e VLV Ell ~OA{llrol, a.[l>tOV ICa.1. vou]v 
6 ~ a.Utou ICa.1. 'IIUX"V a.UtOU Ox; Ill, 8UV[a.ta.l avtia.] 
7 ~ A.a.AlV. tJAC. Ka.ta.8ero 8e VLV Ell ~oAillrol, l:[ -max. CA 5-] 
8 ~ U. YN, [a.]UtaV ICa.1. VOUV ICa.1. 'II,;>[xTiv a.uta.$] 

2 !Cal. Tmlv£oen Brugnone 2/3 napa / n[p]tXOJ.l.£VOUH V£1CUOt~ Br. 
4 [cO]apu>t~ (for aropiat~) Br in comm.; [i.]apiat~ (for i.ap£iat~) Curb era 
5 a[ioGT,ow?] Br. 6 ouva[·tat ---]v Br. 7 AnA-lV (for AnAtlv).,,,,c·Kata­
~£ro: AnA-ta[v] !Cata~£ro Br. 7/8 I3oAi[J.I.]rot o[CO(j)po]![o]uv(av) Br. 

"r bind down Zopyrion son of Mymbyr before Persephone and before 
(the) underground Titans and before (the) abominating (male) dead. <And 
r bind him down> also before (the) priestesses of Demeter and before (the) 
abominating (sc. female dead). And r bind him down in lead, him and his 
mind and his soul, so that he will be unable to speak in opposition. And r 
bind her down in lead, (i.e.) S[-J, yn, her and (her) mind and her soul." 

ATHENS 

June, 1999