Readings in Aeschylus' "Choephoroe" and "Eumenides" Young, Douglas C C Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Fall 1971; 12, 3; ProQuest pg. 303 Readings in Aeschylus' Choephoroe and Eumenides Douglas Young I N THIS essay I offer some suggestions for the interpretation or emendation of passages in the two later plays of the Oresteia.! The essay is in some sense a sequel to two articles published in 1964, "Some Types of Error in Manuscripts of Aeschylus' Oresteia" (GRBS 5 [1964] 85-99) and "Gentler Medicines in the Agamemnon" (CQ N.S. 14 [1964] 1-23). In a later essay I hope to offer proposals for the text of the Byzantine triad of Aeschylus. I Conservative Cures in Choephoroe After examining all the supposed corruptions in the text of the Oresteia, I concluded (GRBS 5 [1964] 85) "that errors involving more than one letter or one syllable are relatively a trifling proportion of the total of errors." In approaching the constitution of a text of Choephoroe, for which Dr R. D. Dawe lists more than thirty pages of conjectures made since Wecklein's repertory in 1885, I find a good many places where cures more conservative than most hitherto pro­ posed may prove acceptable. Some of these I mentioned in 1964, and Dawe duly listed them in the Addendis Addenda (p.179) to his valuable Repertory of Conjectures on Aeschylus (Leiden 1965). Some others may be worthy of consideration also, starting with the third strophe and antistrophe of the parodos, which I incline to constitute thus: 66 ~.., ., 0' o· • 'V(}' ,/,. -VL CXLfLCXT EKTTO EV VTTO./1.1 ovoc TP0't'0V CTp. Y , ,/,. , , , ~ 'e;, TLTCXC 't'0VOC TTE117JY€V OV V LCXppVVCXV • 1 For helpful discussions of numerous points I am most grateful to Professor Kenneth J. Dover of the University ofSt Andrews. Dr Alex F. Garvie of the University of Glasgow. and to my colleagues Professors Philip A. Stadter and David Sider of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 303 304 AESCHYLUS' CHOEPHOROE AND EUMENIDES 71 () ' "',,, .J... A .'" \' ,... tyov'n 0 OVTL VVfL'1'tKWV €OW"LWV eXKOC, 7T6po£ T€ 7TCXVT€C EK fL,ac doov {3a{VOVT€C TdV xatpOfLVc~ cpOVOV tKa(}a{pOVT€C t i(}vcav fLaTav. Sensui et metro satisfaceret Sta,ICaeapOVvT€c. aVT. y A version might run: "Through bloodshed drunk up by fostering Earth, avenging slaughter is fixed indissolubly. Grievous Ruin lets the guilty man pass through to become full of self-sufficing madness. But for a man who touches the abodes of a bride [i.e. who violates the sanctity of marriage as Aigisthos had done] there is no remedy, and all the streams coming from a single course to purify the slaughter that rejoices in pollution speed on in vain." Older conjectures that remain acceptable are: 66 Schlitz's EK7TO()Iv(}' for M's €K7TO()€V; Heath's deletion after v.69 of the repetition of v.65; Stephanus's (}tYOVTL at 71 for M's oiyoVTL; and Musgrave's t()vcav fLaTav at 74 for M's lovcav eXri]v. At 68 I propose, for M's ex'"} oLacptp€t, "ATa (Rogers) otacpp€i. The colon scans as a polyschematist choriambic dimeter, what P. Maas dubbed a 'wilamowitzianus'.2 Such a colon does not require exact syllabic responsion with its counterpart at 73. The verb o £ acppEW, 'to let through', found at Ar. Av. 193 and Thuc. 7.32, might well be unfamiliar to a copyist, who would substitute the common verb 8LacpEp€t. The sense is that Ruin gives a guilty man enough scope to incriminate himself thoroughly, enough rope to hang himself. In 72, for 7TOPOt relating to liquids, cf Chao 366, Eum. 293 ; and for d80c of the course of a stream Xen. Cyr. 7.5.16. In 73 only Wellauer of former editors appears to entertain M's XatpofLvcfj, and that doubt­ fully; but it seems a plausible enough coinage to mean 'rejoicing in pollution'. If alteration be needed the metrical equivalent nearest in spelling would be another hapax, X€tpOfLvcfj (Pauw) 'hand-polluting'. At 74 we need an iambic trimeter for responsion with 69, and there is no need for every syllable of the trimeter to correspond to 69. M's Ka()alpoVT€C does not scan and is probably in the wrong tense, and Murray is on the right lines with his suggestion of a future participle I P. Maas, Greek Metre, trans!' H. Lloyd.Jones (Oxford 1962) § 54. DOUGLAS YOUNG 305 indicating purpose, 'to purify' KaOayvLOVVT€c. Aristophanes and Plato use a compound of M's verb KaOcdpw, and perhaps Aeschylus wrote S,aKaOapOVVT€C. Scribes quite often omit prepositions in composition.3 Denniston found resolved feet corresponding to unresolved nineteen times in lyric iambics.4 For the epode 75-83, M's readings are ITletrically and otherwise acceptable with the following colometry, where no problem of responsion arises: 75 ' ,~. (' I " .J.' \ EfLOL a avaYKav yap afL'f"1TTOI\LV () \ , "" €OL 1TpOC'1}VEyKav· EK yap OLKWV 1TaTpwtwv SovALOV , ~ 1') EcayovaLcav 79A SlKaLa Kat fL~ S{KaLa 79 I .,' QI B 1TpE1TOVT apxac I-'LOV 80 (3lq. c/>EPOf1.€vwv aivEcaL 1TLKPWV c/>P€JlWV I I ~ I~' t.J.' • I CTVyoC KpaTovcTl. oaKpvw a v'f' HfLaTwv, I ~ ~ fLaTaLoLcL O€C1TOTav I .J.' 'f) I TvxaLc, Kpv'f'aLOLc 1TEV ECLV 1TaxvovfLEV'YJV. syncopated iambic trimeter syncopated iambic trimeter syncopated iambic dimeter iambic pentasyllable iambo-trochaic dimeter syncopated iambic dimeter iambic trimeter iambic trimeter syncopated iambic dimeter iambic trimeter "But for me-since the gods applied constraint to my city: for from my paternal home they brought me to a slave's apportionment- it is fitting to acquiesce in deeds just and unjust of men winning for them­ selves sovereignties by doing violence to life, while I suppress the hatred of my embittered heart. And I bewail beneath my robes, because of my masters' senseless fortunes, a girl chilled with secret griefs." At 77 an accusative pronoun can be supplied mentally, and Coning­ ton's SOVA£()V is not needed. For the iambo-trochaic dimeter at 79A the best known parallel is the start of Pind. Ol. 2 avag,c/>6PfLLYY€C €POfL€VWV, ~f L5] s.v. c/>€PW A.vI.3. At 81, for the sense of 1TLKPWV, 'embittered', cf Theb. 358 1TLKpOV S' ofLfLa OaAafL'rJ1T6AwV, 8 Cf GRBS 6 (1965) 264. , J. D. Denniston, in Greek Poetry and Life, Essays Presented to G. Murray (Oxford 1936) 142f. 152A 152B 153 154A 154B 155 306 AESCHYLUS' CHOEPHOROE AND EUMENIDES and Soph. Ant. 423 7nKpaC 5pvdJoc dgvv ~()6yyov. In 82f fJ-a:ralo£c£ ••• 'TVXatc is a dative of cause. At 83 1TaxvovfJ-~v is the object of oaKpvw, cf. Ag. 1490 1TWC C€ oaKpvcw; It refers to Elektra, to whom the chorus presumably turn or point; and she immediately begins to speak. There is probably no need to alter the forms with eta, 81 Kpa'TOvc[J, 83 1TaxvovfJ-€V7Jv, to forms with the lyric long alpha.5 It is a questionable assumption that Aeschylus always pedantically inserted lyric alpha forms in lyrics wherever possible, and totally avoided them in marching anapaests. Not a single letter of M need be changed at 152-57, with proper colometry and punctuation, thus: ., 0 ' ,..--.... iambic monometer £€'T€ aKpv - uu U X \ '" I ,..--.... ,..--.... dochmius KaVax€c 0 OfJ-€VOV U uu uu u x 'A I 0 ' o OfJ-€VCfJ €C1TO'T~, GU u- I -u- syncopated ia. dim. \" '0 ~ ,..--.... ,..--.... ,..--.... dochmius 1TpOC €pvfJ-a TO € KaKWV, UU UU UU U- IC€OVWV T , , , ,..--.... dochmius a1TOTp01TOV. --UU ux "'A " I a yoc a1T€VX€TOV K€XVfJ-W- wv xoav. -uu-u- I uw -u- 2 dochmii KAV€ O€ fJ-0£, KAV€, u UU - ux dochmius c€{3ac, 'I' O€C1TOT' , Eg W afJ-avpac ~p€v6c. GU--u-Iu--ux 2 dochmii I52A is also interpretable as - uu - x, an Adonean; but the iambic mono meter analysis is supported by the iambic dimeter syncopated at 153. The rest of the passage is dochmiac, with various resolutions, as is the continuation, to 163, for the text of which see GRBS 5 (1964) 95. One might render: "Let go a tear, plashing, perishing for the master perished, upon this defence against evils and averter of good things [i.e. the tomb]. Grief is removed by prayer with the pouring of drink­ offerings. Now hear me, hear, Your Majesty, 0 master, from your darkened soul." At 1528 OA6fJ-€vOV is a coincident or synchronous aorist participle.6 At 154A, for EpvfJ-a T60€ KaKwv, aA€LC Cnot liable to slip'), Thuc. 2.89 TO fNf3atov (from the root of f3alvw) rijc Stavolac. Euripides puts it explicitly at Hec. 744 EgtCTopfjcat cwv oSov f3oVA€VP.eXTWV, and Hipp. 391 ugw ••. TfjC EP.fjC I f!:, , YVWfl:YJC ooov. At 455 M's original reading 'TT'pl.'TT'€'S may be right, in the line 'TT'pl.'TT'€'C S' aKap.'TT'Tc.p P.Ev€, KafJ~K€'v. The final sigma was erased, perhaps by the scholiast who interpreted thus: 'TT'pl.'TT'€' SI. co, ap.€TaKw~Tc.p Svva­ P.€t opp.av KaT' aV-rwv. The second singular could mean either (1) 'But you appear to be entering the struggle with inflexible force', or (2) 'But you are fit to enter ... ' Aeschylus uses 'TT'PE'TT'€'V much like cpatv€cf)at, in the sense 'appear', at Pers. 247 TOv8€ yap 8pap.TJp.a cPWTOC n€pctKOV 'TT'P''TT'€' p.afJ€LV, and at Supp. 719 'TT'pE'TT'OVCt 8' avSp€c ~;;O, P.€Aa'YXlP.O'c yvlatct A€VKWV EK 'TT'€'TT'Awp.aTwv lS€LV. For the sense 'be fit, be fitting' cf Soph. DOUGLAS YOUNG 309 OT 9 7Tpl7Twv :vc I 7Tp6 TaIVO€ WV€'iV. It is not the main purpose of the conjuration of Agamemnon's spirit to raise the morale of Orestes, but it would have that side effect; and the Chorus' address to him with the personal7TpE7T€LC would be more encouraging than an admonition with the impersonal form 7TPE7T€L. Line 544 lTIust refer back to the detail of KlytailTIestra's nightlTIare described at 529, EV c7TapyavoLcL 7TaLOoc opI-I-lCaL OlK'Y}V, "(and she thought that) she berthed (the snake) in swaddling clothes like a child." For 543-44 h d · ir • \ , ., ~ • \ , • 'I t ''/'' ~ t e para OSIS ouers: H yap TOV aVTOV XwpOV €KI\L7TWV EI-I-O£ OV'fJELC E7TlXCa c7Tapyav'Y}7TA€t~E'Tot, with ~T in the margin. Perhaps 544 should run: OiJ~LC (Porson) €7T' a!-,a c7Tlxpyav' (Klausen) €7TAwt~€TO or €7TAot~ETO: "the snake sailed into my swaddling clothes." The verb 7TAW[~W is Hesiodic, Gp. 634; cf Thuc. 1.13. Its middle form is Hel­ lenistic, often spelt 7TAOL~-. Of verbs with the notion of a ship's move­ ment, continuing the image of 529 0pI-I-{caL, none comes so close to the paradosis letters TJ7TAE[~ETO. For the strophe 623-30 the paradosis needs only small routine adjustments of accents, punctuation, and common small errors of spelling or misinterpretation of the ambiguous spellings of Aeschylus, thus: , \~" " \ , €7TH ° €7TE!-,vaca!-,av a!-'ELI\LXWV , " <;:" <;:,./.. \\ , 7TOVWV, aKaLpwc DE, - DVC'f'LI\EC ya!-,'Y}- 625 \ ." <;:, , I\€VIL a7TEvXETOV oOILOLC, yvvaLKo{3ovAoVC T€ !-,~TLSac ~PEVOVV "'<;:" ./..' €7T avopL TEVXEC'f'0PO/. • , , c:- , C:-' • , "f) €7T avop' onOLC €7T€LKOTWC €t-'ac. , \:" '()' • I \:' I TLW 0 a Ep!-'avTov €CTLav oO!-,wv, 630 yvVatKEtaV aToA!-'ov alx!-,av. 623 E7T€ILVaCap,av Dindorf, E'TT'€/lvf]ca/l€v M linea, E'TT'E/lVaCa/lEV M supra. 624 'TT'OVWV, aKalpwc Oe, interpunxerunt Pauw et Wilamowitz. 6261>PEvOiJV Young, cPPEVWV M. 627 post T€VXEC1>opcp plene interpunxit Young. 628 E'TT'ELKOTWC Vir Doctus apud Scholefield, ;{3ac Verrall, €7rLKOTW d{3ac M. 629 T{W Stanley, Tlwv M. 630 yvvO:LK€LaV Schoene, yvvaLKElav M. o:iXl1-av M ante corr. In 602-22 the Chorus had mentioned Althaia, who caused the death of her son Meleagros, and Skylla, who killed her father Nisos. Now they proceed to consider a woman who killed her husband and married her paramour, Klytaimestra. One may translate: "But, since I mentioned cruel distresses, but irrelevantly-the household has 310 AESCHYLUS' CHOEPHOROE AND EUMENIDES [supply hT~V with S&p-Otc as dative of possessor] an odious mating, abominated, namely (TE) one that prompted [cPpevofiv is participle, neuter, of cPPEV&W] wife-plotted schemes against an armour-wearing husband." The Chorus then turn and point at the palace. «Against your husband you [meaning Klytaimestra] proceeded in a manner like enemies. But I honour a household's hearth not heated (by passion), free from the boldness of wifely weapons." 624 cXKatpwc. Althaia and Skylla exemplified crimes that women may commit under the influence of love, cf 596-601. But they are not fully relevant to the present KaLp6c, where an adulterous wife has slain her husband and espoused her preferred bedfellow. 626 TE here is appositive or explanatory, as at Agam. 10 EK Tpotac cPanv I ciAwcLp.6v TE f3&gLV, Ha report from Troyland, namely news of its capture. "9 _ 626 cPpevofiv is a mere re-interpretation of the paradosis cPPEVWV, which derives from some copyist's attempt to understand Aeschylus' am­ biguous PENON. The verb occurs at Agam. 1183 cPPEVWCW S' Oi"cET' Eg aLVL'yp.aTwv. Cho. 116, PV 335. 630 For genitives of relation dependent on an adjective compounded with alpha privative, cf Smyth, Greek Grammar2 § 1428. At 631-38 the Chorus pursue their train of thought in the foregoing strophe, and compare Klytaimestra's crime to the most notorious example of female criminality known to Greek tradition, the mass­ acre of their husbands by the women of Lemnos. Redividing and interpreting the paradosis at 632, the text might run thus: 631 - ~ \ f3' \ A' KaKWV OE 7TpEC EVETa£ TO 'Y)P.VLOV A&YCP' yoaTa£ S' ;S'Y) 7TO(Jfj KaTa- 633 7TTVCTOV. iiKacEv SE T£C 63 \ ~ \ .,. A' , 4 TO uELVOV av 'Y)P.VLO£C£ 7TT)p.acLV. 632 8' l87] 7TO(Jfj Young, O£ 07] 7T6(J~, M. This might be rendered: "of evil deeds the Lemnian takes the first place in tradition. But this house in yearning bewails an abominable act. And someone compared the atrocity in its turn to the Lemnian woes." 632 lOT). Aeschylus uses the word eSoc several times, in the plural at Pers. 404. Like S6p.oc. 86p.o£, at Cho. 13, 625, 776, 841, 942, 963, it can doubtless mean 797 0 " , A 1TpOCTL ELC fLETPOV KTteaL 797 Y' <0' B cCf><:,0fLEVOV pv fLov. 820 DOUGLAS YOUNG 313 ~ , 'I:' ~ I:' 'I:' , , TOVT toE LV, Oa1TEOWV avop.EVWV, f31Jp.aTWV opEyp.a. 797 A KT{cat Young, T{C av M. 798 Oct1r€owv Young, oa7TEDov M. The sense is: "And realize that the orphaned colt of a man dear (to you) is yoked in a chariot of woes. In the course, applying due mea­ sure, cause the observing of rhythm. May you behold such an out­ stretching of paces as plains are traversed." 795 M's singular app.an is preferable to the scholiast's plural app.an, because Aeschylus always uses the singular where the chariot of an individual is concerned, at 660, Pers. 84, Sept. 50, PV 465, and the plural only where several chariots are involved. 796 Here a doubly syncopated iambic dimeter responds to the singly syncopated iambic dimeter at 785. The asyndeton is immediately paralleled at 798, in another petition. 797 A KTLC(t.£ is the aorist infinitive active of KTL~W used imperativally. This is rather a favourite verb of Aeschylus: cf 351, 441, 1060, Pers. 289. Schomann proposed KTLCOV, but KTtcat seems more likely to have been corrupted to M's Ttc avo 797B cc.p~6P.EVOV pv()p.ov is in the ab urbe condita construction, commoner in Greek than is usually recognized. Cf Smyth, Greek Grammar2 §2053. 798 TOVT( 0) has the sense of TOWVTO, cf LS] s. v. oihoc, Cm. [OEtV is an­ other imperatival infinitive, like 797 A KTLCat. The long alpha in oa1T'owv is paralleled by PV 829, where oa1TEoa of the paradosis is kept by Mazon, Paley, Wecklein, Wellauer and Pauw. Ct.VOP.EVWV has here a short alpha, as at fr.279a2 Mette (= 161 Nauck). Cf LS] s.v. avw (A) fin. The lyrical passage from 819 to 837 can be intelligibly adjusted with much less alteration than current editions present. Because of the problems of responsion it is convenient to take the mesode last, after the strophe and antistrophe, which go thus: CTp. r , , S' A ~ ~ dochmius Kat TOTE 1J 7T WTWV -vu--- owp.chwv AVT~PWV, -v-Iv-u- sync. iambic dimeter OfjAVV ovpw- -u-u- hypodochmius I < , --. dochmius (in Reiz-CTaTav OP.OKpEKTOV v-uu-- ianumform) I , v--v- dochmius Y01JTWV vop.ov 314 AESCHYLUS' CHOEPHOROE AND EUMENIDES () I to,\ ,~,.,. 1 fl.E 7JCOfl.EV: 7TOI\€t 'Tao EV. U - U - U - U - iambic dimeter 825 , , ,\ , '" "i: Efl.OV Efl.0V KEPOOC av~ E'Ta, 'T60', "A- wu-I-u-Iu-u- sync. iambic trim. "'" A.I..'\" 'Ta 0 a7TOC'Ta'TE L ~tl\wv. -u-Iu-u- sync. ia. dim. av'T. r n ' ".I.. ' 832 EPCEWC 'T EV ~pECCtV - - - - - '-' (7Tlp(}E> Kapolav CXEf}WV, - u -I u - u - 834 A "" • , () , A 'TOtCo V7TO X OVOC - U - u- ...---.. 8348 cplAotcl 'T' avwf}Ev u - uu - - , , 834c 7Tpo7Tpaccwv xapt'Tac U - - uu x 835 'Opyac Avypac EvOof}ev - - - 1- - u- J.. ,,, ()' \ ~OtVLav a'Tav 'TL EtC, 'TOV dochmius (with syni- zesis) sync. ia. dim. hypodochmius dochmius(inReizian- umform) dochmius sync. iambic dim. ai'TLOV 0' - u -1- - u -I u - u - sync. ia. trimeter - u - 1 - u - sync. ia. dimeter 819 7TAW'TWV Young, 7TAOV'TOV M. 822 OP.OKPEK'TCW Young, op.ov KPEK'T()V M ex corr. 833 <7TEp{}e) supplet Young. 8348 g,{AOtc£ 'T' Young, g,{AotCtv TOLC T' M. 834c xapmxc Schlitz, XaPLTOC M. From 800 to 818 the Chorus invoked the gods of the hearth and household, and Apollo and Hermes, to aid in the actions of Orestes. What they say from 819, in the third strophe and antistrophe, may be rendered thus: "And then indeed, setting the house free to sail, female creator of a favourable wind, woven together, a tune of enchanters we will utter: 'For the state these acts are well. My gain, mine, is growing here. And Ruin stands away from my dear ones' .... And keeping in your midriff the heart of Perseus, slay (her), for those here below the earth and for the dear ones above (it) proceeding to perform favours by causing the bloody ruin of the grievous Wrath inside, namely un by utterly destroying the guilty Doom." The Chorus anticipate the song of triumph they will sing as Orestes completes his mission, which is at the same time a magical chant to help on the anticipated triumph. 819 M's irrelevant 7TAov'TOV may derive from a trivializing misinter­ pretation of the dramatist's original nI\OTON, by which the context, with 814 having probably 7TpagtV ovplav (}IP.EV Ccf GRBS 5 [1964] 89), suggests that he meant 7TAw'Twv, genitive plural neuter of 7TAw'T6c, DOUGLAS YOUNG 315 'capable of sailing', agreeing with oWfLchwv and expressing proleptic­ ally the result of the superordinate adjective Avn]pwv. The Chorus would regard the house as tied up by the usurpers. 821 ovpwcTaTav is a hapax, and must refer to a v6fLOC, incantation, oc oiJpwvavEfLov LCT7JCLV. Cf 814 7Tpagw ovp{av (NfLEV. 822 6ftov KPEKT6v of M, where the letters oftO are in an erasure, will represent an original OMOKPEKTON, another hapax, from the roots of ofLoO+ KPEKW, 'woven together' = 'sung in unison'. In 824-26 the Chorus consider first the 7T6ALC, which is their concern also at 1046; then their personal prospects; and thirdly their dear ones, principally Orestes and Elektra. 833 (7TEp{)O might have dropped out below original nEP~E of llEPcEWC in 832. 834B I have deleted TOLC, as an interlinear article miscopied into the text, and removed as unmetrical the facultative v of 4>{AOLCtV. 835 'Opyac and 837 M6pov both refer to the personified Wrath or demon of the house, cf Agam. 1477, 1501, 1569, the daimon of the Pleisthenidai or Pelopidai, cf Agam. 1600-02, which had caused the series of deaths starting with the twelve elder children of Thyestes. Cf Agam. 768 KOTOV, oa{ftova TEYUW. lO 836 0' here links expressions in apposition, cf 190, 841, Agam. 1405: Denniston, Greek Particles2 p. 163. On metrical points here, it is important to bear in mind the multi­ plicity of forms of the dochmiac col arion, anyone of which can re­ spond to any other, including the anaclastic form, the hypodochmius. In lyric iambic dimeters and trimeters there are over twenty places in Aeschylus where syncopated forms are found responding to un­ syncopated forms, or singly syncopated cola to doubly syncopated, or cola syncopated in one metron to cola syncopated in another metron. The frequency and subtlety of Aeschylus' handling of syncopation have been obscured by the meddlesome innovations of doctrinaire straitjacketing editors since about 1800. The freedoms of responsion in the final three cola of these stanzas should be relished, not abolished. Regarding my suggestion to delete an article at 834B as intrusive, it seems to me the most economical way of adjusting the colometry; but instead one might add a syllable in the strophe at 822, e.g. thus: 821-22 I) ~\ , I t _ I I I I 7]I\VV OVptOCTaTav OfLOV (TE> KPEKTOV, y07]TWV VOfLOV ••• 10 Cf CQ N.S. 14 (1964) 9. 830 316 AESCHYLUS' CHOEPHOROE AND EUMENIDES 834 ~ ~, t , (J , A.. " ~,,, (J TOLCU V7TO X OVOC 'f'LI\QLCLV TOLC T avw EV ••• These would make trochaic trimeters. The version would be : " ... a female and together-woven creator of a favourable wind, a tune of enchanters ... " Adjustments in 822 and/or 834 do not affect my view of the last three cola of the stanzas. The third mesode, at 827-31, seems acceptably intelligible if thus colometrized and punctuated: ., EpyWV, ionic a minore trimeter E7Tavcac 7TCXTpOC EPYC{J, vv- -Ivv- - ionic dimeter (JpowvcCf 7TpOC CE t< TEKVOV", VV - -1- vv - polyschematist ionic dimeter HII '" ,~..... \ , . aTpoc avoav, KaL 7TEpat- -v--I-v- trochaic dimeter catalectic A ristop hanean " ,J.. ,/ VWV E7TLfl-Ofl-'f'OV aTav. -vv-Iv- - Also possible would be to add (JpoEovcCf to 828, making a second ionic trimeter, and then continue thus: 829-30 831 \ , f ( T ' " f fn "" ~ ...... , I h . t . 7TPOC CE EKVOV, aTpoc avoav, Kat 7TEpaLVWV troc alC nmeter E7T{fl-0fl-cP0V aTav. acephalous Aristophanean [or iambic pen- themimer, with resolved anceps] The sense would be: "But do you, with confidence, whenever the turn for deeds comes, raising a shout for your father's deed, to her when she cries 'Child J', say 'Of my father J', while actually carrying through the ruin, censurable though it be." At 830 avD&v is an imperatival infinitive, and Kat emphatic. At 831 E7TLfl-0fl-cP0V is perhaps active, 'fault-finding', as at Eur. Rhes. 327; but it may be passive, 'censurable, capable of being found fault with', as f1gam.553. A general stylistic problem of some interest, and of long-standing controversy, is involved in consideration of a proposed interpretation of the paradosis at 907. The problem is the limit of the use by trage·· dians of the imperfect, and other past tenses of the indicative, without addition of the syllabic augment. Ending his dispute with his mother at Cho. 929-30, Orestes, as agent for the Delphic oracle, of which Pylades had at 900 broken his pro·· longed silence to remind him, utters the oracular statements: ~ KrXpTa fl-rXvnc oug OVELPrXTWV cPof3oc. 930 I ,(\, ...... '" , '8 KaVEC Y ov ov XPYJV, Kat TO fl-YJ XpEWV 7Ta E. DOUGLAS YOUNG 317 Hermann defended the paradosis reading of the unaugmented aorist KcXV€C, and (UTO at Cho. 738 is a good parallel for an unaugmented aorist in initial position in an iambic trimeter of dialogue. At the end of a trimeter in a messenger's speech cf Pers. 313 ... vaoc EK Juac TTEcov, which Broadhead ad loc. defended, remarking: "Aeschylus's language is constantly redolent of epic." He also accepts elsewhere in Persae unaugmented imperfects in messengers' speeches, which tend to have epic flavours: 376 TPOTTOVTO, 458 KVKt-OVVTO, 506 TTtTTTOV. In Sophocles, manuscripts give us several relevant examples: OT 1245 KcXt-€t (initial); 1249 yoaTo (initial) ; El. 715 cPOPEL8'; Trach. 904 f3pvxaTo; 915 cPpovpovv : all so far initial; and in final positions Trach. 767 TTPOCTTTVCCETO, and Phil. 371 TTt-Y}ctOV yap wv KVPEt. Examples in Euripides include: Ale. 839 'HAEKTPVWVOC YE{vaT' • At-KfL~Vy}; Ba. 1066 KVK/\oVTO (initial); 1134 YVfLVOVTO DE (at line-end), where see Dodds ad loc. Other discus­ sions are in Kuhner-Blass § 199 pp.18-19, and Jebb on Soph. OT 1249. Many examples are readily removable by assuming prod elision of an initial augment following a final long vowel or diphthong in the preceding line, by interpreting as a historic present, or otherwise; but there remains an intractable group, mostly in passages of epic flavour, that suggest the general admissibility of the non-addition of the syllabic augment. If we had all the plays of the great tragic trio, instead of about a tenth of them, we would doubtless have hundreds of examples of imperfects without added augment. Applying all this to an earlier part of the exchanges between Orestes and his mother, I incline to read at 907-08 : , 8 - c '8 "'. , ''/'' \ ~ TOVTc.p avovca s vyKa EVO , ETT€t 'aCYl Hermann, E>.aciL M. 968 KaOapfLo'ic M. corr. Hermann, a7TCxv M, aTav Schutz, E>'aT71PLOv M, E>'aT~p iwv Young. 969 TlJXa 0' E1J1TPOCWTrWL KO[TeXL Ta uel TW M ante corr. (TO M post corr.) Trav M, elmpocwTr' Wei!, OiKO£ TaVTa 7TlXVT' Young. 970 a:KOVWL post iOE£V M, delet Hermann. The strophe is wholly dochmiac, with a variety of forms of the colarion, to which strict responsion is not required. The sense runs: "For soon all-accomplishing Time will pass the doorways of the halls, when from the hearth he drives every pollution, coming as a driver-out of Ruin-Fiends with purges. But may Fortune settle them (the oWfLaTa) to be altogether fair of front to behold, for us as we shout aloud 'The alien settlers in the house shall be cast forth again'. We can see the light now." In 968 M's EAaT~pLOv probably derives from an original EAATE­ PION, by which the poet meant here EAaT~p lwv. In 969 the optative form olKOL (=OLKO{YJ) fell victim to a misdivision, which also affected the first syllable of TaUTa. As Aeschylus uses Te) 7TlXV or EC TO 7Tav several times, a corrector then evolved M's final TO 7Tav. Sophocles uses ElJ1TPOCW7TOC at Ajax 1009. It is here used proleptically, of the hoped-for result of the superordinate verb olKoL. At 1059-60 the paradosis is most conservatively interpreted thus: ErC cou KaOapfLoc, Ao~{ov oE. 7TPOCOLYWV '\ '8' ~ '" ' , €IlEV EpOV CE TWVUE TrYJf1-aTWV KTLCEt. Etcw M ante corr. Eiee' 0 M post corr. The sense is : "There is one method of purging of you, and it belongs to Loxias. With a touch he will make you free from these woes." The asyndeton is explanatory. DOUGLAS YOUNG 319 II Minimal Mendings in Eumenides In the manuscript tradition of Aeschylus' Eumenides quite many passages appear in which a minimal change may mend the sense acceptably, or indeed a new interpretation of the paradosis may obviate the need for any change at all. Queen Victoria's uncle, the Duke of Cambridge, is reported to have said, when Commander-in­ chief of the British Army, HAny change at any time for any purpose is most highly to be deprecated." That ducal gnome would be an unsafe guide for contemporary military planners, but is perhaps not the worst of maxims for editors of ancient Greek texts, in which far more harm has been done by innovation than by conservation. At Eum. 175 the paradosis may have suffered nothing worse than a misdivision. But first the context should be recalled. The Erinyes are in Apollo's temple at Delphi, venting their wrath that Apollo has sent off his suppliant Orestes, under the guidance of Hermes, to Athens, to seek sanctuary beside the ancient statue of the goddess Athena which stood in the Erechtheion. The third antistrophe may most con­ servatively be presented thus: , I \ I '\ '\ , ", KaILoL T€ I\V7TPOC, KaL TOV OVK €KI\VC€TaL. 175 • " .J..' " ,'\ e -V7TO T€yav 'f'€vywv ov 7TOT €I\€V €pOVTaL. I \;,' '" tf " 7TOTLTp07TaLOc 0 wv €T€POV €V KapC!- , " I I ILLacTop €K K€LVOV 7TaC€TaL. This stanza is probably best distributed to individual voices, as Murray treats early parts of the parodos. HAnd to me also (he, Apollo, is) offensive, and he shall not get him (Orestes) set free. -By fleeing under a roof (i.e. into a shrine) he is never liberated. -But by being a protector of suppliants he (Apollo) will acquire another polluter on his head after that one." (i.e., he will have to take responsibility for another murderer in consequence of helping Orestes.) The new proposal here is to read at 175 tJ7TO T€yav for the manu­ scripts' tJ7T6 T€ y&v. The interpretation T€yav is in reciprocal support with a similar interpretation at 257, where the Erinyes have come 320 AESCHYLUS' CHOEPHOROE AND EUMENIDES panting into the Erechtheion and found Orestes clutching Athena's statue, where I would interpret the paradosis this way: 257 Of",' '" ~ .. ~ \ \ " 00 av TEyWV cu\Kav EXWV. 258 1TEPL {3PETEt 1TAEXBELc BEtic afL{3pchou 259 tI1TOS£KOC BEAEt YEvECBat XEPWV, "Here he is again having the succour of a shrine (literally 'of roofs'). Entwined around the statue of the immortal goddess he wishes to submit to trial for his hands" (i.e. his deeds: cf. LS] s.v. XElp IV). At 257 the manuscripts offer 0 S' aon yovS, on which Denniston, Greek Particles2 p.448, comments: "neither y' OOV nor yovv is easy to ex­ plain." The words can only represent some copyist's interpretation of an original writing 06.A YTErON, on the assumption that Aeschylus used the letter 0 to mean 0, W or ou The word TEyOC is Homeric, Od. 1.333 al., and Pindaric, Pyth. 5.41, Nem. 3.54; and probably Aeschylean also at Agam. 768 KOTOV, SalfLova TEyWV, an interpretation defended at CQ N.S. 14 (1964) 9. Headlam suggested 0 S' ao TEYEOV aAKd:V lxwv. Some other readings in the two passages may be noted. At 174 KafLol TE of the paradosis is kept by Hermann, Wellauer, Mueller, Verrall and Mazon. For KaL ••• TE in Aeschylus cf. Bum. 713. Denniston (p.535) warns against the suggestion that the combination occurs in Thucydides with the sense 'and also'. At 175 the paradosis form CPEVyWV gives a dochmiac scanning U ~ - - - , which is licit, as is its equivalence to the form U ~ - u - in the strophe at 170. Exact syllabic responsion in this highly variable colarion was dearly not practised by Aeschylus. Like­ wise at 176 the paradosis word-order 1TOTLTp01TatOC 8' wv gives a dochmiac scanning u ~ - - - responding to 171 u ~ -U-. At 177 Bothe's EK KElvou is the best correction of the manuscripts' EKElvou. At 257, for TEyWV eXAKd:V, fa temple's defence', compare II. 15. 490 ,lEta S' aplyvwTOC Auk avSpact ylYVET(xt aAK~, Soph. Phil. 11500vyd:p €XW XEPOLV Td:V 1TPOCOEV f3EAEWV aAKav, Eur. Phoen. 1098 we TijJ voeOVVTt I ., '" , 1'\ \ "' •• \' TE£XEWV Et7J OopOC allK7J Ot olltyou. The antistrophe at 334-40, which has been much amended, seems to need no more than an appropriate colometry and a single letter change, Meineke's TOL aVv at 336 for the manuscripts'TOLOW. 334A TOVTO Yd:P Aaxoe S£av- trochaic dimeter catalectic 334B Tala MOLP' E1TE- dochmius 335 340 DOUGLAS YOUNG 321 KAwCEV Jp/1TI.SWC " (J' ,\, , EXELV, CXVCXTWV TOL CVV CXVTOVPYLCXLC ~, , ~ VP.1TCXCWCLV P.CXTCXWL, ..... t .....",1.. , ~ TOLC OP.CXpTELV, O'f'p cxv yaAEpa TavvDp6p.OLC 376 KWAa Dvccf>6pwv 'ATav. ...--..-uuuuuu- -u-u-u- 372 aAAo!-'Eva M, sed altero A eraso. 376 8vcr/>6pwv 'ATUV Young, 8vcr/>opovaTav codices. The sense is: "For truly, with a mighty leap from on high, with heavy weight I bring down the strength of my foot. Causing stumbles for swift runners (are) the legs of the Ruin-Fiends hard to be borne." Metrically 372-74 can be analysed as paeono-cretic or as syncopated iambic dimeters. Line 375 is a dochmius, or a resolved hypodochmius, and 376 either a trochaic dimeter catalectic or a syncopated iambic dimeter. For the scansion of 'ATav with the short first syllable cf Archil. fro 73 D. (= 84 L.-B.), and Agam. 131,730, discussed at CQ N.S. 14 (1964) 2. Sir Denys Page, in the Denniston-Page commentary on Agam. 3, defends aYKaOEv at 373 here, citing Schneidewin's explanation of it as a contraction from *avaKaOEV. Pauw printed it in his text. {3apv7TEcfj is kept by Wilamowitz, Smyth, Mazon, Paley, Hermann and others; and ccf>aAEpeX TavvDp6p.oLC by Hermann, Mueller, Wecklein and Verrall. For the close association of Atai with Erinyes cf Agam. 1433£ /La T1]V 1\ -, - '" \ A , I "A 'E I ll' f' I "" ".J.. c' , , TEI\ELOV T'YJC Ef.L'YJC 7Tawoc i..lLK'YJV, T'YJV pLVVV U , aLCL TOVO Ec~as EyW, and Cho. 402-04, {3ofJ yap AOLY6V 'EPLVVC [Paley's spelling ofM], l7Tapa - , .J..ll ' "A I" " , ,,, "F h TWV 7TpOTEpOV ~ULf.LEVWV T'YJV, ETEpav E7Tayovcav E7T am. or t e Erinys calls on Havoc, a Ruin-Fiend from those formerly slain, who brings up another (Ruin-Fiend) with a view to ruin." At 393-94 the manuscripts can be kept if one supplements thus: E7TL U f.L0L I yEpac 7TaAau)V ... The loss would have been by near haplography, AIEN falling out after AION. For the sense of E7TL= " f H ' H D 150 " f''' , , E7TECTL c. orner s ymn to emeter wEpac 0 LCLV E7TEcn f.LEya KpaToc EJ,Oa8E TLf.LfjC. "My ancient privilege belongs to me always." DOUGLAS YOUNG 323 At 430 the consistent presentation of Athena in this playas a model of tactfulness would be best preserved by a terminal question-mark, as indeed most of her lines in the stichomythia here are questions: KAVE£V SlKawe fLaAAov ~ 7Tpagat (NAEte; "Do you wish to be called 'lust' rather than to act as a just person?" D{KaLOC Dindorf, DLKa{ouc M linea (ou in rasura), DLKa{wc M supra F Tri SlKawe can be of two terminations, cf LS] s. v. init. Dindorf is followed by Wilamowitz, Smyth, Mazon, Thomson, Paley, Weil and Wecklein. Murray prints the adverb. For the adjective with 7Tpagat cf 223 'TeX 0' JfLcpavwc 7TpaCCOVCav ~cvxat'T€pav, where the manuscripts' reading is kept by Hermann, Smyth, Mazon, Thomson and others. Athena's next remark, at 432, answering the Coryphaeus's appeal for clarifica­ tion of 430, is OpKOte 'Ta fL~ SlKaLa fL~ VtKaV Myw. The most tactful translation is perhaps, "I declare that unjust causes should not win through oaths." Brusque and offensive would be such a rendering as "I order you not to win unjust causes by oaths," an attitude that would not incline the Coryphaeus in the next line to remit the case to Athena to judge. At 455 there is a problem about the exact relevant meaning of a verb that may affect the accent to be given to the form, where Orestes has been instructed by Athena, at 437, Mgac DE xwpav KaL YEvoe KaL gVfLcpopac 'TeXc cac, and eventually answers: 455 'ApYELoe ELfLt, 7Ta'TEpa 0' L(,TOPELC KaAwe, 'Aya{J.€JJ-vov', avopwv vavf3a'Twv apJJ-0c'Topa, guv cp eu Tpolav a7TOAtv 'IAtov 7TOAtV I ;WTJKac. LS] s.v. ic'Top€w 1.2 class this place under the meaning 'to be informed about, know'. And Italie, in his special lexicon to Aeschylus, groups it under the sense nosse. That seems to suit for Pers. 454, where Xerxes gives optimistic orders to his fleet, KaKWC 'TO JJ-EAAOV Lc'TOPWV. Mazon translates, "C'etait bien mal connaitre l'avenir." With the sense 'know' perhaps we should print here the paroxytone imperfect form {e'T0pEte, "you used to know him thoroughly well" (as a comrade in arms against Troy). But there are those who think that the verb at 455 means not 'know', but 'enquire about'. Thus Smyth renders, "fittingly dost thou make enquiry concerning him." Verrall on similar lines writes, " ... to whom thy question aptly leads." Even then, as the question 324 AESCHYLUS' CHOEPHOROE AND EUMENIDES was some time ago, the imperfect may be the appropriate tense. It is a matter of nuances; but Orestes is putting the best face on his case to the goddess, and a captatio beneuolentiae is suitable. For such he does not compliment her on the appropriateness of her question, a mere routine enquiry such as 7Toflt TOt 7ToAtc ~DE TOKijEC; He reminds her of the good old days when she personally knew Agamemnon on their common campaign. On the other hand, if the true shade of meaning is 'know of', then the present accentuation can well stay. With appropriate punctuation the paradosis may be acceptable at 480-81. Athena, having accepted the purified suppliant Orestes as a blameless resident of her city (475), views with apprehension the threatening Erinyes, and begins to detail the dire results if they are frustrated of their desire. She sums up thus: ~ \ I~" I ',I,. I I TOt(XVTCi. fJ-EV TCi.O ECTLV. Ci.fJ-'P0TEPCi., fJ-EVEtv I ~, ~ / " I " 7TEfJ-7TEtv OE, OVC7TYJfJ-Ci.VT afJ-YJxavwc EfJ-Ot. DVC7TT]fJ-Ci.VT( Ci.) is Scaliger's emendation for the manuscripts' DVC7TT]fJ-Ci.T'. Cf DVCKVfJ-Ci.VTCi. at Agam. 653. The sense seems to be: "Such then is the situation here. Both alternatives,-that they should stay and that I should send them away,-(would be) accompanied by evil injuries for which I have no remedy." For 8E connecting single words cf Denniston, Greek Particles2 p.162 n.3, where he concludes: "The delimitation of the functions of connective De and TE is a difficult matter, requiring further investigation." Athena's hesitant utterance, on the verge of aposiopesis, is appropriate to the context dramatically. The elliptical way of saying fJ-EVEtV 7TEfJ-7TEtv 8E without the relevant pronouns might be eased in performance by gestures, if Athena pointed to the Erinyes when saying fJ-EVEtV and to herself when saying I 7TEfJ-7TEtV. Punctuation alone may suffice to render the paradosis intelligible at 690-92. After giving the history of the Areopagus Athena goes on: €V DE TCfJ dfJCi.c , ~ ,l,.lfJ l:. \ \ \,~ A aCTWV' 'PO OC TE sV)'YEVf}C TO fJ-YJ aOLKELV , ,~, 1" \ ",/,.' ~ ..... CXYJCEt TOO, YJfJ-Ci.p KCi.t KCi.T EV'PP0Vf}V OfJ-WC, ••• The sense is: "But towards it (there is) reverence of the citizens. And (their) inborn fear (of it) will keep this innocent conduct here, by day and night alike, ... " For the sense of €V cf LS] S.l'. 1.7 'in respect of, towards'. Cf Soph. Aj. DOUGLAS YOUNG 325 1315 Jv JfLol ()pacvc, 1092 Jv ()avovCLv V{3PLCT7}C. For T€ connecting finite clauses cf Denniston p.499. M's original reading at 697 is defensible, perhaps especially in con­ nection with the Chorus's command at 526--28: /L~T' avapKTov {3lov fL~Tl;; OEC1TOTOVfLEVOV a lvlcrJc. Recalling this, Athena says at 696-98: ",,, ,~ I TO fLYJT avapxov /LYJTE OEC1TOTOV/LEVOV aCTOLC 1TfEPLCTEAAoVCL {30VAEVW d()EV , , ' ''' \ ~ '\ "(; Q \ ~ Kat /LTJ TO OELVOV 1Tav 1TOI\EWC E~W tJal\ELv. 697 d(}EV M linea, ce[3E£v M margo F Tri. The sense may be: "To the citizens who maintain your principle 'Neither anarchy nor despotism' I give advice also not to expel all terror outside of the city." M's d()EV must go with the quoted phrase TO /L~T' avapxov /L~TE DEC1TOTOV/LEVOV. Corruption of an original d{3ELV to dBEV is most improbable; whereas in the Palaeologean age, or even the XI century, a student not understanding how d()EV fitted in might well alter it to d{3ELV and make Ka~ /L~ ... {3aAELv a parallel clause. With E1TE~ so accented in 731 current editions present a startling non sequitur in 731-33: X " (),y Q~' O. E1TH Ka t1T1Ta",TI/LE 1TpECtJVTLV VEOC, "" , () ~ "" , , , OLKTJC YEVEC at TYJCO E1TTJKOOC /LEVW, wC a/LcPL{3ovAoc ovca ()v/Lovc()aL 7T()AEL. The Coryphaeus is replying to an insult of Apollo's. Smyth renders, "Since thou, a youth, would'st override mine age, I wait to hear the verdict in the case, for that I am still in doubt whether or not to be wroth against the town." There is no logic in this train of thought. Apollo's rough-rider attitude is not the reason why the Erinyes are waiting to hear the verdict. Already at 150 one of them had com­ plained to Apollo, vloc oE ypalac oal/Lovac Ka()L1T1Td-cw. Logic and dramatic propriety are secured if we reaccent to ;'1TEL paroxytone. "Verbally you, in your youth, ride down me in my age." There is an aposiopesis pregnant with the thought, "But EPYO/, in reality, you do me no harm." The contrast is in Aeschylus at Supp. 59Sf'lTd-pEcn 0' EPYOV WC E'lTOC I c1TEvcai TL nov {30VALOC ¢lpEL ¢p~v. The contrast is also in prose, PI. Leg. 879c EPYO/ TE Kal. E1TEt. With this reading one may suppose a pregnant pause after 731, before the Coryphaeus passes to her further thought, that, while waiting, she has not made up her 326 AESCHYLUS' CHOEPHOROE AND EUMENIDES mind about her eventual attitude to the city,-a thought not at all comforting to Athena or the audience as Athena begins her decisive speech at 734. In GRBS 5 (1964) 93 I printed the conjecture 8' EaT€ (for the manu­ scripts' 8~ T€) at v. soo: uP.€tC 8' EaT€ TfjD€ yfj flapvlI KOTOIl. "But give up your heavy wrath against this land." I was not then aware that the conjecture had previously been made by John Jackson, and published posthumously in his Marginalia Scaenica (London 1955) 19S. It seems to be one of the few emendations that escaped the net of the vigilant and chalcenteric Dr Roger Dawe. In the next verse, SOl, perhaps no emendation is needed if cK~1rfJdl€ of the paradosis can be accepted as an example of a rare construction classified by the syntactician Goodwin,12 namely an affirmative exhortation employing the subjunctive in the second person, where the imperative became regular. Goodwin cites Soph. Phil. 300 cp~p', cL T~KIIOIl, IIUII Kal TO TfjC II~COV p.aO'[)c. Jebb hesitantly accepts it, with the erroneous comment that "it can be defended only as an irregular equivalent for CPEP€ •.• cppacw or the like." Goodwin was right, in his Appendix I at p.3S5, in stating: "Although the Greek which is best known to us did not use the second and third persons of the sub­ junctive in a hortatory sense, there can be little doubt that such a use existed in the earlier language, as appears from the use in Sanskrit and in Latin, and from the Greek prohibitions with p.~." There is perhaps another example in Aeschylus, at PV 791, where the manuscripts offer ~AtoCTLfl€tC, and I am tempted to read 7TpOC &:IIToAac cpAoyw7Tac ~Atov CTtflfjc, I7TOIlTOIl 7T€PWC' &'cpAOtCflOIl .•. , hortatory 2 sg. subjunctive of CTLfl~w, perhaps makes an allusion that has been overlooked by the learned. yovoc \ '8 • , 7TI\OVTOX wv epp.atav ~ , ~ , , oatp.ovwv OOCLV TLOt. "And may the offspring (of the land), having wealth in the earth, honour the unexpectedly gainful gift of the deities." The reference to the silver and other mines of La uri on has long been recognised, but scholars seem not to have taken the expression yovoc y&c to allude to the claim of the Athenians to be in a special sense 'offspring of the land', aVTox8ovec. Cf Eur. Ion 29 Aaov elc aVTox8ova KAE£VWV 'A8'1'}vwv. In 996-1002 there are problems of reference, for the solution of which some help may be had from abandoning the currently most favoured punctuation. One might do best to print thus: 996 I ,,, , , " xatpeT evatctp.ta£c£ 7TI\OVTOV. , " \, I xa£peT aCTLKOC I\EWC, " rI A , tKTap TJp.evot LI wc 7Tap8€vov cf>iAac cf>iAOt, 1000 cwcf>povovvTec EV xp6vC{!. IIa>..>..aooc 0' tJ7TO 7TTEPOLC ~ tly , OVTac a",eTat 7TaT'I'}p. "Farewell, farewell, with favourable omens of wealth. Farewell, folk of the citadel, seated near to the maiden daughter of Zeus, dear to you as you to her, exercising wisdom in your time. And being as you are under the wings of Pallas, (her) father (Zeus) has regard for you." At 996 M has Eva£Ctp.{atc, and Weil printed EVatCLp.{atCt, taking note of Hesychios: EVatCtp.{a· owcTJf.L{a. At 997 Erotianus s. v. LKTap offers the variant 'ATTLKOC Aewc, adopted here by Bothe and Blaydes, perhaps rightly in view of Athena's address at 681, which is not confined to the members of the Areopagus court alone. In 998-99 who is the 'maiden of Zeus' near whom the Athenians are seated? Probably not Athena, because at 1001 they are described as DOUGLAS YOUNG 329 being under her wings, which is commonly taken to imply the image of chickens under a hen, or a mother bird of some sort. Cf Eur. HF 71f (M ) ., ()' 'H ' \ A~ ", \ A I ' Y , " egara Ot paKI\Etot 7TaWEC, OVC V7TO 7T'TEPOLC CCPSW VEOCCOVC OpVtC WC vrPEtf.dVTJ, Andr. 441 (Andromache) .ry Ka2 VEOCCOV TOVS', -lmo 7TTEPWV c7TCXcae; But it may also be used of a male, as indeed male birds can sit on nestlings; cf Iolaos at Eur. Herael. lOf 'T(~ KE{VOU 'TEKV' €xWV V7TO A I ' Y ,~, 7T'TEPOLC ccpSW 'Tao. In the trilogy another deity is specifically emphasized as being a maiden daughter of Zeus, at Chao 949: ... LlLoc Kopa - LI{Kav OE VLV 7TpO­ cayopEvofLEV • •. Aeschylus had expounded the same notion strongly at Theb. 662: EL S' ~ Lltoc 7Ta'Le 7Tap(}Evoe LI{K7] 7Tapfjv • •• The Erinyes are speaking in a courtroom, and there may well have been a statue of Dike on view. There is almost certainly a statue of the goddess Peitho, Persuasion; ef 970, when the grateful Athena turns to it, as I think, d ,~, " n () ~" \ A \' " , an says, C'TEpyW 0 OfLfLa'Ta Et ove, on fLOL YI\Wccav Kat C'T0fL E7TW7Ta ••• At 885 she appeals to the Erinyes by the