Highlights in BioScience ISSN:2682-4043 DOI:10.36462/H.BioSci.202301 Research Article Open Access 1 Vegetable Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Cen- ter, Giza, Egypt. 2 Institute of Environmental Studies, Arish Uni- versity, North Sinai, Egypt. 3 Plant Production Department, Faculty of Envi- ronmental Agricultural Sciences. Arish Univer- sity, North Sinai, Egypt. 4 Department of Family and Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Suez Canal Uni- versity, Ismailia, Egypt. 5 Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt, P.O. Box 41522. * To whom correspondence should be addressed: mobark_mohamed99@yahoo.com Editor: Aladdin Hamwieh, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Giza, Egypt. Reviewer(s): Khaled H. Radwan, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt. Tawffiq Istanbuli, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Beirut, Lebanon Received: October 20, 2022 Accepted: January 3, 2023 Published: January 26, 2023 Citation: Abuo El-kasem SAA, Naiel MHF, Mubarak MH, Megahed FIA, El-Deeb GSS. Assessment of pesticide residues in vegetables selected from different Egyptian governorates. 2023 Jan 26;6:bs202301 Copyright: © 2023 Abuo El-kasem et al.. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the paper and supplementary materials. Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Assessment of pesticide residues in vegetables selected from different Egyptian governorates Sameh A. A. Abuo El-kasem 1 >< , Mohamed H. F. Naiel 2 >< , Mohamed H. Mubarak *,3 >< , Fatma I. A. Megahed 4 >< , Gehad S. S. El-Deeb 5 ><  Abstract This study aimed to assess the levels of contamination by pesticide residues in several types of vegetables collected from different regions in Egypt. A total of 100 samples of vegetables (pepper, tomato, cucumber, and strawberry) were collected from markets in five cities (Al-Obour, Al-Salheia El-Gadida, Giza, Zagazig, and Fayed) and analyzed for the presence of 42 different pesticide residues. The Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) method was used to extract the target pesticides, which were then quantified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques. The results showed that 72% of the vegetable samples contained detectable levels of pesticide residues, with 21% exceeding the European Union Maximum Residue Levels (EU-MRLs) and 51% containing residues below the MRLs. The detected residues were primarily insecticides (56.4%) and fungicides (43.6%), with tomato and strawberry samples showing the highest frequency of both types of pesticides. Tomato also had the highest absolute intake from consumption (2.89 g/kg BW/day), followed by strawberries, peppers, and cucumbers (0.47, 0.159, and 0.096 g/kg BW/day, respectively). A hazard index (HI) was used to assess the dietary risk posed by the pesticide residues, with tomato having the highest contribution value. These findings highlight the need for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs to reduce the excessive use of pesticides, particularly in relation to raw food commodities. Action is required to minimize the unacceptable risks identified in this study. Keywords: Food safety, Pesticide residues, Risk assessment, Estimated daily intake, Monitor- ing Introduction Fruit and vegetables have been a cornerstone of healthy dietary recommendations. They have potential health-promoting effects beyond providing basic nutrition needs in humans, including their role in reducing inflammation and their potential preventive effects on various chronic disease states such as cardiovascular disease and cancer leading to premature mortality decreasing years loss of individuals’ life and years-to-come lived with disability/morbidity. Consumers are now choosing fruits and vegetables not only for their content of vitamins, minerals and fiber, but also for their concentration of dietary bioactive with its anti-inflammatory effects [1]. In agriculture, pesticides are considered a quick, and easy solution for controlling weeds and insect pests, improving production and productivity of agriculture commodity to feed the ever growing population, controlling vector borne disease like malaria and reducing the resultant mortality and morbidity. Surprisingly; the global consumption of pesticides is about two million tons per year and out of which 45% is used by Europe alone, 25% is consumed in the USA, and 25% in the rest of the world. Despite their benefits, pesticides can be hazardous to humans and environment and non-intended organisms ranging from beneficial soil microorganisms to insects, plants, fish and birds. Environmental contamination or prevailing use of pesticides can expose the general population to pesticide residues leading to serious and prolonged toxicity. It was estimated that a minimum of 300,000 people die from pesticide poisoning each year, with 99% of them from low- and middle-income countries in 2009 [2]. Highlights in BioScience Page 1 of 13 January 2023|Volume 6 https://doi.org/10.36462/H.BioSci.202301 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ samehaoelkaseem7@gmail.com https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8275-0945 mohamednail123@Yahoo.com https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-1308 mobark_mohamed99@yahoo.com https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2981-381X dr.fm_2013@yahoo.com https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3255-1926 gehadeldeeb@yahoo.co.uk https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9132-8508 http://bioscience.highlightsin.org/ Abuo El-kasem et al., 2023 Assessment of pesticide residues in vegetables selected from different Egyptian governorates Pesticides in food are monitored by the Environmental Pro- tection Agency (EPA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). One of the top priorities in securing and preserving com- munity and public health, is food safety. Food safety is partic- ularly important to ensure the healthiness of food, especially to fruits and vegetables as they are consumed in substantial and considerable quantities customarily without any processing. They are susceptible to pests at any point in the production chain, from the field through storage ahead till food consumption. Their pes- ticide residues are yet present in the vegetable-treated products, which may constitute a potential hazards for consumers. Some of these hazards were identified in fruits and vegetables were because of incorrect application of pesticides either by the pro- ducers’ application or the insufficient monitoring of the contam- inated soil and/or water [3]. Major causes of the environment pollution were from prejudicial human activities and improper application, spillage, and decomposition. However and despite all precautions, a very minute amount of pesticide-residues can remain in the treated crop. The Maximum Residue Level (MRL), the maximum quantity of residue that is legally permitted on a food material, ensures that both imported and exported goods are moderately safe to consume. Pesticide misuse, false posi- tives from naturally occurring compounds, variances in national MRLs standards, a lack of registered pesticides, and improper pesticide application can all cause MRLs to be exceeded [4]. The sources of the MRLs, however, can affect the frequency of infractions. However, the creation of MRLs is based on in- formation from Supervised Trials Mean Residues (STMR), Ac- ceptable Daily Intake (ADI), Acute Reference Dose (ARfD), as well as data from Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) that has been registered nationally. The percentages of violation will be very different, for instance, because the maximum permissible residue of profenofos on tomatoes is 10 mg/kg in the Codex and 0.01 mg/kg in European standards. In order to determine the ac- tual risk of exposure, it is crucial to compare the findings with a more reliable toxicological endpoint, such as ADI or ARfD. The Egyptian ought to take into account creating MRLs based on regional best practices for agriculture and locally adminis- tered paths. The major tool for ensuring that the pesticides were applied in assembly with good agricultural practices is the mon- itoring program. These programs when applied in conformity with Good Agricultural Practices, treated goods should not have exceeded levels of pesticide residue [5]. The health risks of pesticides are regularly evaluated through monitoring programs for EU nations. According to the yearly DG SANCO report, 47% of the fruits, vegetables, and grains eaten in Europe in 2004 had pesticide residues [6]. Pesticides that can be used in certain foods and feed commodities have maximum residual limitations, or tolerances, determined by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). These restrictions are put in place to safeguard people from hazardous pesticide levels in their food [7]. A variety of pesticides, including organochlo- rine, organophosphorus, carbamate, insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides, are used by farmers all over the world to prevent the devastating crop loss that can result from pests and diseases as well as to boost agricultural productivity to ensure a sufficient supply of food for the expanding population [8]. Food contamination creates severe health issues worldwide, ranging from minor ailments to fatal ones [9]. Therefore; it is well established that contaminated food poses a risk to the gen- eral public health. However; producing, processing, moving, and handling food can all lead to food contamination [10; 11; 9; 12]. There are two types of pollution: short-term pollution at high concentrations of chemicals (induced by inadvertent re- lease or contamination from the source) and long-term pollution of low concentrations of chemicals (produced by the progressive diffusion of pollutants in food) [13]. Different chemical classes or families typically produce dissimilar symptoms. The amount of pollutants in food ingested in relation to the daily amount of food can be used to estimating the level of pollutants in the hu- man body [14]. Numerous studies have demonstrated that persistent organic pollutants, such as organochlorine insecticides, have a variety of negative impacts, including aberrant immune system develop- ment, birth abnormalities, and foetal death [15; 16]. Because of this, pesticides are regarded as one of the world’s top environmental and health risks [17]. Many nations and inter- national organizations, including the European Union, the World Health Organization, and the United Nations Environment Pro- gram, have acclaimed that both organic and inorganic pollutants pose a serious risk to health, particularly the health of children [18]. They have gradually released a number of suggestions or guidelines intended to limit or outlaw the use of these pollutants or pollutant products. For instance, the amount of lead in the environment has decreased as a result of several countries ban- ning the addition of tetra-methyl lead to gasoline [19]. For con- sumers protection from exposure to unacceptable levels of pesti- cide residues in food and feed, the European Commission has set maximum residue levels (MRLs), defined as the highest possible level of a pesticide residue that is legally authorized in food and feed. Based on the results obtained from environmental sam- ple analysis, it has been proven that the Modified QuEChERS method coupled to Gas Chromatography GC-MS/MS with elec- tron capture detector (GC-ECD) which are analytical procedures for routine analysis and simultaneous determination of selected electronegative pesticides in fruits and vegetables with high wa- ter content. These procedures are suitable not only for fruits and vegetables with high water content, but also for samples contain- ing large amounts of pigments and dyes [3]. For risk assessment analyses that could be linked to acciden- tal intakes of contaminants at very high levels and could have severe unfavorable effects on the human body, quantitative data on the concentration of contaminants in food are an essential tool [20] . Though pesticides assist increase crop productiv- ity, the amount and variety of food consumed, and likewise the development of some diseases [21]. Pesticides can be catego- Highlights in BioScience Page 2 of 13 January 2023|Volume 6 http://bioscience.highlightsin.org/ Abuo El-kasem et al., 2023 Assessment of pesticide residues in vegetables selected from different Egyptian governorates rized according to their unique biological activity or their target species, such as fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, and acari- cides, in addition to functional groups [22; 23]. The maximum daily consumption that a person is permitted to consume during their lifetime without posing a significant risk to that person has been determined by numerous health and environmental protec- tion agencies as "acceptable daily intake" (ADI) levels. Envi- ronmental pollution is, without any doubts, a serious global con- cern. Many nations have made positive efforts to limit the use of pesticides. Procedures and approaches are utilized to evalu- ate the detrimental impacts brought on by pollutants as a result of pollutant risk assessment. To evaluate past, present, and fu- ture exposure to any environmental pollutants, a risk assessment can be carried out. The majority of the time, analyses of ma- terial hazards are based on scientific research on the activities, exposure, quantity, and toxicity of chemicals. The amount of pollutants present in the environment, food, and/or products; the number of people exposed to the pollutants; and the damages of pollutants all affect the risks [24]. Many organochlorine pesticides have been outlawed or have had their usage severely restricted in Europe and North Amer- ica, yet they are still sold and used in Africa. Residential pesti- cide use in Egypt is high. Adolescents in Egypt are exposed to pesticides through non-occupational and para-occupational path- ways. In addition to the hormonal and physiological changes as- sociated with puberty, there are also significant developmental changes in the brain, primarily the prefrontal cortex. The im- pact of environmental exposures can vary across developmental periods and consequences of prolonged exposure can last into adulthood [25]. The purpose of this study was to assess the lev- els of a group of pesticide residues in the commonly consumed vegetables in Egypt, and to evaluate their health risk according to estimated quantity of exposure. Material and methods Samples A total of 100 vegetable samples (pepper, tomato, cucumber, and strawberry) were collected from local markets of five Egyp- tian cities: Al-Obour (Qalyubia Governorate), Al-Salheia El- Gadida (Sharqia Governorate), Giza (Giza Governorate), Zagazig Sharqia (Governorate), and Fayed (Ismailia Governorate)). Each representative vegetable sample was made up of 10 identical commodity subsamples that were simultaneously obtained from each market using random sampling. Vegetable samples were packed in proper bags and stored at 4oc until analysis. Sample preparation and analysis About 2 kg of each vegetable sample (pepper, tomato, cu- cumber, and strawberry) was thoroughly washed with tap water, chopped and blended using a waring laboratory blender. Each sample was chopped and ground in accordance with the gener- ally suggested procedure described by the Codex Alimentarius Commission in 1993 for no more than two days prior to analysis. According to Anastassiades et al., [26] the QuEChERS method was used to extract pesticides from the vegetable samples. A 50 ml polypropylene (PP) tube containing 10 gm of each sample was weighed, 10 ml of acetonitrile was added, and the tube was forcefully shaken for one minute. Phase separation was achieved by centrifuging the liquid at 4000 rpm for 5 min after adding buffering citrate salts (pH 5 to 5.5), containing 4g of magnesium sulphate, and 1g of sodium chloride. For analysis, an aliquot of the organic phase was directly loaded into LC-MS/MS. Dis- persive solid phase extraction (DSPE). Extracts from the sam- ples were evaporated and then redissolved along with injection standard for GC-MS/MS analysis after cleaning with primary secondary amine sorbent (PSA). Aldrin was used as an internal standard for quantification, and it was added to the GC-MS/MS system right before injection. GC MS/MS and LC-MS/MS were used for the identification and confirmation of pesticide residues in the samples. Calculation of ADI and HI Comparing the established acceptable daily intake (ADI) with the estimated acceptable daily intake (EDI), which is based on the concentration of pesticide residues and food consumption, gives the risk assessment. The EDI (mg/kg BW/day) for each pesticide residue that was violated was computed by multiplying the mean pesticide residue concentration (mg/kg) x food con- sumption and then dividing by the typical adult’s body weight (60 kg) of each commodity. Based on GEMS/FOODS from the WHO’s Global Environment Monitoring System [27], accept- able daily intake was determined. EDI = Concentration o f pesticideresidue × Food consumed Body weight (1) The daily consumption rate of vegetables was derived con- clusively for this study from the reports of WHO/ FAO [28], WHO/ Global Environment Monitoring System-Food Contam- ination, Monitoring and Evaluation Program average consump- tion cluster diets [27], and Gad Alla et al., [29]. If data from food balance sheets are unavailable for a commodity, the con- sumption level for a comparable food is used (WHO 1997). Be- cause there isn’t a strawberry consumption rate available, the consumption level of a comparable food is used. The scientific names and daily intake rate (g/day) for the used vegetable sam- ples are given in Table 1 . The EU Pesticides Database served as the source for both the maximum residue limits (MRLs) and the established acceptable daily intake (ADI) values. Using the health risk index, the health risk for consumers from consuming pesticide-contaminated samples was described (HI). It is calcu- lated by dividing the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) by the corre- sponding values of the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI in mg/kg) specified by WHO/FAO as stated in the equation 2: HI = EDI ADI 100 (2) Highlights in BioScience Page 3 of 13 January 2023|Volume 6 http://bioscience.highlightsin.org/ Abuo El-kasem et al., 2023 Assessment of pesticide residues in vegetables selected from different Egyptian governorates Table 1. Scientific names and consumption rate of studied commodities in g/day based on GEMS/food total diet food balance sheet. Consumption rate (g/day) based on WHO/Global Environment Monitoring SystemFood Contam- ination, Monitoring and Assessment Program average consumption cluster C diets[27]. Common Name Scientific Name Family Name Crop type Consumption (g/day)* Cucumber Cucumis sativas L. Cucurbitaceae Vegetable 5.9 Pepper Capsicum Annum L. Solanaceae Vegetable 13 Strawberry Fragaria ananassa L. Rosaceae Vegetable 20 Tomato Solanum lycopersicum Solanaceae Vegetable 118 According to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) [30; 31] El-Sawy et al. and [32]. When the HI is less than 100%, the food concerned is considered acceptable. If it is above 100%, the food concerned is considered a risk to the consumer [33]. Results and Discussion Use of excessive pesticides contaminates soil, water and fi- nally enters the food chain and contaminates the food produced. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has found suf- ficient evidence of carcinogenic potential in most of the pesti- cides beyond the threshold limit. The United Nations Environ- ment Program estimates accidental pesticide poisoning causing 20, 000 deaths and 1 million cases of illness per year worldwide [34]. Forty-two commonly used pesticides in agriculture were identified in this study. The broad scope analyzed includes nu- merous groups of pesticides such as organophosphorous, organo– chlorine, pyrethroids and other groups of pesticides widely used or outlawed in Egypt. According to a directive issues by Egypt’s Agriculture Pesticides Committee (Codex+EU), pesticide residue levels should be compared to Codex Alimentarious when it is available and to EU-MRLs when Codex MRLs are not accessi- ble. In this investigation, only the codex Alimentarious MRLs and the Agriculture Pesticides Committee decree were used to compare the monitoring data. Table 2 listed the number of samples evaluated, the range of pesticides found, the average in mg/kg, the number of chemicals violated in the samples ana- lyzed, and the status of each pesticide/commodity combination in the registration system established by the Agricultural pesti- cide committee (APC). A number of 32 out a total of 42 pes- ticides were detected in strawberry fruits. Fluopyram had the highest pesticide concentration in the samples, whereas Iprodion had the lowest pesticide residue (Table 2). Data revealed that 13 (52%) of the strawberry fruit samples had no detectable pesticide residues. Whereas, a total of 12 sam- ples (48%) contained pesticide residues, of which 10% were contaminated samples and contained residues at levels below the MRLs, and 8% had residues over the allowed limits (Table 2). However, according to the APC regulation, the breach was found in 8% of cases when comparing the results to (codex + EU restrictions). Bifenazate, methamidophos, fluopyram, met- alax, captan, propargite, and pyrimethanill are seven pesticide residues that recorded greater amounts than their regulated EU MRL values (Table 2 and Figure 1). The discovered quantities of pyrimethanill contamination (LOQ to 0.076, average 0.048 mg/kg) were not too far from the MRL (0.05 mg/kg). Other- wise, the residues of both fluopyram and methamidophos exhib- ited a serious issue because their concentrations in strawberries exceeded their MRL values by 4 and 9 fold, respectively. This indicates that it is necessary to regulate their use. Figure 1. The percentage of detected pesticide residues in samples based on pesticide type. Regarding the outcomes of the tomato samples, which were the second crop of the vegetables under study, roughly 17 pes- ticides were detected in the tomato samples (25), as shown in Table 3. Among the pesticides found, only 8 (bifenazate, cap- tan, fluopyram, chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, lambda- cyhalothrin, and thiofanat-methyle) had concentrations greater than the MRLs reported for tomato (Table 2 and Figure 2). However, data in Table 3 revealed that 28% (7) of tomato fruit samples had no detectable pesticide residues (25). While pes- ticide residues were discovered in 18 samples (72%) of which 48% (12 samples) were contaminated tests recorded residual amounts comparable to the worldwide MRLs for them in tomato and 24% had residues over the allowed levels, pesticide residues were also discovered in other samples. Fenarimol fungicide, followed by Malathion insecticide, had the highest pesticide mean in samples, whereas Fenpropathrin and Metalaxyl had the lowest pesticide residue levels (Table 4). However, pesticide residues were discovered in 21 sam- ples (84%), of which 36% (9 samples) had residues over the allowed limits and 48% (12 samples) of contaminated samples had residues at levels higher than the MRLs (Table 4). Accord- ing to the decision of the Agriculture Pesticides Committee in Egypt, a violation was found in one sample when results were compared to codex and EU limitations, and in the other eight samples when findings were compared to solely EU limits. Data in Table 5 regarding cucumber fruits showed that the majority of the investigated pesticides (12 out of 42) were detected in cucum- ber samples. Only 2 insecticides (Abamectin & Acetamiprid) and 2 fungicides (Captan & Penconazole) out of the detected 12 pesticides had concentrations greater than the MRLs indicated for cucumber, as shown in Table 5. Highlights in BioScience Page 4 of 13 January 2023|Volume 6 http://bioscience.highlightsin.org/ Abuo El-kasem et al., 2023 Assessment of pesticide residues in vegetables selected from different Egyptian governorates Figure 2. Frequency percentages of most detected pesticide residues in vegetable samples. In total, 16% of the cucumber samples had no detectable pes- ticide residues, while the remaining 84% contained detectable residues which 68% of contaminated samples contain resides at levels lower than the MRL’s and 16 % (4 samples) had residues above the permissible limits as shown in Figure 3. The MRLs are often set well below the thresholds deemed safe for humans. It is important to understand that MRLs are not safety limits; food residues might have levels beyond MRLs while still being safe to eat [35]. According to IFOAM [36], MRLs are not a guar- antee of "zero health risk" in this situation; rather, they are only indicators of whether or not Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) are being violated, not a sign of a health danger. Risk exposure should therefore be assessed using toxicological endpoints like Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). When it comes to earlier Egyp- tian investigations, the pattern of pesticides in tomato indicated that the detection levels of dimethoate, pirimiphos-methyl, and profenofos were 0.461, 0.114, and 0.28, respectively [37]. Figure 3. The contamination and the violation percentages per each commod- ity of vegetables. Otherwise, greater residual levels of profenofos and Malathion were found in tomato samples taken from various areas in Egypt, according to Dogheim et al., [38]. Additionally, greater profeno- fos residue levels were found in strawberry samples taken from eight local markets in six Egyptian governorates [39; 40; 38], but not in tomato or strawberry samples taken for this study. The organophosphorus pesticides (thiometon, phorate, and chlorpyrifos- methyl) were found in cucumbers in a different investigation by Mansour et al., [41] for the monitoring of pesticides and heavy metals. The levels of pesticides in some vegetables gathered from neighborhood markets in Cairo governorate were assessed by Farag et al., [42]. According to their findings, strawberries had the highest levels of contamination with various pesticides, with mean contamination levels of 0.034, 0.023, 0.033, 0.024, and 0.050 mg/kg, respectively, for ethion, propargite, perme- thrin, profenofos, and chlorpyrifos. Pepper was found to con- tain only two different types of insecticides (sulfur, methomyl). Pesticides were not found in tomatoes or cucumbers. Addition- ally, Ibrahim et al., [43] assessed the pesticide residues in cer- tain vegetables purchased at local marketplaces in eight gover- norates around Egypt. They came to the conclusion that the re- ported negative samples for pepper and cucumber were 19.4% and 27.9%, respectively. For pepper and cucumber, respectively, the recorded positive samples were 80.6% and 72.1%. Accord- ing to Badr et al., [44] , who assessed the pesticide residues in Egyptian crops, profenophos measured pesticide levels in tomato and cucumber at 0.56 and 0.28 mg/kg, respectively. The levels of pesticide residue found in vegetable samples by Loutfy et al., [45] and Ahmed et al., [46] are consistent with our findings. According to Dogheim et al., [38] , the relatively limited amount of pesticides used in the research areas and the widespread awareness and usage of integrated pest management (IPM) pro- grams may be responsible for this low contamination level. Con- Highlights in BioScience Page 5 of 13 January 2023|Volume 6 http://bioscience.highlightsin.org/ Abuo El-kasem et al., 2023 Assessment of pesticide residues in vegetables selected from different Egyptian governorates Table 2. Pesticide residues levels found in strawberry fruits, frequencies, their corresponding MRLs, number of violated samples and the status of registra- tion of each detected pesticide in analyzed samples collected from different governorates during 2020. Active Ingredient Freq. Residues (mg/kg) MRL VC (>MRL) EAPC Min Max Mean Codex EU Acetamiprid 1 0.039 0.039 0.039 0.5 0.3 R-NRI Azoxystrobin 7 0.012 0.12 0.054 10 2 R-NRI Bifenazate 4 0.012 0.25 0.083 2 0.1 1 R-RI Bifenazole 3 0.01 0.029 0.016 - 0.1 NR Boscalid 6 MRL) EAPC Min Max Mean Codex EU Abamectin 1 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.05 0.09 - R-RI Acetamiprid 3 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.2 0.5 - R-RI Azoxystrobin 3 0.014 0.022 0.015 3 3 - R-RI Bifenazate 5 MRL) EAPC Min Max Mean Codex EU Chlorofenapyr 1 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.01 - R-NRI Chloropyrifos 7 0.01 0.07 0.03 2 0.02 5 R-NRI Dimethoate 1 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.5 0.01 - R-NRI Fenarimol 5 MRL) EAPC Min Max Mean Codex EU Abamectin 6 0.01 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.04 2* R-RI Acetamiprid 9 0.06 0.1 0.12 0.3 0.3 1* R-RI Captan 5