id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentence	flesch	summary	cache	txt
hi-764	MUHAMMAD TARIQ; ZAFAR IQBAL	FROM ISLAMOPHOBIA TO NEO-ISLAMOPHOBIA: A NEW STYLE OF GOVERNANCE IN THE WEST	2023	20	.pdf	application/pdf	8673	433	50	Take the phenomenon of political Islam, for example, which was also considered a civilizational–cultural awakening and thereby framed as a revolt against the West—an immediate threat to the dominant culture.46 Framing Islam as a hostile ideology may cause significant concerns for local culture and, in the long run, pose significant threats to the dominant cultural (social) order; Muslims may pose similar threats to the dominant social order because they practice Islamic culture.47 In this context, Muslim immigration has become a hot topic in Western political, security, and media debates.48 In these debates, Muslim immigrants were framed as a threat to the survival of Western ways of life in Europe and the United States; Europeans saw the threat of immigration as Muslim or Arab, whereas Americans saw it as Latin American and Asian, focusing on Mexicans.49 Once an issue is securitized, it becomes a top priority, and extraordinary measures against that security problem are legitimized. 51 See, Iqbal, Islamophobia; Poole, “British Islam”; and Said, “Covering Islam.”	cache/hi-764.pdf	txt/hi-764.txt