Available online at www.HighTechJournal.org  

HighTech and Innovation  
Journal 

Vol. 4, No. 3, September, 2023 

 

 

681 

 

ISSN: 2723-9535 

 

Exploring Anti-Ballistic Technology Development through 

Bibliometric Analysis of Scopus Database Records 

Fattah Maulana 1, Ubaidillah 1, 2* , Bhre W. Lenggana 1, 3 , Dody Ariawan 1 , 

Zainal Arifin 1 

1 Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia. 

2 Mechanical Engineering Department, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah Al Munawwarah, 42351, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 

3 PT. Bengawan Teknologi Terpadu, Karanganyar, Indonesia. 

Received 14 June 2022; Revised 21 August 2023; Accepted 27 August 2023; Published 01 September 2023 

Abstract 

Anti-ballistics technology's significance in safeguarding national defense and security has intensified amid rising threats 

and insurgencies. While prior studies have investigated advancements in anti-ballistic technologies, a noticeable gap 

persists in discussions involving anti-ballistics through bibliometric analysis and cutting-edge evaluations. This scarcity of 

research originates from the sensitivity surrounding weapon-related discourse. This article aims to bridge this gap by 

unveiling an exhaustive bibliometric analysis and contemporary assessment of anti-ballistics research spanning 47 years. 

The analysis's distinctiveness lies in its approach to addressing this research void within the anti-ballistics domain, achieved 

through meticulous scrutiny of existing research via bibliometric analysis techniques. The analysis was facilitated by 

employing Biblioshiny software integrated with RStudio and VOSviewer. Data processing encompassed keyword searches 

within the Scopus database, with outcomes presented in CSV format. Notably, the study's findings highlight the United 

States as the frontrunner in reference count and publication output within the anti-ballistics realm. The National Institute 

of Standards and Technology stands out with 89 articles. Furthermore, a systematic categorization of anti-ballistic materials 

based on their developmental applications was conducted. Temporal assessment revealed shifting research trends, 

transitioning from "ceramic materials" in 2016 to "nonmetallic matrix composites" in 2020, particularly for body armor 

applications. This endeavor involves recognizing notable contributors, categorizing diverse materials under study, and 

tracking research trend shifts over time. The analysis offers indispensable insights to guide diverse stakeholders' decision-

making. It's noteworthy that this bibliometric analysis holds particular value for novices or those entering the field for the 

first time. Our study significantly enriches the anti-ballistics domain through contributions to library studies and research 

mapping. By presenting a comprehensive overview of anti-ballistics research trends, our analysis enhances comprehension 

and empowers informed decision-making for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers alike. 

Keywords: Bibliometric Analysis; Anti-Ballistic; Bulletproof Vest; Anti-Ballistic Development; Anti-Ballistic Materials. 

1. Introduction 

The technique known as anti-ballistics is employed to safeguard individuals from potential harm, such as injuries, 

wounds, or hazardous circumstances, commonly encountered by military personnel. This technology aims to mitigate or 

minimize the damage inflicted by ballistic projectiles on the thoracic and abdominal regions. Thoracic injuries 

                                                           
* Corresponding author: ubaidillah_ft@staff.uns.ac.id 

 
http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/HIJ-2023-04-03-015 

 This is an open access article under the CC-BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 

© Authors retain all copyrights. 

Review Article 

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7190-5849
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6102-5549
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4318-3663


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encompass a spectrum of severity, spanning from mild skin abrasions (as classified by the abridged injury scale [AIS] 

as level 1) to more serious sternal fractures (categorized as AIS 3+). These injuries correlate with impact velocity and 

bone mineral density [1]. Historically, vests have been associated with safeguarding the human body against potential 

harm or damage. Nevertheless, it is crucial to note that donning a jacket does not guarantee complete protection from 

gunfire; it may mitigate the likelihood of sustaining an injury. Since the inception of anti-ballistics equipment in the mid-

1970s, the prevailing menace encountered by law enforcement agents has been gunshot injuries [2, 3]. 

Ballistic hazards encompass the potential dangers arising from the propulsion of airborne objects at significant 

velocities, including shrapnel and similar projectiles. These hazards are particularly relevant in the context of military 

operations. The extent of injury resulting from a bullet impacting a person is contingent upon the specific location of the 

impact and subsequent penetration within the body. Multiple designs of vests exist to protect against ballistic risks. The 

vests have been specifically engineered to offer both benefits and drawbacks in safeguarding the crucial organs of the 

human body against ballistic harm. The variation in vest design is contingent upon the wearer's specific characteristics 

and the threat level they face. Some modifications need to be implemented to prevent errors in the utilization, creation, 

and upkeep of anti-ballistic measures. The protected area must be shielded by an array of protective panels in front and 

back [4]. Testing procedure discussion is frequently undertaken to fulfill the requisite anti-ballistic criteria within the 

relevant field [5]. The typical practice follows national and global norms and adheres to the principles of esteemed 

worldwide entities specializing in anti-ballistics, such as the National Institute of Justice (NIJ). 

Several aspects are commonly examined in anti-ballistic investigations, including historical perspectives [2], 

materials used [6–8], design considerations [9], and testing methodologies [5]. Many researchers highly regard the 

creation of anti-ballistic materials. Since 1887, Dr. George E. has conducted experiments involving silk fibers to create 

vests [10]. Developing and enhancing anti-ballistic materials has increased weight reduction and flexibility regarding 

their physical morphology. Anti-ballistic materials typically have rigid, high-strength structures with excellent tensile 

properties, offering enhanced protection against ballistic threats. The soft body armor layer is composed of stacked, dry 

ballistic materials. The primary application of this innovation is incorporating body armor layers designed for low levels 

of ballistic risk, specifically those classified under the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) levels I, IIA, and II. 

Furthermore, this innovation exhibits commendable flexibility in accommodating various bodily movements [9]. 

Moreover, these resources are available in diverse formats and can be customized to suit the specific requirements of 

those working in the respective domain. In the past, the utilization of metal materials was predominant. However, there 

has been a shift towards using both fiber and metal components, hence modifying the functionalities of the resulting 

products to cater to the changing requirements. 

The field of body armor research has made significant advancements by exploring various types of fibers and designs. 

These include silk fiber [10], conventional woven fabrics or treated woven fabrics [11], as well as more complex 3D 

fabrics [12]. Other materials, such as Fiberglass/Polyester Bi-Panels [13], HGM Fiber Carbon Composites [14], Aramid, 

and unidirectional or multi-axial non-crimp fabrics, have also been investigated. The primary applications of aramid-

fiber-based composites in the anti-ballistics field mostly revolve around using such materials to produce soft body armor. 

Some research has examined the mechanical properties of aramid and its ballistic effects on this material [15–17]. Several 

scholarly articles have discussed using a ceramic matrix polymer-coated layer to produce anti-ballistic soft body armor. 

This research has focused on manufacturing armor materials by implementing ceramic-based sandwich structures, also 

known as hybrid composites, employing the vacuum method [18]. Another notion within the field of material 

development is the creation of a composite target plate through the combination of SiC ceramics and Dyneema fibers. 

The integration of silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics with Dyneema material has the potential to produce a target plate that 

is both lightweight and capable of meeting the level four (NIJ IV) criteria set by the US National Institute of Justice [19]. 

It has been asserted that SiC ceramics reinforced with Dyneema fibers have superior strength compared to alloys 

composed of CrFeCoNi, CrMnFeCoNi, and CrFeCoNiMnx (where x represents varying values of 0, 0.3, and 0.6). The 

plates possess a limited capacity to endure the highest achievable velocity of projectiles, estimated to be around 840 m/s, 

and are categorized solely as armor-level type III [20–22]. Every solution is subjected to simulation using a designated 

model and evaluated for a specific threat afterward. 

Furthermore, it is common to categorize anti-ballistic materials into two distinct classes: hard body armor and soft 

body armor. Research has been conducted on developing soft body armor utilizing natural and synthetic fibers. One of 

the objectives is to maximize waste management efficiency or use resources with poor intrinsic worth. Incorporating 

abundant natural fibers such as hemp, water hyacinth, wood debris, banana stems, and others into anti-ballistic materials 

is a viable proposition. Bamboo is a viable option among the various material mixes that can be utilized in developing 

anti-ballistic technology. According to the NIJ standards, bamboo can withstand a 7.62×51 mm caliber projectile, 

meeting the criteria for class III designation [23]. Acquiring optimal performance is of utmost importance, particularly 

in bulletproof panels that exhibit enhanced flexibility and safer structural characteristics. 

Conversely, hard body armor is combined with soft body armor in situations with an elevated ballistic threat. Anti-

ballistic armor can be manufactured using various materials, including metals, composites, and ceramics. These specialist 



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body armor suits have been designed and implemented for highly specific tasks. Nevertheless, to effectively counter 

explosive weapons, armor systems must provide full-body coverage and be constructed with pliable armor materials that 

facilitate unrestricted mobility [24]. Chen et al. endeavored to create a helmet shell array featuring subtle reinforcement 

textures, which yielded intriguing findings, including enhanced impact protection [25, 26]. 

Moreover, there has been an increased focus on fiber-based ballistic composites in many military applications 

because of the advantageous properties exhibited by this material. Fiber-based composites provide exceptional 

mechanical qualities concerning high-speed impacts while also providing advantages like weight reduction and increased 

payload capacity. These entities possess characteristics that align with environmental sustainability, exhibit excellent 

quality, and demonstrate notable speed capabilities. One illustration involves the utilization of composites in vehicle 

reinforcing strategies aimed at safeguarding medium-bore guns with a bore diameter of 12.7 mm. Fiber-based composite 

materials are characterized by complex material structures, with numerous factors influencing their mechanical 

properties and response to ballistic impacts. These factors include the types of fibers used, the resins employed, and the 

interfaces between the resin and fibers. This is particularly relevant in fortification material development [27].  

Hence, to achieve enhanced anti-ballistic capabilities, explore innovative materials such as Kevlar, S glass plastic, 

polycarbonate, metal mesh, ceramics, and magnetorheological substances [28]. Kevlar, a synthetic fabric of polymer 

compounds, has molecules that arrange themselves into elongated chains, characterized by their parallel alignment and 

dense interweaving. Joining special plastic sheets involves pressing and laminating them together, utilizing various 

materials such as fiberglass, cotton, paper, and other substances. These materials are immersed in plastic resin and then 

crushed into thin, firm, and malleable sheets [29]. Polycarbonate is a thermoplastic material that contains carbon as an 

integral component within its molecular structure [30]. Metal mesh refers to a structural element or partition consisting 

of numerous interlinked metal filaments, which may manifest as a meshwork or a sheet, contingent upon its specific 

configuration. Metal meshes can undergo various manufacturing processes to achieve different formats, including 

expansion, etching, weaving, knitting, and welding [31]. Ceramic, also known as keramik, is an inorganic, non-metallic 

solid material formed by shaping and hardening through exposure to elevated temperatures. Typically, ceramics exhibit 

intricate structures, possess resistance against corrosion, and display brittleness [32]. Magneto-rheological (MR) or 

magneto-restrictive fluid refers to a pliable medium infused with nanoparticles, which can be rendered rigid through 

electrical stimulation [33]. 

Utilizing robust, lightweight, and pleasant anti-ballistic materials is paramount for individuals. Due to ongoing 

advancements and enhancements, personal protective equipment may be acquired with enhanced safety, security, and 

comfort. Numerous researchers have conducted diverse innovations in anti-ballistics, emphasizing improving security 

measures while impacting multiple interconnected parts. Different components can be categorized with an anti-ballistic 

categorization of a specific level, exhibiting variations in their anti-ballistic visual appeal, patterns, forms, and weight, 

contingent upon the intended recipient. The comprehensive comprehension and depiction of ballistic impacts often need 

to be revised when relying solely on exploratory, experimental, numerical, or analytical methodologies. Some scholars 

have employed a blend of exploratory [34–36], quantitative [37], applied, and explanatory research approaches to 

enhance the understanding and analysis of significant data within the context of ballistic impact systems [38–40]. 

Ballistic testing is imperative to present novel solutions, understand the intricate nature of penetration, and ascertain the 

crucial parameters that influence impact resistance for body armor [41–43] and armor plates [44]. Typically, scholars in 

this advancement employ experimental or Finite Element approaches (FEM) [45–47] to acquire the intended outcomes. 

Nevertheless, many individuals continue to uphold faith in the experimental approach, particularly in assessing the 

dynamic reaction of anti-ballistic impact [48]. However, now, a wide range of models and simulations are available, 

encompassing macroscopic [49, 50], mesoscopic [51, 52], microscopic [53, 54], and even nanoscale [55] approaches, 

all of which strive to represent the dynamics of ballistic collisions [56, 57] accurately. The final stage in evaluating the 

efficacy of new materials for protective systems is typically experimental work. Multiple tests have demonstrated 

alterations in the behavior of materials when subjected to high deformation velocities [58–60]. When considering an 

alternative viewpoint, it becomes apparent that the process and production costs are significant and warrant careful 

consideration. 

The efficacy of anti-ballistic technology has been extensively assessed to discover any deficiencies and strive for 

optimal performance. In advancing anti-ballistic technology, it is imperative to incorporate thoughts and data derived 

from prior research endeavors, typically disseminated through review papers in academic publications. Several review 

articles explore various aspects of anti-ballistic materials, including their testing methodologies, historical development, 

and other relevant subjects. Nevertheless, a majority of researchers express a preference for the advancement of anti-

ballistic materials. Since as far back as 1887, Dr. George E. has conducted experiments involving silk fibers to create 

vests [7]. As of February 2023, examining Scopus using the keyword "body armor" yielded 2441 documents. When the 

search was refined with the keyword "material," the results were limited to 1390 documents. These documents 

encompass various types, including 861 articles, 339 conference papers, 81 reviews, 70 book chapters, 17 conference 

reviews, 12 books, 7 notes, 1 letter, 1 short survey, and 1 undefined source. This data indicates a significant volume of 

scholarly discourse on anti-ballistic materials, accounting for approximately 57% of the documents retrieved. 



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Moreover, upon examination of the article review, including 81 papers, it is evident that the initial publication on 

anti-ballistic material was conducted by MacPherson et al. in 1977. The 81 articles reviewed in this study were cited 843 

times in 2022, as shown by 739 separate papers. A bibliometric study is essential to assist future scholars in 

comprehensively mapping the issue, given the extensive research and citation of several works.   

Of the 81 Article reviews on anti-ballistic materials, the average discusses details and clearly about the state-of-the-

art materials. However, this paper will present an exciting discussion about; (1) the main contributors leading countries, 

institutions, research groups, authors, and research fields; (2) the most productive journals on the historical map of the 

topic; (3) the significant articles with the highest number of citations; and (4) research interests and perspectives. The 

uniqueness of this analysis lies in its approach to filling a gap in the study of anti-ballistics. It achieves this by conducting 

a detailed examination of existing research using bibliometric analysis techniques. This involves not only identifying 

major contributors to the field but also categorizing the types of materials being researched and tracking how research 

trends have changed over time. Additionally, the analysis offers valuable insights that can guide decision-making for 

various stakeholders. It's important to note that this bibliometric analysis is particularly useful for newcomers or those 

new to the field. 

2. State of the Art 

Body armor made from metal material has been around for hundreds of years. Larger objects, such as vehicles, are 

called "weight protection." Also, so-called "weight protection" protects larger objects, such as vehicles. However, only 

a few decades ago, at the end of World War II, a lighter solution emerged, especially for military personnel, in the form 

of nylon ballistic vests. However, it does not come close to the ballistic protection offered by the aramid fibers, threads, 

and fabrics in personal armor. Another advantage of ultra-fine polymer filaments (not just aramid [13, 61, 62]) is that 

they offer an incredibly flexible material, which supports a high level of comfort for the wearer. To make it easier to 

understand, see Figure 1. 

 

Figure 1. Applications of ballistics 

Soft body armor is the primary application for composites made from aramid fibers in ballistics. Several studies have 

examined the mechanical properties of aramid and the impact of ballistic forces on fabrics and their composites [63–65]. 

These investigations have employed experimental techniques and the finite element method (FEM) [66–68]. The 

findings have provided insights into the efficacy of ballistic protection systems and the level of protection offered by 

bulletproof vests [46, 69]. Recent literature analyses on ballistic protection [8, 31, 70, 71] provide insightful commentary 

on failure processes and the utilization of highly specialized solutions that effectively combine various materials to 

counter diverse threats. Various research investigations have been conducted on aramid fibers exhibiting diverse 

topologies, ranging from conventional or modified forms [72] to three-dimensional fabric structures [51, 73]. Both 

unidirectional and multiaxial non-wrinkle materials are being investigated for hazards while being simulated under 

specified model settings. The authors' documentation led them to conclude that each solution needed to be tested 

experimentally. The failure mechanism exhibits a resilient statistical reliability design before its deployment in combat 

scenarios. In the context of anti-ballistic materials, it is imperative to ascertain their appropriate application. Following 

established material usage regulations, we have developed anti-ballistic materials and their corresponding applications, 

including anti-ballistic helmets, military vehicles, body armor, and panels. In order to enhance comprehension, the 

schematic representation is presented in Figure 2. 

Based on Figure 2, the conclusion is that there are many types of anti-ballistic materials. The selection of appropriate 

materials is mandatory in order to meet the needs of users. Based on the demands of weapons development, defense 

development must be adjusted. Therefore, military defense tool producers must know what loads will be faced and how 

Ballitic 
Aplication

Evolution 
of Materials

Mechanics 
of 

Ballistics

Clinical 
and 

Forensic 
Study



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to select materials that can withstand the loads faced. Some options can be selected for some materials, such as 

UHMWPE, Aramid, hybrid thermoplastic, ceramic, E-glass, and titanium. To make science more accessible, the first 

scientists need to know the function of the science they will learn. After knowing the use of science, the second step is 

understanding the source of knowledge or its basis. Scientists also need to know the developments so far so they can 

contribute to the development of science. 

 

Figure 2. Rundown anti-ballistic material and product application 

Recently, there has been a notable surge in studies about anti-ballistics, with a particular emphasis on investigating 

various target locations. The ceramic and Kevlar-29 composites with honeycomb structures were investigated by Goda 

and Girardot [96] by applying cylindrical ballistics. The findings from the numerical analysis indicate that the ballistic 

impact performance is significantly affected by the characteristics of the cohesive material, the woven fabric material, 

and the arrangement of layers. The performance of titanium sandwich panels against impact loads from hemispherical 

projectiles was investigated by Rahimijonoush and Bayat [97]. The study's findings indicate that the primary mechanism 

for absorbing impact energy in the symmetrical sandwich panel was through the back-face sheet. The ballistic limit 

exhibited a linear relationship with the increase in thickness of either the rear or front face sheet on a specimen of 

identical weight. In their study, Chatterjee et al. (1998) analyzed the performance of composite sandwich panels when 

subjected to 9-mm bullet projectile loads, which were propelled at an average velocity of 400 m/s [98]. The presence of 

liquid dilatants in the SCP led to the observation of the composite sandwich. The hollow composite material was found 

to absorb 43.96% less impact compared to the material under consideration. The observed change in energy absorption 

per unit mass increase was 22.43%. It is plausible that the SCP was purposefully designed and built to cater to various 

applications that necessitate heightened energy dissipation capabilities. The study undertaken by Yu et al. (1999) [99] 

involved research on anti-ballistic measures utilizing blunt-shaped projectiles with a Y-shaped core sandwich model. 

The findings and analysis indicate that the impact resistance of composite sandwich constructions, including Y-shaped 

cores, surpasses that of laminates. In their study, Khare et al. [100] investigated the ballistic load resistance of cylindrical 

sandwiches with honeycomb cores when subjected to cone-nosed projectiles. This study's findings indicate variations in 

the cell thickness and skin thickness per wall, ranging from 0.7 to 2.0 mm and 0.03 to 0.09 mm, respectively. 

Additionally, it was observed that the ballistic limit experienced an increase of 72.2 and 10.9 m/s. 

Nevertheless, when the magnitude of the side length was altered from 3.2 to 9.2 millimeters, there was a discernible 

reduction of 9.9 meters per second in the ballistic limit. The study conducted by Wu et al. [101] examined the properties 

Picture 
•Ballistic Equipment and its materials 

Helmet 

• UHMWPE [74,75] 

•  kevlar/ hybrid laminate [76,77] 

• natural fibres [78-80] 

• hybrid thermoplastic [81,82] 

Military vehicles 

• aluminum aloy [83] 

• molybdenum carbides [84] 

• metal ceramic composite [85] 

• UHMWPE [86.87] 

Ballistic Panels 

• 2D and 3D textile composites [88] 

• Kevlar fabrics reinforced polybenzoxazine [89] 

• UHMWPE fabric [90] 

• Fiberglass/Polyester Bi-Panel Composite [91] 

Body Armor 

• UHMWPE [92]  

• kevlar composite[93] 

• E glass [94] 

• Titanium[95] 



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and performance of an aramid-carbon hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) material specifically designed for 

applications in composite armor systems. The laminate composite structure underwent exposure to ballistic loads 

originating from AP 7.62 M61 bullets. The primary failure modes observed in FRP laminates, as indicated by the findings 

of their study on laminate composites, are fiber compression failure and tensile matrix failure. Changes in the fiber-

reinforced polymer (FRP) laminate stacking sequence can also impact both factors. The lowest areas of fiber 

compression and matrix tensile failure occur when carbon fiber is layered on top of the FRP laminate. 

In their research, Yang et al. (year) investigated shipbuilding constructions, focusing on a double-arrow composite 

hemispherical projectile auxetic design [102]. According to the results obtained from the Missouri Educational 

Component Test (METC), it was observed that the auxetic structure had a relative density of 16.66, representing a 

23.06% increase compared to the auxetic design, which had a relative density of 9.08%. The ballistics had a rise of 

35.56% and 54.89%, respectively. The observed phenomenon can be attributed to the significant increase in relative 

density, as confirmed by experimental data, from 9.08 to 16.66 and 23.06%, respectively. In their research, Vescovi et 

al. [103] investigated a composite structure by employing interacting hybrid composites composed of woven Kevlar and 

S2 glass subjected to milling with 0.357 Magnum FMJ ammunition. The present investigation acquired the deviation 

observed at the ballistic limit. The observed value consistently remained below 5.33%, with a peak of 3.87% occurring 

at an impact velocity of 430 m/s, which closely approximates the ballistic limit. 

Furthermore, it is worth noting that the numerical ballistic curve exhibited a relatively seamless transition to the linear 

segment, closely resembling the experimental curve. The research undertaken by Mohammad et al. [104] pertains to 

anti-ballistics. The findings indicate that the monolithic shell target saw a decline in ballistic performance of 6.49% as a 

result of the anti-ballistic measures. When comparing the two marks, it was observed that the multilayer target exhibited 

a reduction of 3.88% in its ability to resist hits from oblique angles. In their study, Han et al. [105] examined the 

disparities between the projected ballistic limit velocities of targets measuring 2, 4, 4.82, 8, and 9.94 mm and the 

corresponding experimental values. The deviations in the simulated values were 12.3, 0.1, 0.0, 4.2, and 4.9%, while the 

experimental results showed variations of 9.0, 17.5, 21.5, 24.2, and 26.3%, respectively. According to Savage G. [106], 

ceramic materials possess exceptional toughness and low weight, rendering them highly suitable for utilization as armor 

materials. 

The surface is affected by several ceramic elements, including fracturing, blunting, erosion of the shot, and the 

dynamic preservation of the vivid energy resulting from the contact. Composite protective coatings often utilize tiles to 

enhance the impact resistance of their surfaces. According to Tam et al. [107], ceramic fibers possess a considerable 

diameter. Therefore, it is common for the prepreg bands to exhibit a unidirectional (UD) orientation similar to that of 

the threads. Ceramic fibers are well-suited for the high-temperature solidification state of titanium and ceramic 

composites. The annual production of ceramic fibers is restricted to a finite amount. 

Nevertheless, the capacity for their manufacture may be rapidly expanded to accommodate emerging demands. The 

material's rigidity is another crucial criterion for a ballistic protection layer. The rigidity of single Ultra High Molecular 

Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) must be improved, necessitating the incorporation of auxiliary components to enhance 

its capabilities. Thermoplastics are widely utilized in many applications due to their advantageous characteristics, 

including non-toxicity, ease of manufacture, low density, and exceptional toughness [108, 109]. To promote 

environmental sustainability, it is imperative for advancements in anti-ballistic materials to prioritize the utilization of 

natural fibers, thereby reducing reliance on synthetic fibers. Typically, bio-fibers possess key characteristics such as bio-

sustainability and environmental compatibility, which may confer certain advantages over synthetic fibers such as glass, 

aramid, and carbon [110, 111]. Significant progress has been made in ballistic fiber performance by creating analytical, 

numerical, and constitutive models spanning micromechanical to micromechanical scales. 

Numerous researchers have formulated various constitutive models intending to estimate transversely isotropic 

materials' post-failure mechanisms, deformation patterns, and energy absorption capabilities. Moreover, the extent of 

harm inflicted by a penetrating projectile is contingent upon the magnitude of the impact energy, the energy level of the 

tissue collision, the velocity at which it transpires, and the specific tissue region affected by the projectile's penetration. 

The tissue areas exhibit localized responses that indicate the presence of significant energy-induced cavitation effects. 

The considerable energy transfer is correlated with an increased risk of infectious complications. The diverse range of 

ballistic injury patterns arises from the intricate interplay between projectiles and various tissues. Understanding the 

underlying mechanisms contributing to tissue failure, such as bullet deformation and deceleration, is crucial for 

recognizing typical injuries and appreciating the significant energy transfer associated with more severe cases. 

3. Material and Methods 

This paper uses a bibliometric analysis method based on publications related to "anti-ballistics" published from 1975 

to 2022. The literature was obtained from the Scopus database by entering the keyword “body armor”, which yielded 

the results of 1,255,339 related documents. In the final step, we used the keyword "composite," which yielded 1,328 

documents from associated fields. The search results from 1975 to 2022 showed only 937 documents from the Scopus 



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dataset after limiting document types to “article” and “review” only. Then, the documents were processed in CSV format. 

The process involved a bibliometric analysis using biblioshiny software integrated with RStudio and VOSviewer to 

produce graphical images and data. The flowchart of the whole process is illustrated in Figure 3. 

 

Figure 3. Flowchart of the data analysis process 

4. Result 

The collection of information related to articles published from 1975 to 2022 is described in Table 1. However, there 

were many associated papers published in the Scopus database in this period, i.e., 937 articles. 

Table 1. Main information 

Description Results 

Main Information about Data  

Timespan 1975:2022 

Sources (Journals, Books, etc) 373 

Documents 937 

Average years from publication 7,04 

Average citations per documents 23,76 

Average citations per year per doc 2,74 

References 38129 

Document Types  

Article 857 

Review 80 

Document Contents  

Keywords Plus (ID) 5914 

Author's Keywords (DE) 2329 

Authors  

Authors 2659 

Author Appearances 4203 

Authors of single-authored documents 61 

Authors of multi-authored documents 2598 

Authors Collaboration  

Single-authored documents 82 

Documents per Author 0,352 

Authors per Document 2,84 

Co-Authors per Documents 4,49 

Collaboration Index 3,04 



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Based on Table 1 upper, the bibliometric analysis results show that 44 countries have contributed to the field of anti-

ballistics research, with 937 documents created by 2659 authors, in the form of 857 articles and 80 reviews. For easier 

understanding, data is presented in the discussion below. 

4.1. The Main Contributors Leading Countries, Institutions, Research Groups, Authors, and Research Fields 

Before conducting research, it is important that a researcher be familiar with those who have contributed significantly 

to the topic that will be studied or developed. For this reason, we present Figure 4, which lists the authors with the most 

anti-ballistics publications. 

 

Figure 4. Most relevant authors 

As a result, the authors who write and produce the most articles and are most relevant to the field of anti-ballistics 

are as follows: In first position, the most relevant author is Montero SN, the second is Wang Y, the third is Chen X, the 

fourth is Majumdar A, the fifth is No Author Name, and the sixth is Gong X, with more than fifteen documents. In the 

seventh position is Wang S, with fifteen documents. Meanwhile, authors in the 8th to 17th order have more than ten 

documents: Foster Al, Grujicic M, Bosou F, Abtew Ma, Bruniaux P, Nascimento LFC, Oliveria MS, Zhang J, JR, and 

Whang L. Furthermore, the authors ranked 18th to 20th have the same average number of works. Each has ten documents; 

they are Butola Bs, Xuan S, and finally Zhang X. Moreover, from the number of citations, the quality of the journal can 

be determined, which will help future researchers develop their research. More details are shown in Figure 5. 

 

Figure 5. Most locally cited authors 

Based on the table above, with the number of documents uploaded, Zhang R was ranked first in the categories of 

Most Locally Cited, followed by Zhang X in second place, and Bruniaux P in third place, with an overall total of more 

than 100 citations. However, there is a slight difference in the citation results and the relevant authors. In the 4th to 14th 

positions, with a total of more than sixty citations each, Forstel AL, Cai W, Majumdar A, Menteiro SN, Wang H, Hazell 

PJ, Mohotti D, Weerasinghe D, JR, Johnson AA, and Xu Y. The 14th to 20th positions are occupied by Gillespie Jw, 

Gong X, Jiang S, Chen Y, Cicek UI, and Southee DJ, respectively, with less than 60 total citations. We can obtain the 



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local author impact of each author based on the H index. In general, the authors of the most journals always occupy the 

highest rankings. Likewise, in this case, the results aren’t much different, as shown in Figure 6. 

 

Figure 6. Author local impact by H Index 

The highest rank author is Menteiro SN, with an H-Index of 19, followed by Chen X who has H-Indeks 16, and 

Majumdar A who has H-Indeks 14. Currently, the top 8 local authors, with H-Indeks more than eight, are Wang Y, Gong 

X, Grujicic M, Ceeseman BA, and Oliveira MS. Local authors with H-Indeks eight each are in the order of 9th to 16th 

position occupied by Butola BS, Jiang W, JR, Meyers MA,Pereira AC, Wang L, Wang S, an Xuan S. Those in the 16th 

to 20th positions, with H-Indeks eight each are; Abtew MA, Boussu F, Brunaux P, and Lima XP. In general, the author 

is associated with an institution, which overshadows and serves as the identity of the author. Thus, it is necessary to 

discuss the institutions that host the authors with the most publications. Results are presented in Figure 7. 

 

Figure 7. Most relevant affiliations 

Based on the Most Relevant Affiliations table above, the National Institute of Standards and Technology ranks first, 

with 89 articles. Clemson University follows with 54 document articles. The Military Institute of Engineering-IME 

follows with 54 document articles. Furthermore, the other most relevant affiliates, with more than forty article documents 

each, are the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Military Institute of Engineering - IME, University of Science and 

Technology of China (USTC), Military Institute of Engineering--IME, University California, and the University of 

Science and Technology of China. The 10th to 14th in middle positions are occupied by the School of Materials Science 

and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Beijing Institute of Technology, Purdue University, and the Military 

Institute of Engineering, with more than thirty articles each. The bottom positions, with an average total of more than 

twenty-five documents each, are the North University of China, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 

University of Southern California, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Hunan University, and Massachusetts 

Institute of Technology. Many countries are interested in anti-ballistics development because it contributes to national 

defense. Moreover, security strengthens a country, even if only on a small scale. It can be helpful if the development 



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progresses to an extreme stage, such as withstanding 30 mm caliber cannon projectiles (STANAG 4569). We present 

the countries that are most proactive in conducting research and development in anti-ballistics in Table 2 and Figure 8. 

Table 2. The published articles and collaboration by country 

Country Articles Freq SCP MCP Total Citations Average Article Citations 

USA 179 0.22630 159 20 7021 39.223 

CHINA 169 0.21365 145 24 2269 13.426 

INDIA 80 0.10114 74 6 2152 26.900 

UNITED KINGDOM 50 0.06321 34 16 1318 26.360 

BRAZIL 43 0.05436 31 12 966 22.465 

AUSTRALIA 28 0.03540 23 5 564 20.143 

TURKEY 27 0.03413 25 2 672 24.889 

MALAYSIA 24 0.03034 18 6 385 16.042 

FRANCE 23 0.02908 9 14 466 20.261 

CANADA 19 0.02402 16 3 573 30.158 

POLAND 19 0.02402 18 1 122 6.421 

KOREA 15 0.01896 13 2 614 40.933 

GERMANY 14 0.01770 4 10 843 60.214 

ITALY 9 0.01138 2 7 121 13.444 

SPAIN 9 0.01138 7 2 648 72.000 

SINGAPORE 8 0.01011 6 2 1013 126.625 

IRAN 7 0.00885 6 1 324 46.286 

ISRAEL 7 0.00885 6 1 184 26.286 

PAKISTAN 6 0.00759 2 4 75 12.500 

JAPAN 5 0.00632 3 2 29 5.800 

 

Figure 8. Corresponding authors’ countries 

Furthermore, in the table above, the USA is the most productive country publishing anti-ballistics research, with 179 

documents. It is followed by China, with 169 documents. The third position is India, with 80 documents. Other countries 

that publish documents on anti-ballistics are the United Kingdom, with fifty documents, and five other countries that 

published more than thirty documents each, Brazil, Australia, Turkey, Malaysia, and France. The country of Canada also 

publishes documents regarding anti-ballistics, with a total of twenty-nine documents, as well as Poland, which has 

published twenty-nine documents as well. Meanwhile, nine other countries have published anti-ballistics documents, 

with less than sixteen document each: Korea, Germany, Italy, Spain, Singapore, Iran, Israel, Pakistan, and Japan. In the 

development of anti-ballistic technology, all developers wish to prevent the field from stagnating or regressing. Thus, it 

is crucial to learn from previous papers so that the direction and purpose of development are clear. More details are 

shown in Figure 9. 



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Figure 9. Most cited countries 

Every development requires citations from several sources. The following are countries that are a source of inspiration 

for researchers in the anti-ballistics field. The table above shows the most cited countries, the first being America. 

America is the reference country in this field, possibly because America is well known for its technological advances. 

Therefore, America has been cited 7021 times, China was cited 2269 times, and India was cited 2152 times. In addition 

to these three countries, there are two other countries whose publications have been cited more than 1000 times: The 

United Kingdom, which has been cited 1318 times, and Singapore, which has been cited 1013 times. In addition, seven 

countries have publications with more than 500 citations but less than 1000, namely Brazil with 966 citations, Germany 

with 843 citations, Turkey with 672 citations, Spain with 648 citations, Korea with 614 citations, Canada with 573 

citations, and Australia with 564 citations. Meanwhile, three countries have cited more than 200 times: France with 466 

citations, Malaysia with 385 citations, and Iran with 324 citations. The fifth countries with the lowest cited were Israel, 

Sweden, Saudi Arabia, Poland, and Italy. 

4.2. The Most Productive Journals on the Historical Map of the Topic 

Researchers must continue developing their work due to the increasingly advanced demands of the present era. 

However, this may be challenging if the researcher lacks knowledge of the history of development or competition in the 

researched matter. These developments are shown more clearly in Figure 10. 

 

Figure 10. Source growth 

Based on the graph of source growth, we can see that Textile Research Journal was the first field to release a journal 

related to ballistics. In 1996, the competition began when the International Journal of Impact Engineering uploaded one 



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journals. The most intense competition occurred in 2019, when more than two competitors published more than one 

journal. However, Polymers still hold the highest position, with nine journals uploaded, starting with two journals in 

2018.Knowledge of trend topics is essential for every significant journal author. Because the publication of research is 

expected to bring about changes in current or emerging trends, the author needs to know which trends will be the most 

relevant. We thus present Figure 11 below, which might help to determine the next topics of interest. 

 

Figure 11. Trend topics 

The trend topics from year to year began to change. Although they did not change entirely, sometimes there was a 

changing focus. In 2010, the trending topic was fabrics, and it continued to develop into other trends, namely the topic 

of body armor in 2014. Moreover, in 2015, the trending topic was ballistic resistance, and it continued to develop into 

other trends, namely the topic of ceramic resistance in 2016. Meanwhile, in 2017, the trending topic was projectile, and 

it continued to develop into different trends, namely the topic of armor in 2018. Furthermore, in 2019 the trending topic 

was ballistic performance, but it was moved to nonmetallic matrix composites in 2020. In 2021 the most famous was 

body armor. However, the first position topic trended to occupy is armor with 549 term frequency. The following 

discussion identifies many relationships between authors, authors who use citations, and authors who are renowned. This 

is known as the Historical Direct Citation Network. For convenience, results are shown in Figure 12. 

 

Figure 12. Historical Direct Citation Network 

The Historical Direct Citation Network above shows many links in research, namely from the writings of several 

authors who are used as references by other authors or quoted directly. Moreover, as he often appears in the anti-ballistic 

bibliometrics, Abtew Ma is a reference source by writers on related topics. On the other hand, regarding the year, Abtew 

Ma only became well known in 2019, and before that year, Vinson JR had been widely cited since 1975. It is possible 



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that Abtew Ma also cited some statements from Vinson JR. However, Vinson JR was also cited by Naveen J, Sen S, 

Mawkhlieng U, Yang J, Hut Ap, and several other authors. The following figure shows the correlations between 

countries that produce journals or articles related to ballistics or bulletproof materials. This figure is very useful for those 

who wish to develop or even realize the technology developed by several countries. More details are shown in Figure 

13. 

 

Figure 13. Network collaboration among countries 

As already shown in Figure 10, the USA is the country that produces the most publications, and we can see the 

relationships between USA writers and other writers in figure 10. Based on this, we can generally assume that a large 

number of publications from the USA is due to the support of another country. France has the largest armed forces in 

the European Union. According to Credit Suisse, the French Armed Forces are ranked as the sixth strongest military in 

the world. The UK has a history of worldwide wars for several years, so they are definitely familiar with this field. 

Regarding China, we can see that China has extensive relationships with other countries because the Chinese themselves 

are well known for their openness and communication. Furthermore, the USA may develop much military technology; 

this superpower is already well known for its military technology. Nevertheless, in terms of publicity, this country is 

inferior to India. It is possible that the results of their research were not published for several reasons. 

4.3. The Significant Journals with the Highest Number of Citations 

The highest-ranking publication is the Composite Structures, with fourty-one journals published, as shown in 

Figure14, but higest index H is the International Journal of Impact Engineering. Source notes for journals in the field of 

Anti-Ballistic shown in Table 3. 

 

Figure 14. Most relevant sources 



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Table 3. Source notes for journals in the field of Anti-Ballistic 

Element H_index Citation Document Y start 

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING 24 1816 35 1996 

COMPOSITE STRUCTURES 21 1856 41 2001 

COMPOSITES PART B: ENGINEERING 16 950 22 2008 

MATERIALS AND DESIGN 15 852 17 2007 

TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL 15 991 28 1992 

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 12 372 20 2017 

COMPOSITES PART A: APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING 10 510 10 2013 

JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS 10 510 12 2011 

POLYMERS 10 394 22 2018 

DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY 8 260 14 2016 

CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL 7 151 10 2017 

JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS 7 506 9 1996 

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND PERFORMANCE 7 309 9 2009 

ACTA BIOMATERIALIA 6 229 7 2013 

FIBERS AND POLYMERS 6 169 7 2010 

FIBRES AND TEXTILES IN EASTERN EUROPE 6 110 13 2010 

JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE 6 214 9 2008 

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 6 158 9 2005 

COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 5 532 5 2007 

RSC ADVANCES 5 181 5 2016 

Other publications that contribute to anti-ballistic research and are second ranking publication is International Journal 

of Impact Engineering with forty-three journals. The third ranking publication is Textile Research Journal with twenty 

seven journals. And other journals that did not make it into the top 3 are; Polymers with twenty-fifth journal. Composites 

part b: Engineering with twenty-three journals. Journal of Materials Research and Technology with twenty-one journals. 

Materials and Design with nineteen journals. Defense Technology with seventeen journals. Fibres and Textiles in Eastern 

Europe 13 journals. International Ceramics with twelve journals. Composites Part a: Applied Science and Manufacturing 

with twelve journals. Journal of Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials with twelve journals. Materials with 

twelve journals. Advanced Composites Bulletin with eleven journals. Binggong Xuebao/Acta Armamentarii with ten 

journals. Journal of Composite Materials with ten journals, Journal of Materials Science with ten journals. Journal of 

Applied Polymer Science with nine journals. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance with nine journals. Acta 

Biomaterialia with eight journals.  

And other journals that did not make it into the top 3 are; Polymers with twenty-fifth journal. Composites part b: 

Engineering with twenty-three journals. Journal of Materials Research and Technology with twenty-one journals. 

Materials and Design with nineteen journals. Defense Technology with seventeen journals. Fibres and Textiles in Eastern 

Europe 13 journals. International Ceramics with twelve journals. Composites Part a: Applied Science and Manufacturing 

with twelve journals. Journal of Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials with twelve journals. Materials with 

twelve journals. Advanced Composites Bulletin with eleven journals. Binggong Xuebao/Acta Armamentarii with ten 

journals. Journal of Composite Materials with ten journals, Journal of Materials Science with ten journals. Journal of 

Applied Polymer Science with ninth journals. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance with ninth journals. 

Acta Biomaterialia with eight journals. Additionally, core sources on the Bradford law diagram display many sources, 

which are the basis for identifying journals that discuss the most cited anti-ballistic technology. More details are shown 

in, see Figure 15. 



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Figure 15. Bradford’s Law 

The Composite Structures has forty-three core sources based on the data obtained using the Bradford law. Bradford 

law articles are sourced from thirty-seven journals, namely the International Journals of Impact Engineering. Those 

under thirty articles are Textile Research Journal with twenty-nine articles. Polymers with twenty-fifth articles. 

Composites Part B: Engineering with twenty-three articles. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, with twenty-

one articles. Materials and Design with nineteen articles. Defence Technology with seventeen articles. Fibres and 

Textiles in Eastern Europe, with thirteen articles. Ceramics International has twelve articles. Composites Part A: Applied 

Science and Manufacturing has twelve articles. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, with twelve 

articles. Materials with twelve articles. Advanced Composites Bulletin has twelve articles. Binggong Xuebao/Acta 

Armamentarii has ten articles. Journal of Composite Materials, with ten articles. Journal of Materials Science, with ten 

articles. Based on the figure diagram, the most common sources of search interest are the journals presented in the figure 

below. For more details, see Figure 16. 

 

Figure 16. Most locally cited sources 

As seen in the figure diagram, the most locally cited sources cited in International J Impact Eng are 1698 local 

citations, as well as Compos Struct with 924 local citations and Text Res J with as many as 636 local citations. 

Furthermore, several sources are still cited from other journals, such as Master Des, with as many as 606 local citations; 

J Master Sci, with as many as 503 local citations; J Am Cream Soc, with as many as 447 local citations; and Compos 

Sci Technol, with as many as 422 local citations. Meanwhile, other publications that are sourced in local citations that 



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number above ten local citations amounted to 200—namely Composite Part B Eng, with 208 local citations; J Apl 

Polimer Sci with 210 local citations; Adv Mater with 222 citations; J Mech Behav Biomed Master with 231 citations; 

Int J Solid Structure with 235 local citations each; J Compos Mater with 282 citations; Science with 303 local citations; 

J Eur Cream Soc with 313 local citations; International Journal of Impact Engineering with 373 local citations; Ceram 

Int with 388 local citations. Moreover, the remaining three are under two hundred local citations each, namely J Mater 

Res Technol, Mater Sci Eng A, and Nature. 

4.4. Research Interests and Perspectives 

Attack and defense are interrelated things. Anti-ballistics is a technological defense that must keep up with 

developments. The beginning of the development of anti-ballistics itself began in the 15th century. The first anti-ballistic 

material is a hard metal material that is quite heavy. However, anti-ballistic is increasingly adjusting to the user's wishes 

over time. The benchmark in anti-ballistic development is anti-ballistics that are lightweight, comfortable, not hot, or 

even cheap. Based on the development objectives, the material needed to develop it is an advanced material that is strong 

but light. The development of armor materials has focused on reducing the weight of existing armor materials because 

weight reduction can help save energy and increase mobility [112, 113]. On the other hand, aesthetic values must be 

considered by studying and developing a proportional design to meet user comfort. With the development of 

thermoplastic polymers and synthetic fibers in recent years, lighter-weight, rugged protection systems have been 

produced, combining metals or ceramics with polymer fabrics and fiber-reinforced polymer composites. 

During the Vietnam War, it was reported that soft armor made of fiberglass and nylon cloth was used for ballistic 

protection [114]. Some of the commercial fibers used to manufacture armor include aramid (Kevlar or Twaron) [93, 

115], nylon fibers [116], polyethylene fibers (SpectruM or Dyneema) [117, 118], and carbon fibers [119, 120]. These 

fibers must provide the excellent impact resistance required for ballistic armor, have high specific energy absorption, 

and have the ability to distribute kinetic energy in ballistic impacts [116]. The polymer material commonly used in 

ballistic applications is low-molecular-weight polyethylene. Very high in UHMWPE (Dyneema) and para-aramid fibers 

(Kevlar and Twaron). Kevlar has been introduced as an ideal base material for ballistic protection due to its outstanding 

thermal properties and high tensile strength. Its highly crystalline structure and high orientation toward delicate structures 

result in the required high modulus [114, 117, 121]. As a result, Kevlar fiber is considered the main reinforcing 

constituent for ballistic composites. In composite materials, although the individual parent materials (fiber and matrix) 

cannot provide ballistic resistance properties by themselves, the combination of the two components has been found to 

exhibit a better degree of ballistic protection. 

This paper shows most of the primary materials used in the manufacture of anti-ballistic technology and bibliometric 

analysis. In some ways, anti-ballistic technology still needs to be developed. Anti-Ballistic Technology can also be 

applied to other things unrelated to ballistics but having immense added value, such as applications in automotive, shoes, 

or clothing needed for specialized activities. Anti-ballistic body armor needs to be developed in terms of material design 

and development, which is still too thick on the market and has yet to be considered in different conditions. Based on 

the bibliometric analysis, there is no one article that Anti-ballistic vests can absorb water and add weight to the anti-

ballistic after absorbing a certain amount of water. Therefore, it is necessary to have an anti-ballistic design that is 

hydrophobic. 

5. Conclusion 

This paper has analyzed and obtained the results. The state-of-the-art chapter has reviewed the literature findings to 

date in the broad field of ballistic composite materials in search of materials that can be applied in the future. This chapter 

discusses the classification of ballistic protective equipment and the mechanical properties of the different types of 

ballistic composites shown. This chapter also highlighted the possibility of new materials and technologies for ballistic 

protection. On the other hand, the results of the bibliometric analysis showcased the global and leading countries working 

in the field of anti-ballistics or bulletproofing. The information obtained from the bibliometric analysis has raised 

suspicions, as the United States has the most publications. The general public understands that Germany is indeed a 

country with a sophisticated mastery of metallurgy, but why is Germany itself not the most prominent publisher? In 

addition, the number of Indian citations is not significant in the discussion of anti-ballistics [122]. Several sources have 

been found that are from previous years [123]. There is also a problem with USA research, for which the author's name 

is often not mentioned. Therefore, it is necessary to question why India is the largest producer of journals, while Germany 

and the UK produce fewer. A literature search from 1975 to 2022 revealed that articles on anti-ballistics published in 

1975 were not the first. Based on the previous discussion, it can be concluded that bibliometric analysis can broadly 

provide information for those who need it. The information generated includes the name of the country, campus, or 

individual with knowledge and expertise in anti-ballistics. Future researchers can also refer to this paper in determining 

research topics that will become trends in the following year based on the trends that have been analyzed. It is possible 

that future trends in anti-ballistics will include the use of smart materials, biodegradable composites, and anti-heavy 

technology. 



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6. Declarations  

6.1. Author Contributions 

Conceptualization, U., Z.A., and D.A.; methodology, F.M. and B.W.L.; software, F.M.; validation, U., Z.A., and 

D.A.; formal analysis, F.M. and B.W.L.; investigation, F.M.; resources, B.W.L.; data curation, F.M.; writing—original 

draft preparation, F.M.; writing—review and editing, U.; visualization, B.W.L.; supervision, U. and D.A.; project 

administration, Z.A.; funding acquisition, U. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. 

6.2. Data Availability Statement 

The data presented in this study are available in the article. 

6.3. Funding 

Authors thank to Universitas Sebelas Maret and Islamic University of Madinah for the financial aids during paper 

writing. Universitas Sebelas Maret provide financial support through Hibah Unggulan Terapan 2024 LPPM UNS. 

6.4. Institutional Review Board Statement 

Not applicable.  

6.5. Informed Consent Statement 

Not applicable.  

6.6. Declaration of Competing Interest 

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have 

appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. 

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