A Hellenistic Metrical Epitaph Drew-Bear, Thomas Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Fall 1975; 16, 3; ProQuest pg. 281 A Hellenistic Metrical Epitaph Thomas Drew-Bear PROFESSOR W. ~M. CALDER ill has entrusted me with the publi­ cation of this inscription on a stone of uncertain provenience presently in New York.1 Professor Sterling Dow, who has seen the stone himself, supplies the following description: "a good white marble: length 0.333 m., height 0.20, present thickness 0.039, average letter height 0.01. The inscription is fitted into the space available, the last line being crowded in close to the bottom. It appears that the stone was cut down to bear this inscription. The present top results from cutting the block at a slant, downward and backward from the front, so that the height of the present back is 0.193 m., i.e. the slope is of 0.007 m. in a distance (the thick­ ness) of 0.039 m. The bottom also was cut, not at a right angle, but to slope: the slope however is less than at the top, and the slope is greater at the right end than at the left. Both top and bottom are straight. It is as if each had been sawed, but there are tool marks on both top and bottom, small slight dents on the top, several irregular depressions on the bottom. The right end also is not an even polished surface, but shows work by a pointed chisel. It too does not make quite a true right angle with the front. "The front surface is footworn in a fairly wide band along the right portion of the surface, and also at the lower edge. The stone was therefore at one time a step. Most of the surface shows some foot­ wear. Subsequently, having broken at the left, the stone was used as a building block: some traces of cement can be detected especially on the right end. All the surfaces show weathering except the back, which has been sawed clean off by a machine saw in order to lighten the whole. The original thickness was doubtless sufficient for a step, ca 0.25-0.30 m. The slopes of the top, bottom and right side can be explained as mere carelessness: prolonged, they make it necessary lit is a pleasure to thank here Professor Calder as well as Professor Dow, who made several excellent squeezes of the stone (in a private collection); thanks are due also to the Center for Hellenic Studies and the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung, which provided me the time necessary to study this difficult text. 281 Copyright (c) 2003 ProQuest Information and Learning Company Copyright (c) Duke University, Department of Classical Studies 282 A HELLENISTIC METRICAL EPITAPH to imagine the block as irregular. No trace of an earlier inscription has been detected." After much effort it has proved possible to read with an approach to certainty nearly all of the letters preserved in whole or in part on the stone. On this basis it became in tum possible to restore with an approach to certainty several of the lines of this epigram; as is normal in metrical inscriptions, however, other lines allow such a wide range of different restorations that even where the sense can be established there exists no way of determining the original form of expression. Because the text is not uniformly inscribed upon the stone accord­ ing to the divisions by verse, lines 1-4, of which only isolated letters or words remain, are printed here together with line 5 as these lines appear on the stone; there follows the text of the preserved portion of the epigram divided according to verses, with the line divisions on the stone marked by vertical bars. [---]r[--------------------] [--]KT1P[-------------------] [--]~T~~[ --------]OT[ ---] [--]N. -np.a'ic 11 ........ J 86~a Kar[-] 5 [--8]~ 1ToMa 1Ta:rpq. 8wp' ET€VX£V a[--] LINE 2. A diagonal break which removed the top left corner of the stone has carried away the top of the vertical and the upper slanting stroke of kappa, but the letter is still recognizable with its lower slanting stroke which, as is characteristic of kappa in this inscription, does not reach the bottom line. After rho the surface is not preserved. LINB 3. Only the bottom right corner of delta and the left half of the first lambda are preserved. Both triangular letters seem to be lambda rather than alpha (surely not delta) because the broken cross-bar descending to the bottom of the line, characteristic of alpha in this inscription, is apparently absent here (the mark in the center of the second alpha seems to lack any connection with the left slanting stroke and therefore appears to be accidental; but the reading alpha cannot be excluded). The second possible omega in this line seems to be narrower than the first (which is faint and doubtful) but is not smaller than the omegas in verse 2 of the epigram (the right foot seems to be higher than the left, but this may be only an accidental mark). In the right portion of the line omega is better visible on the squeeze than on the photograph published here; before this letter and joining its left foot is a horizontal mark, perhaps too low and too near omega to be a letter-stroke. Copyright (c) 2003 ProQuest Information and Learning Company Copyright (c) Duke University, Department of Classical Studies THOMAS DREW-BEAR LINE 4. The bottom left portion of nu is not preserved. The following letter must for metrical reasons be a short vowel, for the only pos­ sible way to fit the existing words into the metrical pattern of the iambic trimeter is: ~-] N [u] np.cUc T [-u] a6€a KaT I [u-] (between np.aic and 86~a are ca 9 letters, hence two syllables). All of the second tau but the right half of the horizontal stroke is pre­ served. To the right of the damaged area is an uncertain letter which must, for metrical reasons, be a short vowel. The last letter in the line seems to be tau rather than iota (the horizontal bar is faint but visible). It is not possible to reconstruct the syntax and thus deter­ mine the case of 86~a; at the end of the line the restoration which comes naturally to mind is Ka.r![8avE]. If tau was the last letter in this line, the final syllables of the verse followed perhaps by a vacat to mark the division between verses (like that before verse 9) would just fill the first portion of the next line before [o]c. Preserved portion of the epigram: 4 8 [~]~ 1ToM«i TT&'Tpcf 8wp' lTEVXEV a[U-] [tjpgE]V T' E+~fJwV K~t VEWV ETT[a]glwc [aywv]4 T' EfJp&.fJEVCEV 8v MjJLoC TE[AEi]. [cPou 8~] ~ 'TOoe Ka~ 1T&'ALV KOJLl'[E]raL' [viae a' ay ]~eOEfe MaL&'Soc aLa[U-] [EvO' EV]~EnEXC valovcLV aVTov ~cp[u -]. [cv] ~. ~e KEAEV80v "tv TTap' ~pl9r I [e.g. TTaTELC] rOY TTaCtV aCT[ 0 X]c Kat gEvO~C; I [TTo80VJLEVO]!' xalpELV TTpOCElTTae ! [a,8Aa]n~C d8omopEL. v.l. The first three (or four) letters on the preserved part of the stone are indistinct, but in the letter-space before pi are visible horizontal strokes at the top and bottom of the line. Only part of the loop of each of the two rhos is preserved. v.2. Of phi only the vertical stroke (better visible on the squeeze than on the photograph) remains. Traces of the right and of the top of the left slanting strokes of the first alpha are preserved, nearer kappa than iota. Where the second alpha stood the surface no longer exists. v.3 Of the first alpha there remain the lower portion of the right slanting stroke and the horizontal bar. The bottom of the second epsilon, better visible on the squeeze than on the photograph, is pre­ served. The end of the line is very worn and disturbed by accidental Copyright (c) 2003 ProQuest Information and Learning Company Copyright (c) Duke University, Department of Classical Studies 283 284 A HELLENISTIC METRICAL EPITAPH marks: it is possible to select among the traces those which corres­ pond to the letters here restored and replace the brackets by points beneath the letters, but a different selection among the marks could produce different letters with equal justification. v.4. The first letter is gamma, completely preserved (the slanting marks are accidental). The left vertical stroke of nu is faint and the slanting center stroke appears to be more vertical than normal; the vertical and part of the lower slanting strokes of kappa are preserved; only the top of :{eta and tau remains. The central strokes of the final alpha are faint but visible. v.5. The first preserved letter appears to be alpha with broken central bar reaching the bottom of the line, but here as in the letter-space occupied by the first iota, the surface is disturbed by accidental marks (cf infra n.20). At the end of the preserved part of the line is the left half of alpha, after which the surface is too worn to permit decipherment. v.6. At the left margin is preserved the extremity of two horizontal strokes at the top and bottom of the line: epsilon or sigma. The upper half of beta is lost; the slanting mark which traverses the following epsilon is accidental, since the top and bottom horizontal bars of this letter are preserved. The penultimate letter seems to be also epsilon or sigma of which the three horizontal bars remain (cf the sigma in aC'T[oL]C); the last visible letter resembles omega but is noticeably deeper than the other letters and may represent in part accidental damage to the surface. v.7. At the present left margin is preserved a triangular letter: delta or lambda rather than alpha. The last two letters on the stone in this line are very faint, but the upper part of a small omicron suspended in the middle of the line and the left vertical stroke of nu are still discernible. The last word in this verse stood in the beginning of the next line on the stone, now lost. V.S. The first preserved letter has a horizontal bar at the top of the line joining the upper part of a vertical stroke: gamma or tau. The last two letters on the stone in this line are again very faint, but the verticals and the left portion of the slanting stroke of nu and the left half of omicron remain and render these letters secure, after which the lower part of iota and a small sigma are dimly visible. The last three letters are smaller and carved more closely together than the other letters of the line, since the mason was approaching the limit of the space available before the right margin. v.9. The first letter-stroke preserved in the penultimate line on the stone is the right vertical of nu which ends the last word in v.S of the Copyright (c) 2003 ProQuest Information and Learning Company Copyright (c) Duke University, Department of Classical Studies THOMAS DREW-BEAR epigram. After this is a vacat of one letter-space which marks the beginning of a new verse. Since the mason realized that he could not end the verse in this line, he left the stone uninscribed after the participle and began a new line (centred, as may be deduced from the preserved right portion) containing the last two words of the verse. In the last line on the stone, only the top half of beta is preserved; between delta and omicron are two letter-spaces left uninscribed, presumably to avoid a defect in the surface. 285 The inscription displays irregular, rapid script of the late Hellenistic period. Alpha has a broken crossbar which often descends nearly to the bottom of the line; the lower slanting stroke of kappa on the other hand does not reach the bottom of the line; the left vertical stroke of nu often descends lower than the right vertical; theta (with point) and omicron are smaller than the other letters and suspended in the middle of the line; omega too is smaller than the normal (cf v.2). Because of the very worn condition of the surface, most of the letters are difficult to read and many can hardly be deciphered until the words to which they belong are recognized; the photograph on PLATE 2 will permit verification of doubtful passages. Because so much is preserved and may with patience be read upon the stone, it is almost irresistible to attempt restoration of what remains incom­ plete; but it is well to remember the oft-repeated and recently renewed2 warning of J. and L. Robert, who emphasize Ha quelle deraison cedent les philologues qui se torturent-et nous torturent­ pour arriver a recrire une epigramme complete." Restorations placed in the text seem at least probable; others will be discussed in the commentary; and different scholars will doubtless propose yet more. The following translation will indicate the sense of the poem with the restorations here suggested: who contrived many gifts to his country ... , commanded the ephebes and young men in worthy fashion, and judged the contest which the people celebrates. 4 Earth brings forth those whom she takes again to herself, but the son of Maia wondering at ... [conveyed] him to where the pious dwell. 2 BullEpigr 1973 no.270 (on a metrical epitaph of Pieria in Macedonia). Copyright (c) 2003 ProQuest Information and Learning Company Copyright (c) Duke University, Department of Classical Studies 286 A HELLENISTIC METRICAL EPITAPH But you, who walk the path by the tomb, 8 to him who is missed by all townsmen and foreigners saying "Farewell!" go without harm on your way. The poem is metrically correct throughout and each line constitutes with regard to sense a separate unit. The first line on the stone, of which only gamma now remains, was the first verse of the epigram, and the initial verses will have contained the name of the deceased as well as, perhaps, the name of his city. The preserved portion of the poem is composed of three sections, each of which contains three verses: the first recounts the career of the deceased as benefactor, gymnasiarch and agonothetes; the second states that his fate after death was not the common lot of returning to earth, but that by the intervention of Hermes he was taken to the land of the blessed; and the third constitutes an invocation to the passerby. Nothing in the epigram contains any allusion to local or regional particularities; on the contrary, the poem is a typical creation of Hellenistic culture and as such could have been written anywhere in the Greek East. While the restoration at the beginning of v.l seems certain, it does not appear possible to recover with certainty the word which stood at the end: there may have been an adjective modifying 8wpa, e.g. Jv«[lc'll£a] (cf Il. 24.452 and h.eer. 369, but these passages concern gifts to divinities); W. Peek suggests «[YAa«]; but the word could also have been an adverb (perhaps with alpha privative), etc. (the word may begin with epsilon, nu or alpha). For the functions named in v.2 compare lines zff of a metrical epitaph of the Roman period from Kytoros in Paphlagonia:3 4 8 Lines 5-6 suggest one type of 8wpa which the subject of our epigram could have made to his city, and the phrase 1TOA&C T€'l£a£cw u1T[«]ca&c • W. Peek, Griechische Vus-Inschriften (Berlin 1955) no.788 ("II.fIll. Jh."), hereafter PBII,.: if. L. Robert, Gnomotl 31 (1959) 21. Copyright (c) 2003 ProQuest Information and Learning Company Copyright (c) Duke University, Department of Classical Studies THOMAS DREW-BEAR 287 ••• 'TE'CE in lines 7-8 recalls the words np.a"ic ••• 86ga which survive on line 4 of the stone. The Paphlagonian epigram distinguishes between the office of gymnasiarch (held by Aristoxenos) and that of ephebarch (held by his son). The latter title apparently did not designate a municipal office like that of gymnasiarch but rather was given to an individual chosen among the ephebes themselves.4 In our text it is possible to consider the authority said to have been exercised by the deceased over ephebes and young men as representing two distinct and successive functions,5 but it seems more likely that this verse refers only to a single office, that of gymnasiarch, and that the ephebes and young men of this city shared a single gymnasium as they apparently did during the Hellenistic period at Miletus and at Pergamum.6 Cf lines 5ff of a metrical epitaph7 honoring a gymna­ siarch at Miletus: >Ii: ("" f)' .. ~ ~ E~oxa 0 aW1Jcaca EOK'TL'TOC aOE CE ra~a q,POV'T{3L 7Tav81jJLCf COy 8€p.ac EK'TEPLCE[V] • ., \ , '\ ,~, ~ \ ..I. \' \ OVVEKa Kat 7Ta'TEpWV E7Tt YUJLvaooc rJOE 'f'LI\07TI\OV 8 'f) , , '\ "'~ ., 7TpOC E VEWV arE~ac EopaKEV aYEp.ova. In v.3 {3pa{3Evw with the restoration here adopted has its common meaning 'arbitrate' (ef LS] S.V., which cites notably LXX Wi. 10.12 aywva lcxvpov EfJp&{3EVCEV av'Tcp ).8 The verb 'TE~E'V is restored on the «cf. F. Poland, Geschichte des gr. Vereinswesens (Leipzig 1909) 90. Ch. Pelekidis, Hisroire de l'eph~bie attique (Paris 1962) 61, considers that "on peut se demander s'il s'agit la d'une simple distinction honorifique ou d'une sorte de grade" among the ephebes. 5 In that case the words lCa~ "Iw" could be an allusion to the function of the "Ea"'ClCap}(11C, who (similarly to the ephebarch) was usually chosen from among the ,,10& and often was not a municipal official (for the position of l1faJI&CICClP](T1C see the bibliography cited by L. and J. Robert, La Carie II [paris 1954] 42 n.7). II See J. Delorme. Gymnasicn (paris 1960) 127-29 for Miletus and 179-82 for Pergamum. The vio& were normally that group of citizens which had recently completed the ephebic training program but, naturally, continued to use the gymnasium (if. Poland, op.cit. (supra n.4] 93-94); documents from numerous cities attest gymnasiarchs who controlled both ephebes and ,,10& while filling a single magistracy: see C. A. Forbes. Neoi (APA Mon. 2, Middletown 1933) 30. 7 Peek no.I485 CI./11.Jh."). Boeckh (CIG 2892) recognized that the deceased had been gymnasiarch (cf. also L. Robert, Us gladiateurs dans 1'000ent grec [paris 1940, repro Amster­ dam 1971] 25-26 n.4), both of the 'fraTipEc and of the vio&. • ]. Moulton and G. Milligan, The Vocabulary of the Grel!k Testament (London 1914) 116, translate: "over his sore conflict she watched as judge." The verb here corresponds to the noun {JpafJEVC 'judge at the games' and not to {Jpa{J~c 'village official' (for the latter term see the attestations collected by D. Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor 11 [princeton 1950] 1026 n.70, and the discussion by P. Herrmann, "Ergebnisse einer Reise in Nordostlydien," DenkschrWien 80 [1962] 9). Copyright (c) 2003 ProQuest Information and Learning Company Copyright (c) Duke University, Department of Classical Studies 288 A HELLENISTIC METRICAL EPITAPH assumption that it is here used poetically (like 7TaTpa for 7TaTplc in v.l) in place of CVVT£A£LV, common in this sense: for example in a decree of Eresos9 €'1T£p.£A"f}()£k TW aywvoc cSv CVVT£A££ <> 8a.p.oc. For metrical inscriptions honoring men who served as agonothetes cf. line 4 of a sepulchral epigram of Herimone :10 ft ,,, t \ \' [ ] ()' ft , ., oc 7TOT £"f}v H£P£VC Kat ay W vo £T"f}C ap.a T apxwv and lines 7-8 of a poem at Sagalassus in honor of a benefactor who had been not only agonothetes but also munerarius responsible for gladia­ torial combats and venationes:11 Tip P.£TU (K jA£WOV ., AP"fJV €va.( y)WVUJC Ecn Ka.(') t Epp.[ fjc], , " t" '8'\.I...!. VHK"f}V 7TOpCVVWV avopactV a "O'f'Vpote. The sense of vA is clear as it is given in the translation supra. The sentiment expressed here occurs of course frequently in sepulchral inscriptions of all types, both prose and verse ;12 for example an epigram at Athens13 states it thus: , , R\ \ ~ '\ , £K yatac t'"aCTWV yaLa 7Ta"w yryova. The same thought occurs in an epitaph at Nicosia:14 ., , () , , \ t' \ - __ , , "f}f}Vf!.C£V a avaTWv p.£ xopOC, TO OE cwp.a Kall.V7TTH ~ \(:1 ~ I -()' " t' 't' 1\ yaLa I\at'0vca yEpac TOV 0 OEOWKE 7Ta"at and in an epigram at Bostra :15 I ()'.I..' '" -_\ '.1.. __ \' 7TaVTa X wv 'f'V£t Kat EP.7Tall.W ap.'f'tKall.V7TTEt· , , , , , () , , ()' t" 'TOVVEKa p."f} CTovaxoL 'TLC a7To X OVOC £tC X ova OVVWV. • Cited by L. Robert, Etudes Anatoliennes (Paris 1937, repro Amsterdam 1970) 175: cf. another decree of Eresos restored by Robert in REG 38 (1925) 425 (Opera Minora Selecta II [Amsterdam 1969] 738) Jv roK YVP.VlKOtCt &yWV€W otc cVVTl'\[€t & 1TO..uC]. LSJ cites Diod.Sic. 11.29 Tdv Vtw(Up'ov &ywva CVV'T€'\€iv lv TaK n'\aTw.aic. 10 Peek no.1773 ("III. Jh. n. Chr. ?"). 11 Robert, Gladiateurs (supra n.7) no.98 (cf p.ll); Peek no.913a. 11 For prose inscriptions it will suffice to cite a Single example, from Thyatira: Keil and von Premerstein, Zweire Reise (DenkschrWien 54, 1911) 45-46 no.84lK yijc €lc ~v T&ya8&; the editors comment that "Der Gedanke, dass alles, wenigstens alles Korperliche, aus der Erde entspringt undwieder zur Erde zUrUckkehrt, findet sich seit Epicharmos und Euri­ pides in der Literatur und in Grabschriften in der verschiedensten Form ausgesprochen." For an early example of the use of KOp.l'€tv in this context cf PI. Phd. 107B (cited by LSJ). 13IG III 7151 (Peek nO.1702: "Anf. IV. Jh."). 1& Peek no.I325 ("II./III. Jh."). IS Peek nO.I661 ("II/Ill. Jh."). Copyright (c) 2003 ProQuest Information and Learning Company Copyright (c) Duke University, Department of Classical Studies DREW-BEAR HELLENISTIC METRICAL EPITAPH Copyright (c) 2003 ProQuest Information and Learning Company Copyright (c) Duke University, Department of Classical Studies PLATE 2 Copyright (c) 2003 ProQuest Information and Learning Company Copyright (c) Duke University, Department of Classical Studies THOMAS DREW-BEAR 289 Already Euripides in Antiope (fr.195) wrote: ., , 8 \ -~\ \ Q ' a7TaVTa TLKTEL X wv 7TalUV T€ "ap,fJaV€L. But the closest parallel to the manner in which the thought is ex­ pressed in our epigram may be found in another iambic verse attrib­ uted to Menander :16 ~, I \ _~\ ,y Y'J 7TUVTa 'TI,KT€L Kat 7TUI\LV KOp,L';,€TaL. Restoration of the beginning of v.4 remains difficult despite these parallels. The supplement [cf>V€L ~E] implies an opposition between Ge, who brings forth mortals and takes them back again, and Hermes, who took this particular individual to the Land of the Blessed, ap­ parently because of his merits with regard to athletics and the gymnasium. A restoration such as [o~c TtKTE] (impf. act.; cf. LSJ s.v.) would emphasize a different point, that Earth receives again those whom she brings forth rather than that Earth bears those whom she takes again to herself; but this incurs the objections that there is no connective particle at the beginning of the new sentence and that the imperfect is not the tense required here. I ? Cf. a funerary epigram at Athens:18 - \ '.I..' .,. 'PQ' - ~\ '8 rata p'EV €LC 'f'aoc 7JP€. ~LfJVPTL€. rata u€ KEV €t ~ \ ~ \ ./tJ. It\ fJ .L\ II ,,~ cwp,a, 7TV07JV a€ atv'lP €I\a €V 7TUI\W, OC7T€P €UWK€V. In the next verse the appearance of Maia, in the genitive, seems to render necessary a restoration introducing her son Hermes, who plays here the role which he is normally assigned in funerary epi­ grams; the word denoting him should be in the nominative to provide an antecedent for the following participle and a subject for the verb governing aVTov. Hermes is called .ap.ov, '\EL,w;va:, or simply b WcE{3lWV or '/Tap' a,cE{3lcw, etc. For examples and discussion of the dualism which appears in vv.4 and 6 of this poem if. R. Lattimore, 'fhmtes in Greek and lAtin Bpitllphs (Urbana 1942) 31-44. Copyright (c) 2003 ProQuest Information and Learning Company Copyright (c) Duke University, Department of Classical Studies THOMAS DREW-BEAR 291 epigrams ;23 here the thought is implied that it is Hermes himself who decides to accord this privilege to the deceased.24 The god is invoked for this purpose in an epigram at Patara :25 . . . 'TOv. JJ Malac KAV'TE KOVP€ (E ' I ...," D I PfLEL7J. 7T£V'1TOLC xwpov E7T EVCEpEWV and in a metrical epitaph at !tanos :26 0E A 11K I~ 0 I ." 'Q I " A PfL7J .LrlaLaOOC VL€. ay €Vc€~EWV E17" xwpov. The verb used in this context is very frequently ayw, as in an epigram of Corinth :27 [ ] A '" , , Q I a' 0 ,,, A I 0E A 'T WV €V€K €VCE~€WV fL€ Kau 'EpOV ayayE xwpOV pfLac but of course other verbs occur, such as tSpvw28 or its compound, at Thyatira :29 [ijA ]v(Jo., ;.,8a .a LOC 1Jc.' ESp ]mct Ka(JdSpvcEV r EpfLii]c If the penultimate letter is read as epsilon and what follows on the stone is regarded as mainly accidental damage, it would become possible to restore f[icaYE] or f[lcaYE'] ;30 more probable is W. Peek's suggestion ~cP[c' alYwv]. U Epigraphical and literary examples are collected for instance by A. J. Festugiere, L'UUal Teligieux des GTecs et I'Evangile (Paris 1932) I~. It Cf E. Rohde, Psyche HI (Freiburg i. B. 1898) 387: «Nicht phUosophischer Belehrung, sondern den Gedanken volksthiimlicher Religionsiibung gehen diejenigen nach, die einem seligen Leben nach dem Tode zugefiihrt zu werden hoffen durch die eigene Fiirsorge dnes Gottes .... Er wird sie, so vertrauen sie, an seiner eigenen Hand in das Land der Wonne und Reinheit einfiihren." On Hermes in this function see P. Raingeard, Hennes psychagogue (Paris 1935) 509-19; instances in ancient verse are too numerous to cite. 15 TAM H.2 470 (Peek no.258: "I. jh. n. Chr."). Cf IG XH.5 310 (Peek nO.IS71: "n. Jh. n. Chr.") line 16: rqV8E &,-E £11' EucEfJlwv xwpov ;xovca XEpOC (Persephone is addressed on behalf of a woman from Paros). 14 ICT m p.12l no.37 (peek no.1249: "11./1. jh.") line 9. 17 Peek nO.1294: "z. H. II. jh. n. Chr." Cf Peek no.1795 at Smyrna, Diog.Laert., Anth.Pal. 7.91 (both with 7fyay€), etc. 18 Bemand, op.cit. (supra n.21) no.73 (Abydos, "sans doute haute epoque imperiale") Isff: ... p,alCapwv 'HMctov 1TE8tov I Eve' ap,a 1T[ lp ]wv Kv.\.\7jv&oc • Epp,ijc I l8pVC€. As Bernand points out (p.302), Hermes not only leads the soul into the next world but decides where it is to live. For the idea implied in our poem, that one could gain access to the land of the riCEfJELc by means of one's virtues, if. for example Bernand no.48 (Memphis) Peek no.764 (Notion), etc . • t Peek no. 1993 : "1./11. ]h. 1" 30 For the imperative if. Peek no.1693 at Demetrias, line 3: but this would require a preceding vocative. For the present tense cf a metrical epitaph at Thessalonike discussed Copyright (c) 2003 ProQuest Information and Learning Company Copyright (c) Duke University, Department of Classical Studies 292 A HELLENISTIC METRICAL EPITAPH The appeal to the wayfarer passing by the tomb (for the phrase used here cf 'Trap' TJplov acTtc 68£11£[&c] on an epigram from Augusta Emerita in Spain)31 is a common topic; for the restoration in v.S cf an epitaph at Kantanos in Crete :82 • A'/:" 8' ,-aC'TOLC KaL ~£LVO&Ct 'Tr0 £LVO'Ta'T'7]V 'Trapa 'TraCLV The phrase 'TraCL 'Tr08£LV6c33 and the pair aC'TOtc Kat ~£lvo,c3' both occur on numerous sepulchral epigrams. For the first half of the last verse cf an epitaph at Rhodes :35 and another at Megara :36 [x ]alp£LI-' 'Trpocd'Tr[ ac] £lnvXWI-' 'Trae[ &CTtx£] The restoration in the last line finds parallels ~ the last verse of a funerary epigram at Heracleopolis Magna in Egypt :37 CWL~OV 'TOV cav'TOV 'Trpac 8&p.ov afJ>..afJEwc by W. D. Lebek, ZPB 14 (1974) 13 (there in the second person), and Antipater of Sidon, Anth.Pal. 7.2.41 (a general statement): neither is exactly comparable. Thus restoration of this verb here does not quite fit either the sense or the traces on the stone. 31 IG XIV 2.451 (peek no.2009: "Anf. n. Jh. n. Chr.?"). For this subject see the examples and discussion in Lattimore, op.dt. (supra n.22) 230-36. The word .qpiov is common in funerary epigrams: it suffices to refer to the index of G. Kaibel, Bpigrammata Gra«a s.v. (other examples in the Anth.Pal.). The restoration [cv] &' Oc was made by W. D. Lebek. II ICr n p.89 nO.l0 (Peek nO.I261: "n. Jh."). aa IG IX.2 367 Clitterae tertii a. Chr. n. saeculi" Kern; Peek no.1537) 1} Pet w08E,v6c wanv l/l'1c oop.ov .. A~c; L. Robert points out that this is an inscription of Demetrias and was never at Thessalonike (Hellenica 10/11 [1960] 276-79; cf. now Annuaire Ecole des Hautes Etudes 1973/74, p.246, for the technique of engraving). IG ns 12,974 (Peek no. 1499: "nach Mi. IV. Jh.") 8alp,wv 8E c' ~Eo..ero wu, woBEU.oV; IG HI 7406 "tempora Macedonica" (Peek no.1692) ro&Jp,wv 8' IN.WEV plorov Ka2 w&c, W08ELvt}; IG xn.9 1183 (Peek no.355: "Gebiet von Chalkis. n./llI. Jh.") 1r&c' wo8yroc; etc. 8& Peek no.77 ("Osthang des Pelion, Thessalien. 2. H. V. Jh.") &c I'&.\a wo.Uo[ic] I acroic Ka2 EElvoLC BaKE 8avov civlav; Peek no.677 (Ephesus, "ill.tn. Jh. ") [aCT ]oic Ka2 EElvo", wpoCT/viae ; Bernand, op.dt. (supra n.21) 203 no.44 (Leontopolis, "haute epoque imperiale") 'ACTE02 Ka2 elva, [sic], KIX'TaKAmkIX'TE wmEc; Peek nO.1732 ("Nea Isaura, ill.flV. Jh.") ~v "eXVT'EC .po..EOV ,uPOWEC, ciCTol'rE ElvoL ['rE]; etc. a5 Peek no.1347 ("n.fI. Jh."). as IG vn 114 (peek no.2076: "ill. Jh. 1"): the text adopted here is that of Peek. Cf. also Peek no.1833: "n. Jh." (from Salamis on Cyprus) weXpJJ" ~'VE, xa'ipE 1rpocElwac, and P. Frisch, I.llion no.176 (Peek no.1350: "ca. 2. Jb. n. Chr.") XipE WPOCE'WcX,£[EVOC]. 87 Bemand, op.dt. (supra n.2l) 165 no.33 Cbasse epoque hellenistique"). Cf. ibid. p.70 no.8 (of uncertain provenience, "basse epoque hellenistique"): &{j).apEwclp1TE&[,' arpamrou fJ. Copyright (c) 2003 ProQuest Information and Learning Company Copyright (c) Duke University, Department of Classical Studies THOMAS DREW-BEAR 293 and in the end of a metrical epitaph at Smyrna :38 t ~ \ ~, " A \ ' • , , SELVE, CV 0 ClELCClC ~T}p.oKI\EOC VLECl XClLpEW i:1T}p.oK"'a CTEtXOLC &:fJ"afJ~c tXVOC €xwv. The final section of the poem thus presents no major difficulty. INSTITUT FERNAND COURBY, LYONS April,1975 at F. H. Marshall, Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the British Museum IV 102.4 (peek 00.760: "II.fI. Jh."). Kaibel, op.cit. (supra n.31) no.237, commented "a.flctlc Lq. t:'7TtlC nove dictum videtur." Copyright (c) 2003 ProQuest Information and Learning Company Copyright (c) Duke University, Department of Classical Studies