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Highlights in BioScience                                                      
 

 

 

Highlights in BioScience               DOI:10.36462/H.BioSci.20181                                      June 2018 | Volume1 

 

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Citation: Rslan W. M. (2018) Sugar 

beet artificial seeds an overview. 

Highlights in BioScience, Volume 

1.Article ID 20181, dio:10.36462/ 

H.BioSci.20181 

 

 

 

 

Received: March 22, 2018 

 

Accepted: June 17, 2018 

 

Published: June 26, 2018 

 

 

Copyright:© 2018 Rslan. This is an 

open access article distributed under 

the terms of the Creative Commons 

Attribution License, which permits 

unrestricted use, distribution, and 

reproduction in any medium, provided 

the original author and source are 

credited. 

 

 

 

Data Availability Statement: All 

relevant data are within the paper 

 

 

Funding: The authors have no support 

or funding to report. 

 

 

Sugar Beet Artificial Seeds an Overview 

Wessam M. Rslan* 

Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute; Agricultural Research 

Center, Egypt. 
 

*To whom correspondence should be addressed: wessam.rslan@ageri.sci.eg 

 

Abstract 

 

Artificial seed propagation of crops broadens the horizon of plant 

biotechnology and farming. The technology offers techniques for 

micropropagulated seed analogs such as axillary leaves, 

embryogenic calli, somatic embryos, apical shoot tips, and 

protocorm-like organs. Micropropagules are embedded in gelling 

medium and carboxyl methyl cellulose active coatings. A variety of 

plant species, such as mulberry, sandalwood, cardamom, banana, 

sugar beet, maize, and relative, have recorded encapsulation of 

micro shoots and somatic embryos and subsequent recovery of full 

plantlets. This knowledge has shown that artificial seed 

manufacturing is possibly helpful for the propagation of 

economically significant species ' inferior hybrids on a big scale. 

Artificial seed development can only succeed with effective 

upstream manufacturing of micropropagules and downstream 

germination procedures for an elevated proportion of plant 

regeneration as one of the significant value-added plant tissue 

culture goods. Different micropropagules were regarded for the 

manufacturing of artificial seeds; however, mostly favored were 

somatic embryos and axillary stem buds. As micropropagules, 

somatic embryos were used to create artificial seeds in a wide range 

of fruit and plant organisms, which include Daucus carota, Picea 

abies, Arachis hypogaea, Medicago sativa, Psidium guajava, and 

Vitis vinifera. The review illustrated the concept of synthetic seeds 

and encapsulation procedure of sugar beet. 

 
 

Keywords: Artificial seed, plant biotechnology, embryogenic, sugar beet, 

micropropagulated. 

Review Article                                                                                              Open Access   



 
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Highlights in BioScience               DOI:10.36462/H.BioSci.20181                                      June 2018 | Volume1 

 

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Introduction 

Ara et al. (1) described artificial plants as synthetically 

encapsulated somatic embryos, shoot tips, axillary flowers or 

another meristematic tissue employed for seed sowing and 

capable of converting into whole plants under in vitro and in 

vivo circumstances and maintaining their potential even after 

storage. The first one to suggest and handle encapsulated 

somatic embryos was Murashige (2). He also noted to the 

transfer option and used it as natural plants. Reddy et al. (3) 

clarified that the cultivation of plants using artificial plants 

from somatic embryos or other vegetative propagules opens 

up new agricultural and forestry technologies. A variety of 

plant species synthetic seeds have been effectively researched 

in plant propagation. 

 

Encapsulating agents 

Kitto and Janick (4) discovered that the most 

appropriate medium for the encapsulation of somatic 

embryos was' Polyox,' water-soluble resin. Redenbaugh et al. 

(5) suggested that magnesium alginate should be the most 

appropriate to encapsulate somatic embryos in alfalfa, celery, 

cauliflower and rose. Artificial seed performance relies on 

the spatial, qualitative, quantitative availability of growth 

regulators and nutrients together with an ideal physical 

setting (6). Mariani (7) indicated that gibberellic acid (GA3) 

and saccharose had an adverse impact on eggplant 

germination of synthetic seeds. In the meantime Refouvelet et 

al . (8) used BA (5 mg / l) + 1⁄2 MS + NAA (0.01 mg / l) to 

encapsulate Syringa vulgaris. Pattnaik and Chand (9) axillary 

buds, Murashige and Skoog (10) medium (MS) without 

hormones and MS + 6-benzyladenine (BA, 4.4 μM) have 

been used as artificial endosperm in Morus species. 

Saiprasad (11) revealed that sodium alginate would be 

the most widely recognized hydro-gel and was regularly used 

as a matrix for artificial plants due to its small toxicity, low 

price, rapid gellation and bio-compatibility. Many 

researchers noted that the introduction to the encapsulation 

solution of aquatic cyanobacterial samples (12), bactericides 

and activated carbon (13), pesticides, fertilizers, 

microorganisms (Rhizobia), mycorrhiza fungi (14), 

fungicides (15) can safeguard encapsulated propagules from 

microorganisms, decrease the discharge of toxic compounds 

and improve the germination ability of seeds. 

 

Encapsulation procedure 

The hydro-gel encapsulation technique established by 

(5) was the most suitable technique for producing synthetic 

seeds. In this technique, by combining with calcium free 

liquid MS medium, sodium alginate of varying levels (2 to 5 

percent) was formed and then the explants were blended with 

the solution. Together with the sodium alginate solution, 

explants were sucked with a pipette and dropped into calcium 

chloride pool in which the ion exchange reaction happens 

and sodium ions were substituted by calcium ions comprising 

alginate beads. It is necessary to complete the entire method 

under aseptic circumstances. The capsule size relies on the 

pipette nozzle's inner diameter. The beads structure and size 

relies on sodium alginate quantity, calcium chloride 

solutions, and complexion duration. Redenbaugh (16) 

proposed using a multi nozzle pipette in this embryo stream 

through the internal pipette and the solution of the alginate 

flows via the exterior pipette. 

 

Artificial seeds germination and field planting 

Several researchers (17–20) recorded successful field 

cultivation and transformation of natural plants. The 

synthetic plants in the future, particularly for the extremely 

requested species (21), may be an option planting material 

intended for the forestry sector. Artificial plants would 

enable plant propagules to be planted directly into the 

greenhouse or field, circumventing many of the additional 

phases (21). Fujii et al. (22) discovered that the maturation of 

ABA somatic alfalfa embryos yielded an elevated soil 

transformation rate of 48% to 64%. Adding fungicide to 

alginate beads avoids contamination and increases the 

sustainability of mulberry seeds in soil (23) when sown. Fujii 

et al. (24) revealed effective field planting with 23 percent 

crop transformation of alfalfa artificial plants obtained from 

calcium alginate embryoids. 

Nieves et al. (25) revealed that artificial plant sugarcane 

crops were larger and had a lower diameter at eight months, 

but at 12 months these distinctions faded. No variations in all 

parameters assessed among both artificial seed-derived plants 

and plants based from the other two techniques (traditional 

and isolated plant techniques) were discovered with regard to 

sugar assessment and yield. Asmah et al. (21) and Ma et al. 

(26) recorded the efficient germination level in Acacia hybrid 

(73.3 to 100%) and Pseudostellaria heterophylla (80%). In 

Podophyllum peltatum, sugar beet and Stevia rebaudiana, 

Rizkalla et al. (27) and Nower (28) noted that crop 

development improved by adding mannitol and/or sorbitol to 

the medium.  

 

Types of synthetic seeds 

Two forms of synthetic seeds have been established, i.e. 

desiccated and hydrated synthetic plants, according to the 

current literature. The synthetic desiccated seeds were first 

launched either directly or encapsulated in polyox from 

somatic embryos, followed by their desiccation (29). 



 
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Highlights in BioScience               DOI:10.36462/H.BioSci.20181                                      June 2018 | Volume1 

 

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Desiccation has been accomplished either linearly through 

chambers of decreasing relative humidity slowly over a 

period of one or two weeks or swiftly by leaving the petri 

dishes overnight on the bench at the laminar airflow room 

(30). The hydrated artificial seed technology was first 

developed by encapsulating Medicago sativa (16) hydrated 

somatic embryos. These artificial hydrated seeds are 

employed to create plant species that are recalcitrant and 

susceptible to desiccation in their somatic embryos. Hydrated 

artificial seeds are usually ready in a hydrogel capsule by 

encapsulating somatic embryos or other propagules. Several 

techniques for producing hydrated artificial seeds were 

investigated, mostly using calcium alginate encapsulation 

(16). 

 

The genetic stability of synthetic seeds 

Artificial seeds were commonly used in many plant 

species for micro-propagation. Molecular researches have 

began from the last decade to determine genetic stability of 

plantlets derived from synthetic seeds, but no changes have 

been revealed at the biochemical and/or molecular scales. 

Many studies (31) endorsed the prospective benefit of 

synthetic seeds for genetically identical to natural seeds. 

Gangopadhyay et al. (32) investigated the genetic structure of 

plantlets obtained from encapsulated Ananas comosus micro 

shoots using RAPD and ISSR technologies (33, 34). Bekheet 

(35) indicated that both plantlets obtained from encapsulated 

bulblets and usually in vitro were genetically comparable to 

those obtained from in vivo in Allium sativum. 

Narula et al. (36) used RAPD assessment to explore in 

vitro plantlet genetic structure obtained from Dioscorea 

bulbifera encapsulated plant advice. Srivastava et al. (37) 

reported that the analysis of Cineraria maritana's RAPD 

patterns revealed a median ratio of resemblance of 0.944, 

confirming the molecular consistency of crops extracted from 

encapsulated micro-shoots followed by six months of 

storage. Tabassum et al. (38) investigated the genetic 

consistency of synthetic seeds obtained from mother crops 

and somatic embryos and discovered similarity in Cucumis 

sativus using RAPD markers. 

Mishra et al. (39) also studies the genetic consistency of 

crops obtained from encapsulated microshoots in Picrorhiza 

kurrooa using RAPD profile cluster analysis. Lata et al. (40) 

used ISSR and gas chromatography (GC) study of six 

significant cannabinoids to examine the genetic structure of 

synthetic seed based crops of Cannabis sativa and 

demonstrated homogeneity in the regrown clones and the 

mother plant. Shoot tips are by far the most genetically 

consistent, but in callus and protoplast culture there is a 

strong probability of genetic shift (41–43). 

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