id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentence	flesch	summary	cache	txt
hi-193	Dr. Arshad Islam	Pan-Islamic International Cooperation and Anticolonialism: South Asia, Turkey, and Southeast Asia	2021	20	.pdf	application/pdf	7316	303	53	The Colonial Government was greatly vexed by these developments, and was apoplectic when Shibli (RaÍmat Allah ‘alaih) and other prominent ulama from across South Asia held a meeting at Kanpur in 1898 in which they declared Sultan Abdul Hamid II A series of wars and corrupt self-serving political entrepreneurs hampered development, until Sultan Abdul Hamid II (r. 1876-1909) began to centralize authority from 1878, which enabled the coordination and development of Ottoman infrastructure throughout the Empire, facilitated in some cases by pan-Islamic financing, and pan- Islamism became the cornerstone of Ottoman foreign policy until the end of World War I (WWI) (Farooqi 1983, 283; Kia 1996, 30-31; Ozcan 1997, 52; Nadvi 2015, 152-53; Pay 2015, 284; Niemeijer 1981, 35, 37; Qureshi 1999, 52-53).	cache/hi-193.pdf	txt/hi-193.txt