NEWSLETTER OF THE OPTOMETRIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY (7000 Chippewa Street, Saint Louis, Missouri, u. S. Volume 3 January 1972 Election report: In November the O.H.S. members re-elected Mrs. Maria Dablemont and Dr. Arthur Hoare to the Executive Board for terms to expire December 31, 1975 and 1976 respectively. To fiil the unexpired term almost immediately created by the death of Dr. Hoare the Executive Board elected James R. Gregg, O.D. to succeed Dr. Hoare. Dr. Sol Tannebaum (1972), John R. Levene (1973), and Henry W. Hofstetter (1974) are the other continuing Executive Bo~rd members. In December the Executive Board re-elected the following to serve as officers for 1972: President: H. W. Hofstetter Vice President: John R. Levene Secretary-Treasurer: Maria pablemont Secretary-treasurer reports: Balance on hand 12/31/70 1971 dues (56 members) 1971 expenditures Balance on hand 12/31/71 New members in 1971: -- ----- $184.68 279.98 $464.66 -84 .• 35 $380.31 Mr. T. c. Chang, 929/7 King's Road, Hong Kong Morris L. Galey, O.D., Community Bldg., Tuscola, Illinois 61953 William N. Hoffman, O.D., 2101 N. Edward St., Decatur, Ill. 62526 Howard D. Kahn, 1547 Lasking Road, Lasking Road Office Center, Virginia Beach, Virginia 23451 Miss Margaret Mitchell, Librarian, British Optical Association, 65 Brook Street, London WlY 2DT, England Los Angeles College of Optometry Library, 950 West Jefferson Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007 Pennsylvania College of Optometry Library, 6100 North Twelfth Street, Philadephia, Pennsylvania 19141 B. B. Parks, O.D., 904 Pendleton Street, Greenville, South Carolina 29601 J. Wolff, O.D., So. 2623 Arthur Street, Spokane, Washington 99203 -2- Address changes: Lester D. Welch, O.D., 3784 Mowry Avenue, Fremont, California 94538 Mr. Stephen M. Oppenheimer, Box 1044, El Paso, Texas 79946 Raymond Myers, O.D., 7002 Nottingham, Apt. 108, St. Louis, Mo. 63119 Mrs. Grace Weiner, University of Alabama in Birmingham, School of Optometry/The Medical Center, 1919 Seventh Ave., South, Birmingham, Alabama 35233 More memorialized optometrists: Here are a few additions to the names of optometrists for whom their colleagues established name memorials in one form or another, a list that was started in our previous Newsletter issue: The Charles F. Prentice Medal and the Vincent J. Ellerbrock Memorial Continuing Education Courses (Reference: American Academy of Optometry). The Carl~ Shepard Memorial Library (Reference: Illinois College of Optometry). The Thomas H. Peters Memorial Lecture (Reference: University of California School of Optometry). The Nathan~ Springer Memorial Lecture (Reference: University of Alabama in Birmingham, School of Optometry). The Nelson K. Standart Foundation (Reference: Michigan Optometric Association). Honors in Ireland: "Regarding the plea of the Society for information concerning memorialised optometrists who have been signally honoured by their colleagues, the following info~ation concerns those so honoured in this country. "James G. Coleman, onetime Hon. Secretary of our Association and currently, and for many years, Registrar of the Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland was the {irst to be so honoured some years ago. Optometrist, Pharmacist, and Lawyer, Mr. Coleman was mainly instrumental in making our Association a viable concern during a period when optometry in this country was at a very low ebb. Later, a grateful Association was happy to acknowledge this by appointing him an Honorary Vice-President for life. "In recent years, a similar honour was conferred on the late T. Standish Mason shortly after his retirement through ill-health from the active affairs of the Association. He, with others, spearheaded a drive which ultimately resulted in the passing of en­ lightened optical legislation in this country. His intelligence, his wisdom, and his humanity produced the ideas and the practical approach which laid the foundation for our educational system as it now exists, and the same characteristics were equally evident in establishing professional standards which in turn has given optometrists the professional status which they now enjoy. There could be nobody who better deserved the honour conferred on him. It should also be mentioned that, shortly after his death in March 1969, a fund was -3- opened for the purpose of creating a suitable memorial to Mr. Mason, and this will take the form of a library of optometric literature to be styled the Standish Mason Memorial Library which it is hoped will shortly be opened. "Quite recently, an Honorary Vice- Presidency of the Association was conferred on Patrick McGivney-Nolan who recently retired from his post as Ron. Treasurer. Like Mr. Mason, he was a Past-President, a post to which he had the signal honour of being appointed twice, and was a founder member of the Association which he served so well. He is of the third generation of an optometric family, and his service to optometry might well be considered incalculable. At a recent dinner given in his honour by his former colleagues on the Council of the Association, his portrait in oils was presented to him, and this he has graciously presented to be hung in the offices of the Association. "This represents the sum total of those thus honoured by my Association - an honour which is no,t lightly bestowed. Doubtless there will be others in furture years. Honored in England: "Sincerely yours, Laurence P. Pelly,.Hon. Sec." Assoc. of Ophthalmic Opticians 11 Harrington Street Dublin, Ireland "In reply to your letter in the Ophthalmic Optician of September 18th, Vol. II No. 18 1971 I would like to bring to your notice the following facts about my father which may well be relevant to your enquiry. "He was William Boulton Barker F.B.O.A.(Hons.), sometime President of the British Optical Association - born June 6th 1883, died August 8th 1950. There are the following memorials to him - "I. A Memorial Plaque in the Entrance Hall of the Optics Building at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, England to commemorate his long service as Lecturer in and Head of the Optics Department. In fact he was one of the founders of that Department. "2. A portrait painted by R. E. Dugdale R.A. which was exhibited at the Royal Academy. This portrait was sub­ scribed for by members of the British Optical Association and now hangs in the headquarters of the British Optical Association at 65 Brook Street, London. The intention was to commemorate his long service to the Association as a. member for 40 years and president 1923 to 1926. b. President of the Joint Council of Qualified Opticians. -4- c. Examiner to the Association. d. Chief negotiator.for the Association with the Ministry of Health for the recognition and registration of the Optical profession. 11 3. The Barker-Meadley Scholarship in optical studies tenable at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology. "4. The Barker-Meadley Lecture to be given at the Annual Confer­ ence. "I should also mention that my father was the translator from the German of Haab's Atlas of Ophthalmoscopy and the author of numerous papers in optical journals. "It may be that you will receive particulars of memorials to my father W. B. Barker from other quarters. But you will understand that I feel it to be particularly my responsibility to send you this information in response to your request. Other forms of recognition: "Yours sincerely, Dorothy Boulton Smith" M.Sc.(Tech), F.B.O.A.(Hons). Berleys, Windsor Rd. Gerrards Cross Buckinghamshire, England From Sandra Smith, amanuensis to O.H.S. Secretary Maria Dablemont, came a clipping about a recent Bronze Star Medal award to Captain Ronald L. Opland, O.D., suggesting that citations, like memorials, are also a form of recognition. Obviously true. However, it seems con­ venient to maintain a somewhat arbitrary distinction between two types of recognition, namely, memorials and citations. The former relate to the person as a total personality, whereas the latter relate more specifically to one or more of his performances, contributions, or acts. My Webster does not list citations and memorials as synonyms. So it seems that the collecting of information on citations, medals, and honors is another possible activity with archival significance. Sub-categories could include, e.g., military, civic, artistic, and pro­ fessional citations. The frequency of news items about optometrists cited as Community Man of the Year, Outstanding Citizen, Boss of the Year, and the like, is in itself a message about the role of the optometrists in society quite independent of their technological or clinical competence. As a teacher I can draw from this some reassurance that there are more obligations to be met in the optometry curriculum than just good clinical training. -5- Memorialized, ~~optometrists: The names of several memorials of optometric origin but named after persons who, in fact, were not optometrists but staunch friends and servants of the profession, have been sent to me, but I have arbitrarily excluded them from this listing. Submitted to date have been the~~ Ketchum Memorial Library, the Lionel Topaz Memorial Library, and the ~ Harold Bailex Medal. In making this categorical distinction I anticipate protests from an O.H.S. member (his initials M. M.) who will say that in the historical sense they, too, were optometrists. Facts and interpretations: An O.H.S. release went out to all state optometric association journals in the U.S.A. and to a long list of optometric journals outside of the U.S.A., announcing our interest in collecting the names of memorialized optometrists. The first response came from the editorial office of Photons, (B-1000 Bruxelles, Rue aux Laines 12, Belgique). It consisted of two large envelopes of English language supplements and inserts of Photons, a total of 22 documents, all authored by Mr. Jean Thiriart. The material contains a great number of excerpts of correspondence, names of key personnel, dates of events of significance to optometry, and vital statistics. Since Mr. Thiriart's writings are almost entirely argumentative, one must be extremely cautious about deriving history from them. The true historian must interpret as well as chronicle. To chronicle with bias can be more dangerous than to interpret erroneously. Mr. Thiriant writes extremely well, in a startlingly convincing style, and with a grasp of American optometry that is surely flat­ tering. That he, himself, is today making optometric history cannot be denied. But I, for one, shall resist the urge either to interpret or chronicle his activities in this Newsletter, at least for the time being while I harbor a number of very prejudicial opinions about the issues he discusses. The 22 documents, therefore, are being appropriately, and most appreciatively, preserved. Arthur Hoare and oral history: Though published obituaries and memorializing accounts in appropriate journals will, by the time this Newsletter issue is out, say the socially proper, and indeed correct, things about our beloved "Art", those of us who knew him even a wee bit intimately will remember him for characteristics, and character, which almost defy delineation. MY difficulty in explaining what I mean reminds me of a similar difficulty expressed by the late Professor Paul Harmon of Indiana University, who, in turn, was trying to tell me -6- of the forceful nature of the very venerable William Lowe Bryan, a long time president of Indiana University. Said Dr. Harmon, "Trained as a preacher, he never used profanity. Never. But on the golf course he would vent his anger by spitting, and, where President Bryan spit, the grass never grew again!" Similarly, though I cannot recall that Arthur ever used profanity, his opinions and his convictions had startlingly memorable impact. He could not conceal the fact that he despised hypocrisy, that he re­ sented arrogance, and that he loved everyone who would work for a noble cause. Indeed, the biographer of Arthur Hoare will find himself writing a thesis on the conscience of a profession. Perhaps most revealing of all is a tape recording which he made for the ADA Oral History Archives, in 1966, the first in this growing collection, and very early in the oral history movement receiving such recognition today in archival circles. Vocal recording, the medium of oral history, for some strange reason is less inhibiting to most of us than graphic recording, even less inhibiting than the entering of memoirs in a private diary. So, in his own inimitable style of expression Dr. Hoare's tape reveals that only three months before he would have been ordained as a Presbyterian foreign missionary he was called into World War I military service. His military experiences, including severe illness and a threatened foot amputation, affected his outlook on ethics and theology deeply, and he emerged with the philosophy that he could better reconcile doctrine with the idea of tangible service to people than with spiritual leadership. In 1920 he came to his brother Harry, a medical doctor practicing in California, who was taking some coursework at Dr. M. B. Ketchum's. Los Angeles Medical School of Ophthalmology and Optometry. Optometry struck Arthur as an excellent avenue in which to exercise his new objective in life, so he enrolled immediately. His optometric colleague Harry Fuog is mentioned. Soon Arthur Hoare joined with Harry Fuog as a teaching team of historical significance at Ketchum's school, which eventually became today's Los Angeles College of Optometry. This was only the beginning of an exciting and often personally turbulent career. Arthur was a front line optometric soldier serving a full half century in the most glorious era of the profession's development. Small wonder that he felt so keenly, even days before his death, that optometry's history is magnificent • .!!:!?.!!! ~ (Barbara) Hoare: "Arthur's thoughts were ever foremost for his beloved profession. Shortly before his death he wrote something which might be of interest. It was found among other papers on his desk afterwards. He had written, 'My life has been rich and strenuous. Optometry is noble and deserves the best. My battle is over. God bless optometry'. --and that truly expresses his feelings for his profession over the 43 years of our life together." -7- Charles Sheard, Optometrist: A news release datelined Sept. 7, 1916, from Columbus, Ohio, and published in the Sept. 14, 1916, issue of The Optical Journal and Review of Optometry, Vol. 38, No. 12, p. 737, announced the opening of "optometric offices" by Charles Sheard, Ph.D., Professor of Applied Optics, at his residence, where he "will practice optometry, in addition to his duties at the university." He sent out announcement cards "to practise as a consulting eye refractionist and conservator of human vision." The release identifies him as a "practical optometrist, having examined the eyes of many hundreds of students and others at the clinics which have been conducted under his direction." However, because this news release also states that "Dr. Sheard is especially offering his services to other optometrists", an O.H.S. member cautiously asks, "Can we safely say Sheard was an optometrist?" The answer is nev~rtheless yes. Ohio did not enact a law to register optometrists until 1919, to become effective in 1920, so Sheard would have had no occasion to register in Ohio before he moved to Massachusetts. However, he listed himself as a Columbus, Ohio, optometrist in the 1918 Blue Book of Optometrists. He subsequently listed himself at Sturbridge, Massachusetts, in the 1920 and 1922 issues of the Blue Book of Optometrists though he parenthetically identified himself as holding a position at the American Optical Co. According to John E. Quinn, O.D., Secretary, Massachusetts Board of Registration in Optometry, "A search of optometric files, which go back to the year 1912, indicate that Dr. Charles Sheard never held a license to practice in the Commonwealth." And, according to Mr. A. H. Cole, Executive Sec­ retary of the Ohio State Board of Optometry, "Our files give no indication concerning Dr. Sheard, thus, it is apparent that he has never held an Ohio license." So, it seems obvious that Dr. Sheard regarded himself as an optometrist, that he was so regarded by his colleagues, and that he engaged in private practice as well as the teaching of optometry. That he would have been eligible to register as an optometrist by exemption when the laws came in, or later by examination, there can be no doubt. With no expectation of practicing optometry after leaving the Ohio State University it may not even have occurred to him to apply for licensure. Vision~ long ago: An informed study by D. Brewster in his Letters ~ natural magic, New York, H~rper, 1839, foreshadowed our contemporary findings concerning the dominance of vision over touch. So reports William Epstein of the University of Wisconsin in an article entitled "David Brewster's observations on perception when touch and vision conflict: A·Historical note", Perception! -8- Psychophysics, Vol. 10, No. 2, August 1971, p. 97. Brewster reported his experiment in a section dealing with the "conversion of cameos into intaglios, or elevations into depressions, and the reverse". Curious that Sir David would have published in New York, I did a bit of sleuthing and learned that the above-mentioned was a reprint of an earlier volume, No. 33 in the series entitled The Family Library, which appeared in 1832, published by John Murray, London. Interestingly, the full title of the volume was, "Letters on Natural Magic Addressed to Sir Walter Scott"! Markham .!!.!.. Wood Abrahams: In 1907 Miss Marjorie Helena Markham, a college student majoring in science, consulted a qualified sight-testing optician, Mr. R. Thomas, in business under the name of Wood Abrahams, at Market Street, Manchester, England. She consulted the firm again in 1907, twice more in 1908, and again in 1909, as a result of which visits and tests she was supplied with two pairs of glasses, one for ordinary purposes and one for reading. Eventually, as her condition continued to get worse, she consulted an oculist on her own volition and was told that she had conical cornea. She also was told that, had she been referred earlier, the condition could have been arrested. So, she filed suit for malpractice damages. The case went through two jury trials, as the jury for the first trail could not come to agreement. The first trial was in the court of Mr. Justice Ridley. The second was before the Lord Chief Justice of England. The parade of prominent witnesses giving testimony was most impressive. Interestingly, quite a number of qualified opticians (optometrists) contributed to Mr. Thomas' defense, not wishing to see optometry burdened with the responsibility of determining the need for medical attention. Mr. Thomas lost the case. The jury believed that he had been negligent and that, as an optometrist, he had the professional obligation to discover the condition and to advise Miss Markham to seek medical attention. In a professional sense, the loss of this case by Mr. Thomas was a win for optometry, for it gave optometry a professional responsibility ordinarily not assigned to nonprofessionals. In fact, the Markham case became a legal foundation stone which had much to do with the subsequent structural pattern of optometry in most of the English speaking world. Detailed accounts and commentary are given in a series of articles in The Optician and Photographic Trade Journal as follows: Oct. 28, 1910, p. 101, 11T~Optician's Legal Standing"; and pp. 103-118, "Legal Position of Sight-Testing Opticians"; March 17, 1911, pp. 19-24, "The Legal Position of Optometrists", and continued under the same title in the March 24 issue; pp. 30-42. -9- History of the temple: On August 30 our V.P. John R. Levene, D. Phil,, gave a fascinating talk at our weekly Visual Science Seminar at Indiana University on the history of the spectacle temple. To me it was a surprise to learn that the ears were not utilized in support of spectacles until several hundred years after spectacles were invented. John proved this with a series of dated artists' paintings. He even named a Mr. Ayscough, pronounced "ask you", as the inventor of spectacle temples in 1725. He will whip up a paper on this soon. Incidentally, his illustrated presentation lasted only about 40 minutes, with touches of humor and interesting commentary on artistic license. More from Kiekenapp: In a delightfully chatty letter dated October 30, O.H.S. member Ernest H. Kiekenapp describes a long ago dining car dinner with George Majorkirk, a National League Umpire from whom Ernie received an autographed baseball; a calling out from the stand for a picture­ taking with Hank Gowdy, a New York Giants Catcher, to whom the stadium was being dedicated; and an exciting visit with Drs. "Charlie" Sheard and "Charlie" and "Will" Mayc;> in the Mayo brothers Trophy and Gown room. Ernie modestly points out, "It was because of my official position in Optometry that I was granted these memorable experiences." And in an earlier letter, dated September 29, he recalls a day and a half on the witness stand for the Ritholz hearings by the Postal Department; his first meeting with Albert Myer fitting glasses in a jewelry store; his moderating a Spanish and Cuban­ American dispute in Havana and escaping the revolution just before Batista took over; and his "welcome" to the AOA Secretaryship at Indianapolis in 1922 that terminated in explosive flames hospitalizing several and damaging the walls and ceiling of the banquet room. A hobby for heritage: There are so many delightful hobbies that serve to reconstruct our heritage as to defy ranking their importance, their significance, or just the excitment they can cause. The mentioning of Henry's Jumping Jack in our last issue, however, prompted a suggestion that deserves intensive nurturing. This would be a hobby of collecting information on optometrically related inventions. This would involve tracking down photographs, patents, letters, notes, new items, advertisements, testimonials, affidavits, and even folklore and rumors. Is it possible that someone is already doing this? To make it easier, if not more tempting, for optometric invention buffs to get with it, any clues that are sent to me will be duly -10- reported in this newsletter, thus providing both documentation and clearing-house facilities. In fact, we might well go a step further to publicize the fa?t of someone's interest. Just accumulating something is good, but not good enough. For example, about 30 years ago I started collecting optometrically significant cartoons. I showed slides of about 50 of them at several optometric meetings about two years after starting the collection. This quickly put me in touch with other collectors and elicited frequent contributions from supporting friends and even strangers who were fascinated. Remarkably, most of the contributions came in neatly cut out so that it was often a struggle even to date them. To determine the dates often required carefuly and tedious examination of newsprint and legend on the back side in hopes of finding a clue as to the year of the publication. So, if you find an old patent, or a sample of the invented item, on your top shelf, do not throw away the envelope, or the wrapper, the carton in which it came, the invoice, or the instructional brochure. These bits may be the only clue as to its origin and date. Oh yes, about my cartoon collection. I now have them assembled and preserved in over 30 albums, one album per year. Some of the 1940 humor is now very elusive, but the history of optometry during the subsequent years is most candidly delineated. Quick ~ dirty Kryptok? A letter long reposed in my files is one dated Feb. 28, 1922, from L. W. Bugbee, Factory Manager of Onepiece Bifocal Lens Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, to Mr. U. F. Johnson, Chicago, giving a simple, very understandable description of the astigmatic effect produced by tilting a spherical lens. In his introductory paragraph he wrote, "It would almost.mean writing a book to answer your questions but I am going to give you long-hand a Kryptok example." The phrase "Kryptok example" struck me as a possible optometric colloquialism of the day, comparable to today's expression "quick and dirty". It certainly carries a delightfully expressive connotation. I wonder if anyone collects these colloquialisms or attempts to trace their origins. They add color to history. I recall "scant quarter" from back in the forties which may be attributable to Dr. A. M. Sheffington. Another was "7 and 4 and out the door" to identify what we now call "quickies". Another was "Heard around the salt pan" for backroom gossip. Any others that are sent to me will be faithfully recorded in the Newsletter. Oh yes, I have forwarded the above-mentioned letter to the A.O.A. Archives. -11- Incidentally, Bugbee was the author of a widely distributed little book which I recall as being entitled "Bifocals by Bugbee". Only the third edition, copyrighted 1923 and entitled simply "Bifocals", is conveniently available to me. I have a notion that the addressee "Mr. U. F. Johnson" was the late Ulla F. Johnson listed for many years as an optometrist in Fairfield, Illinois. Philatelically speaking: "Eyeglasses on Stamps" is an article by Marjorie A. Moulton in~ Dispensing Optician, May 1971, pp. 14 passim, a periodical published by the California Association of Dispensing Opticians. She reports President Wilson as the first eyeglasses wearer on United States stamps, appearing in 1925 and 1938 issues. Prior to that, in 1922, Austria honored a spectacled Franz Schubert on a stamp. Others shown wearing glasses have included Henrik Ibsen (Norway), King Alexander (Yugoslavia), King Gustav V (Sweden), Henri Pirenne (Belgium), Stanislavski (Russia), R. S. Dag (Turkey), V. Novak (Czechoslovakia), and King Baudouin (Belgium). United States issues include Patrick Henry, Robert Taft, Mahatma Gandhi, Horace Greeley, John Dulles, George Eastman, James Whitcomb Riley, John Dewey, and T. Roosevelt. The same topic, but entitled "YOU TOO CAN ENJOY A BUSMAN'S HOLIDAY," was delightfully dealt with by Mrs. Harriette M. Cluxton, former librarian of the Carl F. Shepard Memorial Library, in Shuron/Continental Digest, First Edition 1963, April 1963, pp. 25-30. She reported a Theodore Roosevelt stamp issued between 1922-25, with eyeglasses of course, and a variety of others not mentioned by aforementioned author Moulton. She even offers helpful suggestions for developing a "Specs 'n Stamps" collection. Santa Lucia The following memorandum was submitted by Dr. J. R. Levene. "The National Gallery of Art (Washington) has a beautiful painting of Santa Lucia, by Francisco de Zurbaran (1598-1664). In her left hand Santa Lucia is holding a plate upon which are a pair of eyes! ??The Patron Saint of Light, Sight and Vision?" A day or two later Dr. Levene commented in another memorandum: "St. Lucia: Patron Saint of Ophthalmology: In the Museo Provincial, Valencia, is a painting of St. Lucy -­ attributed to Rodrigo de Osuna, fl. 1480. Clue: St. Lucy in remorseful state gouged out her eyes. God gave her two replacements which she holds on a pedestalled bowl, in her left hand." · -12- Will Summers and Henry .Y!ll: Another Levene gleaning, "At the Armoury in the White Tower, of the Tower of London, is preserved the armour of Will Summers, jester to King Henry VIII. The full armour also has metal eyeglass frames, and although they are no longer attached to the armour, are in a case beside the armour. They have no lenses, needless to say!" Euclid's visual optics: Likely to be a bit hidden from those only casually interested in the history of visual science is the only English translation of Euclid's essay on optics, entitled "The Optics of Euclid", by H. E. Burton, in the May 1945 issue of the Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 35, No. 5, pp. 356-372. Euclid was a teacher of mathematics, so it is not surprising that his essay is on the mathematics, essentially geometry, of perception. His is considered "The earliest extant work on mathematical optics." In the classic style of mathematicians' writing he makes over 60 assertions or propositions, almost all of which are analyses of visual or perceptual phenomena, i.e., how we see things, and then proves or explains each one in remarkably understandable narrative. His proofs are accompanied by 58 sets of line drawings. We are not alone: _____ ..;;.;..;.;...;..;;.;;..;... Mr. Thomas G. Paterson, a faculty member in the Department of History, University of Connecticut, writes the following in the August 1971 issue of Business Horizons, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 31-34. "Businessmen seem unable or unwilling to help a scholar in his search for historical material. Requests for information were made to more than one-hundred company officers; with a few exceptions, the responses were polite but evasive or negative. The refusals were based on company policy, failure to accumulate papers, business pressures, shifts in corporate leadership, or lack of interesting records." This little gem was sent to me by Sandra Smith of the A.O.A. Library. Gremlins, ugh! In the last issue of the Newsletter, p. 19, the word apparatus was misspelled twice in the same paragraph, once in a quotation, where errors are unforgiveable. Strangely, they evaded me in the original copy, but they really jumped out at me in the copy I received in the mail. I penalize students who misspell words that optometrists should know how to spell! * * * * * * * H. W. Hofstetter, Editor 1972-03-01-001 1972-03-01-002 1972-03-01-003 1972-03-01-004 1972-03-01-005 1972-03-01-006 1972-03-01-007 1972-03-01-008 1972-03-01-009 1972-03-01-010 1972-03-01-011 1972-03-01-012