Hrev_master Healthcare in Low-resource Settings 2024; volume 12:11939 The relationship between personality type and fulfillment of basic needs with the FoMO Syndrome among adolescents in East Java Dhian Satya Rachmawati, A.V. Sri Suhardiningsih, Rizky Dzariyani Laili, Sisi Istiyana Dewi Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Hang Tuah Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia Abstract Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) stems from individuals’ dissatis- faction with their basic needs, and each individual develops dis- tinct FoMO characteristics. This research aimed to analyze the relationship between personality types, fulfillment of basic needs, and the incidence of FoMO syndrome in East Java. We employed a correlational approach with a cross-sectional design for the study. The study’s population comprised youths aged 12-25 in East Java. We obtained our research sample, consisting of 140 individuals, through proportionately stratified random sampling. The instruments we used included the Jung personality type indi- cator, a basic needs assessment, and the FoMO questionnaire. We analyzed the data using the chi-square test (p<0.05) and Spearman’s rho (p<0.05). Our research findings indicated that the prevalent personality type in East Java was introverted, with 84 youths (60.0%). Additionally, 125 youths (89.3%) reported a high level of adequately met needs, while 71 (50.7%) fell into the mod- erate FoMO category. The Chi-square test revealed a significant correlation between personality type and the incidence of FoMO syndrome (p=0.000). Similarly, Spearman’s rho indicated a signif- icant link between meeting basic needs and the occurrence of FoMO syndrome (p=0.000). Adolescents with both introverted and extroverted personality types, coupled with low basic needs satisfaction, were more prone to experiencing FoMO syndrome. Our study’s implications underscored the necessity of increasing motivation to fulfill basic needs, thereby mitigating the likelihood of experiencing FoMO. Introduction Most human stressors are psychological.1 Adolescents suffer from various forms of psychosocial, behavioral, mental, and emo- tional problems.2,3 The prevalence of mental health issues among adolescents is on an increasing trend.4 FoMO, or Fear of Missing Out, is defined as a feeling of anxiety or fear of being left behind by other people. FoMO Syndrome occurs when individuals feel depressed upon seeing posts by friends, artists, or relatives con- taining amazing photos on social media, assuming that these indi- viduals live better, more successful, more exciting, and more inter- esting lives than they do.5 The stress experienced by adolescents, coupled with their development, designates this period as a critical phase with a dramatic increase in internalization problems.6 FoMO can be interpreted as self-regulation that arises from indi- vidual dissatisfaction because their basic needs are not met. Melvin Lawrence Defleure proposed the theory of individual dif- ferences, suggesting that variations in FoMO syndrome exist between individuals due to their unique characteristics. This leads to the emergence of various reactions, such as different expres- sions and behaviors.7 The factor driving these differences in reac- tions is the personality type of each individual.8 In fact, FoMO is not limited to things on social media; however, social media involvement significantly influences the incidence of FoMO, shaping the daily lives of digital natives, commonly referred to as Millennials (circa 1981 to 1996) and Gen Z (post-millennial, circa 1997 to 2012).5 A research study on internet users experiencing FoMO was Correspondence: Dhian Satya Rachmawati, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Hang Tuah Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia. E-mail: dhiansatyarachmawati@stikeshangtuah-sby.ac.id Key words: basic need, Fear of Missing Out, personality type. Contributions: DSR, conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, methodology, validation, visualization, writing – original draft, review and editing; AVS, conceptualization, methodology, writing – original draft, review and editing; RDL, methodology, validation, visualization, writing – original draft, review and editing; SID, conceptualization, for- mal analysis, writing – original draft, review and editing. All the authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript and agreed to be held accountable for all aspects of the work. Conflict of interest: the authors declare no potential conflict of interest. Funding: none. Ethics approval and consent to participate: the research has received eth- ical approval from Commission Ethics Research, Faculty of Nursing, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Hang Tuah, based on ethical certificate PE/17/VI/2022/KEP/SHT. During the research, the researcher pays attention to the ethical principles of information to consent, anonymity and confidentiality. Patients’ consent for publication: written informed consent was obtained for anonymized patient information to be published in this article. Apart from that, in the informed consent, it was written that the respondent had been given an explanation regarding the publication of the article, and the respondent knew that the publication of this article could encourage developments about the relationship between personality type and fulfill- ment of basic needs with the incident of Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) Syndrome in adolescents in East Java. Availability of data and materials: all data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. Acknowledgments: we would like to thank Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Hang Tuah Surabaya and all respondents for their contribu- tions to this study. Received: 10 October 2023. Accepted: 6 February 2024. Early access: 7 March 2024. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (by-nc 4.0). ©Copyright: the Author(s), 2024 Licensee PAGEPress, Italy Healthcare in Low-resource Settings 2024; 12:11939 doi:10.4081/hls.2024.11939 Publisher's note: all claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organi- zations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. [page 426] [Healthcare in Low-resource Settings 2024;12:11939] Non -co mmerc ial us e o nly conducted in Poland with respondents aged 15-65 years. The find- ings revealed that the 20-24-year age group had the highest inci- dence rates of FoMO, with a 32% occurrence in the high category. Following closely, the 15-19 year age group exhibited a 30% inci- dence rate.9 Meanwhile, a separate study on FoMO involved 228 teenage respondents aged 17 years and over in Indonesia. Results showed that 49.1% of respondents experienced high FoMO, while 50.9% experienced low FoMO. In Java, respondents reported a higher prevalence of low FoMO at 51.5%, totaling 101 people, compared to high FoMO at 48.5%, totaling 95 people.10 The Central Statistics Agency notes that the teenage population in East Java currently reaches 9,089,291 people. Based on the results of the preliminary study and to test the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, 50 respondents with an age range of 12-25 years in the East Java region were selected. The findings indicated that 48 respondents (96%) had an introverted personality type, while 2 respondents (4%) had an extroverted personality type. In terms of basic needs, 30 respondents (60%) had a medium level, and 20 respondents (40%) had a high level. All respondents experienced FoMO syndrome to varying degrees, with 60% in the mild catego- ry, 36% in the moderate category, and 4% in the high category. The term FoMO was coined by Patrick J. McGinnis at the same time the first FoMO species was discovered, namely McGinnis himself, who consistently strove to match the lives of his neighbors.5 Students with mental health disorders are also observed to have poorer academic attainment, implying that addressing mental health and well-being is crucial for both health and education outcomes.11 McGinnis’s behavior is based on indi- vidual characteristics that refer to personality types. FoMO tends to be experienced by individuals with extroverted personalities because they enjoy interacting with others and are easily influ- enced by the surrounding environment. FoMO’s journey to domi- nate the world began with its popularity among American students. Symptoms experienced at that time included losing the ability to refuse invitations to parties, dinners, or any events attended by people important to their social network, leading to impulsive behavior.8 FoMO’s popularity continued to increase, reaching a wider audience in the professional realm. Simultaneously, there was growth in social media and digital marketing, contributing to the introduction of FoMO.5 Social media users with FoMO appar- ently experience low levels of satisfaction in meeting needs and moods. This can have dangerous impacts because individuals with FoMO may behave illogically and impulsively to overcome FoMO. For instance, individuals may become obsessed with con- tinually monitoring social media even while driving, feel anxious if not up-to-date with the latest news, encounter problems with self-identity, experience low self-esteem, feel jealous and envious of others, and sense feelings of being left out.12 Expanding positive thoughts and narrowing the space for neg- ative thoughts can compensate for mental attacks.13 Mental health issues among adolescents can be a burden for individuals, families, and environments.14 The family plays a crucial role in addressing FoMO, with relationships between parents and adolescents built on trust and good communication serving as strong protective factors against FoMO. When parents and teenagers have a strained rela- tionship at home, adolescents may resort to online communication or social media as an escape to interact with their peers. This behavior can trigger FoMO syndrome in adolescents. Besides the role of parents in terms of trust and good communication, parent- ing styles involving both support and control are highly necessary as they strongly influence adolescents’ interactions and use of social media.15 The development of health education is essential so that families can effectively contribute to caring for adolescents.16 Based on the background described, researchers are interested in examining FoMO syndrome from the perspective of personality types and the fulfillment of basic needs, drawing on Abraham Maslow’s theory. Materials and Methods Design The research was conducted in June 2022, specifically from June 7th to June 13th. Analysis of the relationship between person- ality type, fulfillment of basic needs, and the incidence of FoMO syndrome in adolescents in East Java was carried out using a cor- relational research design. Correlational research aims to establish the existence of a relationship between personality type, fulfill- ment of basic needs, and the incidence of FoMO syndrome. The research utilized a cross-sectional approach, wherein data mea- surements were conducted only once and were limited by time. Population, sample, sampling This research employs probability sampling techniques with a proportional stratified random sampling approach. Using propor- tional stratified random sampling allows the population to be divided into several strata, making it easier for researchers to obtain more detailed information in line with research objectives.9 The population in this study consisted of 2,827,275 adolescents in the East Java region.10 Utilizing the proportional stratified random sampling technique to determine a large sample, the researchers selected five cities or districts in East Java with the largest number of adolescents (aged 12-25 years): Surabaya (711,730 adoles- cents), Malang (589,340 adolescents), Jember (570,479 adoles- cents), Sidoarjo (543,169 adolescents), and Pasuruan (412,557 adolescents). This approach was chosen for a more effective assessment. The sample size, calculated using the Lemeshow formula, was 140 people living in Surabaya, Malang, Jember, Sidoarjo, Pasuruan, aged 12-25 years, who were willing to become respon- dents by filling in the provided online questionnaire. Meanwhile, the exclusion criteria in this study were adolescents diagnosed with an anxiety disorder by a doctor or psychiatrist. Variables A variable is a characteristic studied in research pertaining to people, objects, animals, places, or natural situations and phenom- ena. In this research, there are independent variables and a depen- dent variable. An independent variable is one whose value affects the values of other variables. The independent variables in this research are personality type and the fulfillment of basic needs. The personality type variable will be assessed based on character- istics that stand out in adolescents. The variable of fulfilling basic needs is evaluated based on adolescents’ efforts to support and defend their right to lead healthy lives and maintain interpersonal relationships with others. The dependent variable is one whose value can change due to changes in the values of other variables. The dependent variable in this research is FoMO. Instruments This research employed a questionnaire instrument for data collection. For the personality type variable, the personality type questionnaire was adopted from Utami’s research (2017). The indi- cators in the questionnaire consist of activity, social ability, ability to take risks, immediate obedience to impulses, expressiveness of Transforming Healthcare in Low-Resource Settings: A Multidisciplinary Approach Towards Sustainable Solutions [Healthcare in Low-resource Settings 2024;12:11939] [page 427] Non -co mmerc ial us e o nly anger and sadness, depth of thinking, and responsibility. The data scale used is a nominal data scale. For the fulfillment of basic needs variable, the questionnaire on the fulfillment of basic needs was adopted from Candra (2020). The indicators in the question- naire consist of physiological needs, safety and protection needs, love and feeling needs, self-esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. The data scale used is an ordinal data scale with categories: good, enough, and less. Next is the FoMO variable, where Przybylski’s questionnaire (2020) was employed. The data scale used is an ordinal data scale with categories: low, medium, and high. All research instruments used a questionnaire previously test- ed for validity and reliability and were declared valid and reliable. Data collection process The mechanism used by researchers to collect data involves distributing questionnaires online, which include a consent form and several statements according to the variables. The question- naires will be distributed by the researcher, assisted by friends act- ing as contact persons located in each selected area for the study. The questionnaires were distributed via various social media plat- forms and addressed to respondents who met the criteria in the five selected cities or districts. The next steps include checking the questionnaire results, tabulating and processing the data, and draw- ing conclusions from the results. Data analysis The data analysis used was the Chi-Square test (p<0,05) and the Spearman rho test (p<0,05). Ethical clearance The research has received ethical approval from Commission Ethics Research, Faculty of Nursing, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Hang Tuah, based on ethical certificate PE/17/VI/2022/KEP/SHT. During the research, the researcher pays attention to the ethical principles of information to consent, anonymity and confidentiality. Results Based on Table 1, it is shown that the observational variable, namely demographic factors, indicates that 59.3% of respondents were aged 19-25 years, 75% were female respondents, 80.7% were student respondents, most respondents were not married yet (97.1%), and 25% of respondents lived in Surabaya. Out of the 140 respondents, on average, they are introverts who sufficiently fulfill their basic needs and experience moderate FoMO. Based on Table 2, it is shown that out of the 84 people with an introverted personality type, 49 people (58.3%) experienced the medium category of FoMO, 31 people (36.9%) experienced the high category of FoMO, and 4 people (4.8%) experienced the low category of FoMO. Furthermore, the results indicate that out of the 56 people with an extroverted personality type, 24 people (42.9%) experienced the low category of FoMO, 22 people (39.3%) expe- rienced the medium category of FoMO, and 10 people (17.9%) experienced the high category of FoMO. Based on the results of the Chi-square statistical test, with a p-value of 0.000, it is evident that there is a relationship between personality type and FoMO syndrome in adolescents in East Java. Moreover, the correlation coefficient result, with a value of r=0.402, indicates a moderate level of correlation between personality type and the occurrence of FoMO syndrome. Transforming Healthcare in Low-Resource Settings: A Multidisciplinary Approach Towards Sustainable Solutions Table 1. Characteristics of research respondents. Indicator Frequency (F) Percentage (%) Age 12-15 years 22 15.7 16-18 years 35 25.0 19-25 years 83 59.3 Gender Woman 104 35 Man 36 25 Education Student 113 80.7 Not a student 27 19.3 Status Not married yet 136 97.1 Married 4 2.9 City or district Surabaya 35 25.0 Malang 30 21.4 Jember 28 20.0 Sidoarjo 27 19.3 Pasuruan 20 14.3 Personality type Extrovert 56 40 Introvert 84 60 Fulfillment of basic needs Good 1 0.7 Enough 125 89.3 Less 14 10 FoMO Low 28 20 Medium 71 50.7 High 41 29.3 FoMO, Fear of Missing Out. Table 2. Bivariate test between personality type and Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) Syndrome. Personality type FoMO Total Low Medium High F % F % F % Amount % Extrovert 24 42.9 22 39.3 10 17.9 56 100.0 Introvert 4 4.8 49 58.3 31 36.9 84 100.0 Total 28 20.0 71 50.7 41 29.3 140 100.0 Chi-square statistical test value 0.000 (p<0.05), r=0.402 [page 428] [Healthcare in Low-resource Settings 2024;12:11939] Non -co mmerc ial us e o nly Based on Table 3, it is shown that out of the 125 people whose level of fulfillment of basic needs is sufficient, 70 people (56%) experienced FoMO in the moderate category, 28 people (22.4%) experienced FoMO in the low category, and 27 people (21.6%) experienced FoMO with a high category. Then, the results obtained indicate that 14 people with a lower level of basic needs fulfillment experienced FoMO in the high category, and none experienced FoMO in the low or medium category. Furthermore, the results showed that 1 person with a good level of fulfillment of basic needs experienced FoMO in the medium category. Based on the results of the Spearman rho statistical test, with a p value of 0.000, it is evident that there is a relationship between fulfilling basic needs and FoMO syndrome in adolescents in East Java. Moreover, the correlation coefficient result, with a value of r=0.433, indicates a moderate level of correlation between fulfilling basic needs and the occurrence of FoMO syndrome. Discussion Based on the results obtained from the questionnaire, adoles- cents with introversion exhibit discomfort when speaking in front of people and find it challenging to engage in small talk with those around them. However, they harbor a fear that others may have more impressive experiences or are living more fulfilling lives. The relationship between the occurrence of FoMO and personality type can be observed through interactions with others. Considering the characteristics of each individual based on their personality type, it does not rule out the possibility that individuals with an introverted personality type may experience FoMO, albeit at dif- ferent levels.8 Researchers assume that introverted individuals who experi- ence the moderate category of FoMO also experience fear if other people have experiences and lives that are more enjoyable than theirs. Meanwhile, to gain experience and lead an impressive life, an individual must have the courage to take risks in their decisions, be willing to accept challenges, and actively communicate to establish numerous friendships and relationships. Considering the characteristics of introverts, they tend not to be too inclined to take risks and often perceive that others’ lives are more enjoyable. For instance, during the physical distancing incidents of the pandemic era, where there were changes in all learning and work methods that had to be conducted online, everyone, especially adolescents, was forced to adapt to the resulting changes in habits. After the pandemic concludes, everyone will need to readapt as activities gradually return to offline modes. As introverts, they may find it challenging to adapt again and might struggle to communicate effectively, resulting in inadequate access to information needed to fulfill tasks or meet demands in their surroundings. Ultimately, introverted individuals may perceive that others are leading more enjoyable lives while they are not. Based on the results obtained from the questionnaire, several respondents exhibited positive responses to independence and the fulfillment of various needs. However, respondents also demon- strated negative responses related to adaptation and the need for both giving and receiving love. Individuals aspire to present them- selves positively, seek support, desire acknowledgment, and pay attention to others. They also have a need for acceptance in their environment and the ability to connect with others, requiring a medium to avoid exclusion and gain acceptance, with social media being one viable option. This is supported by questionnaire responses where respon- dents mentioned attempting to be independent, successfully meet- ing basic needs such as food and drink, regularly exercising, feel- ing a lack of sincere love and care from others, experiencing shy- ness, struggling with adaptation, and receiving sufficient care from those around them.17 Additionally, respondents demonstrated neg- ative responses concerning personal abilities, achievements, poten- tial, and the ability to fulfill their needs. These findings indicate that adolescents have low satisfaction scores, and individual life satisfaction can be interpreted based on Abraham Maslow’s basic needs theory. Thus, adolescents with low life satisfaction scores are likely to have unmet basic needs, lead- ing to difficulties in overcoming tasks and challenges in their development. If adolescents can fulfill their basic needs, life satis- faction will likely improve, and they will encounter fewer chal- lenges in their life development.18 Adolescents who use social media with low life satisfaction are characterized by unmet basic needs and may experience an increase in FoMO compared to ado- lescents with higher life satisfaction.19 The researcher assumes that the social media used by respon- dents as an intermediary to always stay connected with other peo- ple, aiming to be accepted and not ostracized by their environment, turns out to have a negative impact on users, namely FoMO. This is because social media platforms feature various posts, informa- tion, and trends from others in society. The presence of social media can exacerbate the incidence of FoMO if the respondent lacks self-control, is not wise, or fails to use social media appropri- ately. Humans live with the motivation to fulfill their basic needs, and the presence of social media, while not essential to human life, also caters to additional psychological needs and a sense of addic- tion. This results in humans becoming less focused on meeting Transforming Healthcare in Low-Resource Settings: A Multidisciplinary Approach Towards Sustainable Solutions Table 3. Bivariate test between fulfillment of basic needs and Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) Syndrome. Fulfillment of basic needs FoMO Total Low Medium High F % F % F % Amount % Good 0 0.0 1 100.0 0 0.0 1 100.0 Enough 28 22.4 70 56.0 27 21.6 125 100.0 Less 0 0.0 0 0.0 14 100.0 14 100.0 Total 28 20.0 71 50.7 41 29.3 140 100.0 Spearman rho statistical test value 0,000 (p<0,05), r=0,433. [Healthcare in Low-resource Settings 2024;12:11939] [page 429] Non -co mmerc ial us e o nly their basic needs and more inclined to compare themselves with others considered superior based on what they see on social media. There are several limitations faced by researchers in this study. Researchers cannot interact directly with respondents and cannot identify the difficulties that respondents may face during filling out the questionnaire. Conclusions The personality type of teenagers in East Java was found to be mostly introverted. The level of fulfillment of basic needs among teenagers in East Java was mostly in the sufficient category. The level of FoMO among teenagers in East Java was mostly in the medium category. There is a relationship between personality type and the incidence of FoMO syndrome in adolescents in East Java. Additionally, there is a relationship between fulfilling basic needs and the incidence of FoMO syndrome in adolescents in East Java. Adolescents are advised to maximize their basic needs, especially the need for love, and minimize the possibility of experiencing FoMO syndrome by using social media wisely and avoiding com- parisons with others. Regarding FoMO related to achievements, adolescents should aim to be enthusiastic and maintain a positive perception when witnessing extraordinary achievements by others. Furthermore, adolescents will be motivated to showcase the posi- tive aspects and the best aspects of their own lives. References 1. Pangemanan L, Irwanto I, Maramis MM. Psychological domi- nant stressor modification to an animal model of depression with chronic unpredictable mild stress. Vet World 2023;16:595-600. 2. Sanjaya A, Irwanto, Irmawati M, et al. The relationship between salivary cortisol levels with risk of behavioral-psy- chosocial-emotional disorders in adolescents aged 12-16 years. Bali Med J 2023;12:1451-8. 3. Yusuf A, Habibie AN, Efendi F, et al. 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Transforming Healthcare in Low-Resource Settings: A Multidisciplinary Approach Towards Sustainable Solutions [page 430] [Healthcare in Low-resource Settings 2024;12:11939] Non -co mmerc ial us e o nly