







































Highlights in Bioscience;


 
Highlights in BioScience             

ISSN: 2682-4043 

DOI:10.36462/H.BioSci.20207                                                                                                          
 

 

Highlights in BioScience                                                                                                                                                                           July 2020| Volume 3 

http://bioscience.highlightsin.org/ 

Page 1 of 6 

                                           

 

Research Article 

 

 

Open Access 

 
 

 

 

 

 

1 Department of Quantum Electronics, Faculty 

of Physics, Uzhhorod National University, 

Ukraine 

 

Contacts of Authors  

 

 

* To whom correspondence should be 

addressed: Alexander Shuaibov 

 

Citation: Shuaibov A, Minya A, Shevera I, 

Malinina A, Gritsak R, Malinin A, Gomoki Z, 

Danilo V. (2020).  Characteristics of bipolar 

nanosecond discharges in air formed in the 

electrode system “BLADE-SURFACE of 

nonmetallic liquid -BLADE”. Highlights in 

BioScience Volume 3. Article ID 20207. 

dio:10.36462/ H.BioSci.20207 

 

Received:  May 20, 2020 

 

Accepted:  June 27, 2020 

 

Published: July 4, 2020 

 
 

Copyright: © 2020 Shuaibov et al. This is an 

open access article distributed under the terms 

of the Creative Commons Attribution License, 

which permits unrestricted use, distribution, 

and reproduction in any medium, provided the 

original author and source are credited. 

 

 

Data Availability Statement: All relevant data 

are within the paper and supplementary 

materials 

 

 

Funding: The authors have no support or 

funding to report. 

 

 

Competing interests: The authors declare that 

they have no competing interests. 

 

 

 

Characteristics of Bipolar Nanosecond Discharges in Air 

Formed in the Electrode System “BLADE-SURFACE of 

Nonmetallic Liquid -BLADE” 

 
Alexander Shuaibov*

1
, Alexander Minya

1
, Igor Shevera

1
, Antonina 

Malinina
1
, Roksolana Gritsak

1
, Alexander Malinin

1
, Zoltan Gomoki

1
, 

Vladislav Danilo
1
 

 

Abstract 

      Curcumin The design of the device for producing a high-current, 

bipolar nanosecond discharge over the surface of a non-metallic liquid 

(water, electrolytes, alcohols, etc.) in air is given. Air pressure is ranged 

from 5 to 101 kPa. The distance between the tip of the blade and the 

surface of water or liquid (5% solution of copper sulfate in distilled 

water) was 4 mm, and the distance between parallel metal blades was 40 

mm. The conditions for uniform plasma overlapping of the electrolyte 

surface between the metal blades are established. The spatial, electrical, 

and optical characteristics of the discharge are investigated. It is shown 

that the discharge under study allows obtaining colloidal solutions of 

copper nanoparticles in distilled water in a macroscopic amount (1 liter 

or more). The developed reactor is of interest for use in poisonous 

chemical solution disinfection systems, solutions based on dangerous 

bacteria and viruses for which the use of traditional systems with a point 

spark discharge or a barrier discharge becomes ineffective. The rector is 

also promising for the synthesis of colloidal solutions of transition metal 

oxide nanoparticles from solutions of the corresponding salts. These 

solutions can be used in micro-nanotechnology and for antibacterial 

treatment of plants in greenhouses, processing of medical instruments 

and materials.   

 

Keywords: Nanosecond discharge, Distilled water, Copper sulfate, Electrolytes, 

Alcohols, Colloidal solutions, Copper nanoparticles. 

 

Introduction  

Recently, intensive use of various gas-discharge sources of ultraviolet (UV) 

radiation in medicine, microbiology, chemistry, sanitation and ecology has been 

observed [1–9]. Promising for these purposes is the use of “cold” plasma jets, 

which are also formed mainly in different gas-discharge devices [10]. When using 

such UV emitters, including open ones, operating in atmospheric air and not 

having a quartz shell, for the action of biologically or chemically active solutions 

on the surface, the distance between the lamp and the liquid is several 

centimeters. The duration of the radiation pulses of such gas-discharge emitters is 

tens to hundreds of microseconds, and the operating voltage of their power 

sources does not exceed 10-11 kV. This leads to a decrease in the pulsed power 

of radiation compared with nanosecond lamps. Simultaneously, the fluxes of 

active particles (such as hydroxyl radicals - OH, hydrogen atoms - H, and oxygen 

atoms -O from the plasma are eliminated because they do not have time to  



 

 

Shuaibov et al., 2020                                                                         Characteristics of Bipolar Nanosecond Discharges in Air Formed in the Electrode System 

 

 

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penetrate the surface of the treated fluid during their lifetime 

(which does not exceed 10 ns). The use of jets of “cold” 

plasma for surface treatment of biologically and chemically 

active solutions is often limited to the small working surface 

of the plasma jet. Therefore, the development of gas-

discharge devices to obtain near-surface plasma of a 

relatively large area, which can be used for treating surfaces 

of non-metallic liquid media in air to solve microbial and 

medicine issues that are not able to solve by known sources 

of UV radiation and plasma, is relevant [11,12] . 

In previous research [13], the characteristics of the 

discharge in the air above the water surface are given. Here, 

a high-voltage tip electrode was used, to which a high-

voltage pulse of negative polarity was applied, and a flat, 

grounded metal electrode was placed in water near the 

opposite end of an opened discharge cell. The voltage pulse 

had amplitude of up to 20 kV and duration of 5-1000 μs. 

The distance between the electrodes reached 20 cm, and the 

cathode distance from the water surface was 0.1-1 cm. The 

discharge channel had a width of 0.3-0.5 cm and its main 

part was parallel to the water surface and separated from it 

by a fraction of a millimeter. Since the plasma channel had a 

small width, it could not cover a large surface area of water. 

With a current pulse duration of tens of microseconds - 1 

ms, heating of the liquid, which is undesirable when working 

with biosolvents, can be essential. 

Therefore, it is important to study the formation of 

nanosecond discharges over the surface of non-metallic 

liquids in air, allowing us to obtain large width discharges in 

the system of electrodes based on metal blades. For these 

purposes, the technique of forming plasma electrodes 

developing on the surface of solid dielectrics (fiberglass 

laminate, leucosapphire, etc.) can be used. Such electrodes 

have been used in high-pressure lasers pumped with a 

transverse volume discharge, in particular, on exciplex 

molecules - 308 nm XeCl (X-B) [14]. The main 

disadvantage of such plasma electrodes based on solid 

dielectrics is their small service life associated with the 

destruction of a dielectric by a powerful discharge in an 

aggressive gaseous medium. In our experiments, it was 

proposed to obtain a nanosecond discharge over the surface 

of liquid nonmetallic media, which tend to self-recover in 

the course of operation, which significantly increases their 

service life. The aim of the work was to develop a gas-

discharge reactor based on a surface discharge with a liquid 

nonmetallic electrode for applications in medicine, biology, 

agriculture and nanotechnology. 

This article presents the results of a study of the 

spatial, electrical, and optical characteristics of a high-

current nanosecond discharge over the surface of distilled 

water and a solution of CuSO4 salt in distilled water, which 

was formed in air at pressures of 5–101 kPa. 

 

 

Materials and Methods 

Technique and conditions of the experiment 

The use of steel blades in the system for obtaining a 

high-current nanosecond discharge in air at atmospheric 

pressure when the discharge in the form of 12 plasma sheets 

was closed to the surface of distilled water or electrolytes 

was described in [15–16]. But in this case, the ratio of the 

area of the overlapped plasma to the total area of the 

electrode based on the system of steel blades did not exceed 

0.3-0.4. The characteristics of the discharge and the system 

of electrodes, consisting of two steel blades installed under 

an angle varying during the experiment to each other at 

some short distance from the surface of non-metallic liquids, 

were described in [17–18]. In this case, it was also not 

possible to completely overlap the surface of liquid medium 

by plasma, which was located under the steel blades. As in 

the first case, and in the second case, colloidal solutions 

based on nanoparticles of copper, zinc and iron oxides in a 

volume of about 10
3
 cm

3
 were synthesized in such gas-

discharge plasma-chemical reactors. Therefore, in this study 

as a basis to create a surface discharge, the design and 

power supply scheme for the nanosecond surface discharge 

of plasma electrodes of high-pressure lasers pumped by a 

transverse volume discharge was chosen [14]. A high-

current nanosecond discharge at air pressures in the range of 

5–101 kPa was ignited in the “blade – electrolyte surface – 

blade” electrode system in the discharge module, the circuit 

of which is shown in Figure 1. 

 
Figure 1. 1 - discharge chamber made of plexiglass, 2 - a 

cuvette with a non-metallic liquid (diameter - 120 mm, 

height - 16 mm), 3 - platforms with an electrode system 

“blade-surface of non-metallic liquid-blade”, 4 - grounded 

metal plate, 5 - system adjusting the height of the electrodes 

above the surface of the liquid (h = 0-15 mm), 6 - the system 

for regulating the distance between steel blades (L = 40-80 

mm), 7 -  the system for pumping out and gases inlet, filling 

the cuvette with liquid and adjusting the system of 

electrodes in height, 8 - quartz window for recording spectra 

and radiation from the plasma discharge gap, 9 - glass 



 

 

Shuaibov et al., 2020                                                                         Characteristics of Bipolar Nanosecond Discharges in Air Formed in the Electrode System 

 

 

Highlights in BioScience                                                                                                                                                                           July 2020| Volume 3 

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window for visual, photographic, video surveillance, 10 - 

window for adjustment and access to the system of adjusting 

the distance between the blades.- U1 -, U2 - connection 

points for the leads from a high-voltage nanosecond source 

of the discharge ignition. 

 

The electrode system was installed in a sealed 

discharge chamber made of dielectric. The air pressure was 

varied in the range of 5-101 kPa for a liquid electrode based 

on a 5% solution of copper sulfate (CuSO4) salt in distilled 

water and was 101 kPa for an electrode based on distilled 

water. The distance between the surface of the non-metallic 

liquid and the tips of the thin steel blades was 4 mm, and the 

distance between the parallel steel blades was 40 mm. The 

level of the working fluid was kept constant with the help of 

a special drip system and an additional tank with liquid. The 

discharge cuvette was made of organic glass and could be 

pumped out with a vacuum pump to a residual pressure of 

10 Pa. The overpressure of the gases in the cuvette could 

reach 200 kPa. The electrodes were made of steel blades, 

0.1 mm thick. The discharge cell was installed in the screen 

of their metal grid, which reduced the influence of the 

electromagnetic fields of the discharge ignition system on 

the recording system of its electrical and optical 

characteristics. 

The characteristics of a nanosecond surface discharge 

in the system of electrodes «blade – electrolyte surface – 

blade» were studied using an experimental setup described 

in [18–19]. A high-current nanosecond discharge on the 

surface of the liquid was ignited using a high-voltage source 

of bipolar nanosecond voltage pulses with a resonant 

recharge of the storage capacitor with a capacity of 1.54 nF 

and a hydrogen thyratron switchboard. The amplitude of the 

voltage pulses of the same polarity on the voltage input of 

the high-voltage modulator could vary in the range of 10-25 

kV. The amplitude of the main maximum of the current 

pulse reached 100-170 A. The repetition frequency of 

nanosecond voltage and current pulses was in the range of 

35-1000 Hz. 

Radiation of surface discharge plasma was recorded in 

the spectral range λ = 200-665 nm using a spectrometer with 

a diffraction grating of 1200 lines / mm - MDR-2. In the 

output of the spectrometer, a photomultiplier tube FEU-106 

connected to a DC amplifier was used to detect radiation. 

The signal from the amplifier was fed to an analog-to-digital 

converter and then fed to a personal computer for 

processing. To estimate the energy contribution to the 

discharge plasma, current and voltage oscillograms were 

recorded using a 6-channel wideband oscilloscope 6LOR-

04. The voltage pulses on the electrodes were applied 

through a capacitive divider to one of the channels of the 

oscilloscope, and the discharge current pulses were 

measured using a calibrated Rogowski belt on the other 

channel of the oscilloscope. The synchronization of the 

pulses of the discharge power supply with the launch of the 

6LOR-04 oscilloscope was carried out using a G5-15 pulse 

generator. The disadvantage of the proposed device is the 

use of static blades as electrodes. During prolonged 

operation of the reactor, the erosion of steel electrodes 

occurs and the discharge loses a little in uniformity. In the 

industrial version of the device, the electrodes must be made 

of refractory alloys based on tungsten, molybdenum or 

tantalum, as in high-pressure dischargers in systems for the 

formation of nanosecond pulses at a current amplitude level 

of hundreds of amperes. 

Results and Discussion 

Spatial, electrical and spectral characteristics of surface 

discharge 

In each experiment on the ignition of a surface 

discharge in the air with a liquid nonmetallic electrode, 

together with a study of its spectral characteristics, its spatial 

and electrical characteristics (current and voltage 

waveforms) were also recorded. Using the oscillograms of 

the voltage across the discharge gap and the discharge 

current, we determined the pulsed electric power of the 

discharge and the energy input to the plasma per pulse 

(Figure 2). 

 
 

Figure 2. The dependence of the pulsed electric power of 

the discharge on time, oscillograms of voltage and current of 

a bipolar nanosecond discharge above the surface of a 5% 

solution of CuSO4 salt in distilled water at the air pressure in 

the discharge chamber equal to 6.5 kPa. 

 

The dependence of the pulsed electric power of the 

discharge on time was obtained by graphically multiplying 

the oscillograms of voltage and current, and the magnitude 

of the energy input to the discharge per pulse was 

determined by integrating the discharge power of the 

discharge over time. 



 

 

Shuaibov et al., 2020                                                                         Characteristics of Bipolar Nanosecond Discharges in Air Formed in the Electrode System 

 

 

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For the discharge of atmospheric pressure over the 

surface of distilled water, the analysis of the voltage and 

current waveforms showed that the current pulse has an 

amplitude of up to 50 A and a duration of about 50 ns and is 

formed under the action of a voltage pulse with an amplitude 

of 30 kV, which had a duration of 30 ns. Due to the 

mismatch of the output impedance of the pulsed voltage 

generator on the voltage oscillograms in the conditions of 

these experiments, an oscillatory structure was observed. 

The maximum value of the pulse electric power of the 

discharge during the first 30 nanoseconds since the moment 

of ignition of the discharge reached 1 MW. In one discharge 

pulse, the energy input to the plasma was 30 mJ. 

With a decrease in air pressure in the discharge module 

to 6.5 kPa, the energy input to the plasma per pulse-

increased threefold (Figure 2). At the same time, the 

amplitude of the current pulse reached 150 A for a duration 

of 70 ns. The voltage pulse had an amplitude of 20 kV and a 

duration of 25 ns. The pulsed electric power of the discharge 

reached 3 MW. Figures (3 and 4) show images of a 

nanosecond discharge on the surface of distilled water at an 

air pressure of -101 kPa and on the surface of a 5% solution 

of a copper sulfate  at air pressure of 6.5 kPa. 

 

 

Figure 3. The image of the discharge glow above the 

surface of distilled water at an air pressure of 101 kPa. 

 

 
Figure 4. Image of the discharge above the surface of a 

5% solution of a CuSO4 salt at an air pressure in the 

discharge chamber of 6.5 kPa. 

In the first case, the discharge consisted of a fairly 

uniform set of streamer channels, which were observed 

against a weak background of a diffuse surface discharge. 

The nanosecond discharge in air of atmospheric pressure in 

the system of electrodes "blades - surface of distilled water" 

had a similar appearance [15]. The brightness of the plasma 

glow slightly decreased in the direction from the tip of the 

steel blade to the center of the discharge gap, which is 

probably due to this distribution of the specific electric field 

strength of the bipolar discharge. When the air pressure in 

the discharge chamber was reduced to 5–25 kPa (Figure 4), 

the surface discharge acquired a diffuse appearance and 

completely covered the liquid surface between the steel 

blades, which were installed parallel to each other.  

Figure 5 shows the emission spectrum of the discharge 

plasma above the surface of distilled water at an air pressure 

of 101 kPa. The results of identification of this emission 

spectrum are presented in Table 1. As can be seen from 

Table 1, the bands of the second positive system of the 

nitrogen molecule prevail in the plasma emission spectrum, 

and the main part of the radiation was concentrated in the 

spectral range of 280-390 nm. 

 
Figure 5. The emission spectrum of the discharge above the 

surface of distilled water at an air pressure in the discharge 

chamber equal to 101 kPa. 

 

Table 1. The results of the interpretation of the emission 

spectrum of the discharge formed above the surface of 

distilled water (p = 101 kPa). 

Wavelength, nm Molecule v’ v’’ E(v’), eV 

297.68 N2  2 0 0,128 

315.93 N2  1 0 0,376 

337.13 N2  0 0 0,128 

357.69 N2  0 1 0,128 

371.05 N2  2 4 0,619 

375.54 N2  1 3 0,376 

380.49 N2  0 2 0,128 

394.3 N2  2 5 0,619 

399.84 N2  1 4 0,376 

405.94 N2  0 3 0,128 



 

 

Shuaibov et al., 2020                                                                         Characteristics of Bipolar Nanosecond Discharges in Air Formed in the Electrode System 

 

 

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The absence of hydroxyl radicals bands in the plasma 

emission spectrum indicates that the density of water vapor 

in the plasma is low, that is, the plasma heats the water 

surface a little and can be considered “cold” (not more than 

50° C). This is important for biological and medical 

applications of the investigated discharge. Compared with 

the known plasma jets [10], this source can simultaneously 

process relatively large surfaces of non-metallic solutions. 

The characteristic plasma emission spectrum of a 

nanosecond discharge above the surface of a 5% solution of 

CuSO4 salt in distilled water at an air pressure of 6.5 kPa 

(Figure 6) differs fundamentally from the spectrum for 

discharge above the water surface by the presence of 

relatively intense spectral lines of the copper atom that 

enters the plasma from the solution.  

 

 
Figure 6. The emission spectrum of the discharge above the 

surface of a 5% solution of CuSO4 salt in distilled water at 

an air pressure in the discharge chamber equal to 6.5 kPa. 

 

The results of the identification of the spectrum shown 

in Figure 6 in part of the radiation objects entering the 

discharge from the surface of the solution are summarized in 

Table 2. But even in this case, the bands in the second 

positive system of the nitrogen molecule, located in the 

spectral range of 280-390 nm, were major in the spectrum. 

After treatment the surface of the copper sulfate solution for 

2-3 hours at a pulse repetition rate of 100-150 Hz, the 

solution changed its color from blue to green. This indicates 

the complete transformation of copper cations and anions 

(SO4)
-
 in solution into a colloidal solution based on copper 

oxide nanoparticles (Figure 7).  

 
Figure 7. Images of  copper sulfate solutions in distilled 

water before and after plasma treatment of a nanosecond 

discharge in air at atmospheric pressure.  

 

The green color of the solution corresponds to the 

radiation at the wavelength of the plasmon resonance of 

copper oxide nanoparticles. This makes it possible to 

recommend the introduction of small copper sulfate 

additives in a variety of biologically active solutions in order 

to enhance the bactericidal effect of UV illumination of the 

surface of the solution and of copper oxide nanoparticles 

with a strong bactericidal effect [20, 21]. 

Conclusion 

Thus, the conditions for obtaining a uniform discharge 

in the air above the surface of non-metallic liquids are 

established; the maximum pulsed discharge power is in the 

range (1-3) MW with an energy input to the plasma in one 

pulse (30-900) mJ; in the emission spectra of the plasma, the 

emission of the second positive system of nitrogen molecule 

bands in the spectral range of 280-390 nm prevails, but for 

the plasma on the surface of the copper sulfate  solution, a 

relatively intense emission of copper atoms entering the 

discharge from the surface of the solution was detected; 

treatment of the salt of copper sulfate  with surface-

discharge plasma allows the synthesis of colloidal solutions 

based on nanoparticles of copper oxides, promising for use 

in nanotechnology, microbiology and medicine. 

 

Table 2. The results of the identification of objects of the radiation of the discharge plasma above the surface of a 5% solution 

of copper sulfate  at air pressure of 6.5 kPa. 

Wavelength, nm Atom Elow., eV Eup., eV Lower term Upper term 

249.215 Cu I 0 4,97322 3d
10

4s
2
S1/2 3d

9
(

2
D)4s4p(

3
P

°
)

4
P3/2 

319.41 Cu I 1,642133 5,52246 3d
9
4s

2 2
D3/2 3d

9
(

2
D)4s4p(

3
P°)

4
D 3/2 

353.038 Cu I 1,642133 5,15286 3d
9
4s

2
 2D3/2 3d

9
(

2
D)4s4p(

3
P

°
) 4F

°
5/2 

405.112 Cu I 5,724385 8,7842 3d
9
(2D)4s4p(

3
P

°
)3/2 3d

9
4s(

3
D)4d2P 3/2 

525.20 Cu I 5,52246 7,88305 3d
9
(

2
D)4s4p(

3
P

°
)

4
D°3/2 3d

9
4s(

3
D)5s

4
D 3/2 

529.25 Cu I 5,394745 7,73659 3d
9
(

2
D)4s4p(

3
P

°
)

4
D°7/2 3d

9
4s(

3
D)5s

4
D7/2 

  



 

 

Shuaibov et al., 2020                                                                         Characteristics of Bipolar Nanosecond Discharges in Air Formed in the Electrode System 

 

 

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