NEWSLETTER OF THE OPTOMETRIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY (7000 Chippewa Street, Saint Louis, Missouri, U. S. A. Volume 6 July 1975 Election again: AUG -l 1975 Number 3 Our by-laws state "Election to membership on the Executive Board shall be preceded by the nomination of each candidate by at least three members and the willingness of each nominee to have his name placed on the ballot." The board member whose term expires this year, Dec. 31, 1975, is Maria Dablemont. Nomination~and/or her renomination, are hereby requested for placement on the ballot. You may nominate as many as you wish. Send your nominations to the office of the Secretary­ Treasurer of the Optometric Historical Society, Att. Sandra Smith. Election ballots will go out with the October issue of the Newsletter. Auf Wiedersehen: Our President, John R. Levene, D. Phil., has graciously volunteered to edit the October issue of the Newsletter during my sabbatical leave. I will be in Germany, mostly, from July 1 to January 1, 1976. Possibly John can be lured into editing the January issue as well, but if he begs off, I may accumulate enough historical tidbits in Europe to whip out the January issue a bit late in the month. Long time 0. H. s. members will recall that Professor Levene edited three issues previously, the July and October 1970 and January 1971 issues. Nothing quite like making our own history1 Your contributions of commentary and historical discoveries may be sent directly to Dr. Levene, Indiana University, School of Optometry, Bloomington, Indiana 47401. Very fresh history: In the preceding paragraph you may have noticed the term "School" instead of "Division" in the Indiana University address. That became official by action of the Indiana Commission for Higher Education the very day I am writing this sentence in longhand, yes, just five hours ago, Friday, June 13, 1975. Almost as fresh is the change of name from "ophthalmic optics" (!, / -38- to "optometry" at UWIST, Cardiff, Wales, England. This happened less than three or four months ago. I am writing this paragraph from mempry rather than from notes, and the master copy of this will be typed during my attendance at the American Optometric Association Congress, for a week, so I cannot be more precise. In fact, I am not sure of the abbreviation UWIST, but it seems correct, and I think it stands for University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology. If I am in error my English-born substitute editor will surely record the correction in the next issue. 338 Optometrists in Who's Who: The publishers of the two volume WHO'S WHO IN AMERICA also publish numerous other categorical directories including four regional volumes identified as Who's Who in the East, Who's Who in the Midwest, Who's Who in the West, and Who's Who in the South and Southwest. O.H.S. member Antonio Pacheco, O.D., has undertaken to tally the number of optometrists listed in the 1974 Blue Book of Optometrists whose biographies are included in the 1974-75 issues of four of the above mentioned five Who's Who titles and in the 1975-76 edition of Who's Who in the South and Southwest. He came up with the remarkable total of 338. Just how he accomplished this obviously arduous task was not reported. Obviously his criterion would not necessarily include several prominent optometrists who have discontinued their registration for licensure as optometrists for any of various reasons. Some have become completely identified with related fields of endeavour such as science, industry, administration, and education, in which licensure to practice is not a requirement and hence a mere financial nuisance. Many optometrists in such careers find it necessary to transfer to states in which their licenses are not applicable and therefore elect to drop their registration. Even among those who pursued full-length practicing careers are many of known prominence who discontinued their official registration with their retirement from practice. In addition there are • a number of prominent optometrists whose training, licensure, and registration as optometrists occurred in countries not included in the Blue Book of Optometrists. For example, I looked up the names of five persons who might easily fall into one or another of these categories and found three of them listed in the 1970-71 edition of WHO'S WHO IN AMERICA, the latest edition conveniently accessible to me, but they were not on Dr. Pacheco's original list, though he promptly included them in his iinal report. My offhand guess, therefore, is that, as impressive as 338 may seem, and as thoroughly accurate as Dr. Pacheco's undertaking obviously was, the total for all graduates of optometry schools may well be greater. Considering the fact that the criteria for inclusion in WHO'S WHO are quite unrelated to the practice of optometry itself, one must interpret such data as a kind of measure of optometrist~ contributions -39- in the broad spectrum of human endeavours. This supports the inter­ pretation one gains as he reads the biographical accounts of those whose names appear in optometric history. It is gratifying to realize that a fair share of our optometric pioneers and leaders were, and continue to be, devoted to a better society and not merely to the advancement of their own profession. Further gratifying is the fact that publications like WHO'S WHO can be included as additional documentary resources for the student of optometric history. I am confident that Dr. Pacheco would be pleased to send you a copy of his report. His address is P.O. Box 10223, Santurce, Puerto Rico 00908. The report includes all 338 names and their classification by school and state. 22 members in Puerto Rico: Our most faithful correspondent and charter member, Antonio Pacheco, O.D., has recruited a number of new members, mostly optometrists, which, he advises, brings to a total of 22 the O.H.S. membership in Puerto Rico. Surely Columbus would have been proud to anticipate this when he dis­ covered Puerto Rico on November 19, 1493. He supplied the following membership tabulation based on the directory published in our April issue plus eighteen new Puerto Rican members recruited by Tony before the April issue came out but too late for the publication deadline. COUNTRY UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (29 States and DC) Indiana 13 Fla.-Maryland-Mo.-Tenn.- California 11 Mass.- Sou. Caro. - Texas Pennsylvania 11 Ari.-Ken.-Virg.-Wash.- New York 9 Dela.-DC-GA.-Iowa-Mich.J Ohio 8 Minn.-Neb.-New Hamp.- Illinois 6 N. Caro.-RI-Utah-Wisc. New Jersey 5 PUERTO RICO AFRICA ENGLAND CANADA AUSTRALIA ITALY BELGI~COLOMBIA-FRANCE-HONG KONG INDIA-NEW ZEALAND-PHILLIPINE ISLANDS POLAND-~ILAND one each 16 Countries OHS MEMBERS 108 4 each 3 each 2 each 1 each 27 5 4 3 2 2 9 Total 160 -40- He also checked the names in WHO'S WHO .and found ten of our members included there. Fantasy·~ festival, '76? Overheard recently were a couple of friends discussing a possible manner in which the Optometric Historical Society might enter into the Spirit of '76. Suggested were a number of brief talks and displays to be given in Philadelphia, a chartered train ride to Boston the next day with box lunches and other refreshments en route and commentary on revolutionary sites in passing, an evening banquet in Boston, more papers and displays the following day, etc., etc., etc. ~ contact lens history: A letter from Mrs. Maria Dablemont to the International Society of Contact Lens Specialists brought the following interesting account dated May 15 from the Secretary of the society, Dr. Frank Dickinson, 35 The Square, St. Annes-ori~Sea,. Lancashire, England, FY8 lSB. "Thank you for sending me some details about your Library and its aims. I have pleasure in responding to your enquiry with a few details of this group, which was foundP.d 25 years ago by myself . and a German friend, W. P. Soehnges. During a visit to his country house at Chiemsee, about 60 miles south of Munich, we agreed that if we could bring together some of our colleagues in other countries, and form a group for the exchange of information and experiences in contact lens work, and for the promotion of research, we could all benefit and the develop­ ment of the contact lens could be more broadly based. I suggested that we invite another mutual friend, John c. Neill of Philadelphia, to come over and meet us for discussions, and in the following year he did. We chose a name for our group and decided that membership would be on a basis of invitation, rather than application, so that ~e could ensure that each new member had something original to offer. "We fixed a maximum number of members so that roundtable talks would be possible on many aspects of our work, but later we found that 25 was too conservative, and now we have between 40 and 50 - as you will see from the enclosed list. "From the beginning I have served as Hon. Secretary and treasurer, and Jack Neill as Vice-President, with Willy Soehnges, who has been host to many of our meetings in his part of the world, as President. We are just shaping up a new constitution. We have held congresses in many parts of the world: the list is so long that I have hardly room for it, but there have been many unusual meetings, such as the one in Greece, for which we chartered a cruising liner and toured some of the Greek islands. We have been to Mexico City, Philadelphia, London, ' l -41- Copenhagen, Munich, Bermuda. Our next congress will take place in Austria. A technical program of lectures is combined with enjoyable social activities. We have no paid staff and no H.Q. as such - my optometric office is our H.Q. and I deal with the correspondence. Dr. Theo Gumpelmayer of Linz, Austria, plans the lecture programs, but we all 'chip in' with numerous tasks. You may have, in your files, a copy of Contacto in which I outlined the history of the group: I can't recall the exact date of this number but it was five or more years ago. If I can help you with any further details I hope you will write, and I shall be glad to keep in touch." The list which Dr Dickinson enclosed shows 29 "full members" and 15 "associate members," a total of 44 from 15 different countries and five continents. The reference in Contacto which he mentioned is in Vol. 14, No. 1, March 1970, pp. 64-70, and is entitled "Thirty Years in Contact Lenses." 40 centimeters long: That is the length of a card file which indexes alphabetically all of the names, topics, and key terms in the O.H.S. Newsletter from the first issue in January 1970 to the last one before the one you are now reading. The total number of entries is probably in excess of 1,500. It serves me very well. Eventually I hope to make it avail~ able as a supplement, perhaps in 1980, at which time it can include 10 years of publication. 18th century optical instrument makers: London trade in scientific instruments in the 18th century was the topic of a seminar talk by Gerard L'Estrange Turner at the Indiana University School of Optometry on May 16. Turner, now President of the Royal Microscopical Society, is a crystallographer and physicist who has studied the history of optical instruments most intensively. He is Assistant Curator at the Museum of History of Science, Oxford. His talk was co-sponsored by the Indiana University Department of History & Philosophy of Science. An interesting point which he made, and supported with numerous slide illustrations, was the fact that 18th century London instrument makers, who typically were simultaneously identified as lens, spectacle, and clock makers, were highly respected in the then rapidly developing scientific community. In fact, many were honored by fellowship in the Royal Society. Their microscopes, telescopes, and other optical products represented not only the finest of craftmanship but some of the most advanced applications of mathematics and of related sciences. -42- @phthalmic museum in Paris: A letter from Pierre Marly, Optician, 85, Faubourg Saint-Honor~, Paris, France, informs us that he is a "collector of everything concerning the story of optics and opticians" and that the collection is in the form of a museum, numbering more than 4,000 pieces from the XIVth century to the end of the XIXth century. He has not yet made a count of the items dating after 1900. He says he is sending us "a draft issue of a high quality French review 'Plaisir de France' showing a selection of some particularly rich pieces." A part of his collection "is presently exhibited in the main towns of Japan." He just recently returned from Japan where he gave lectures illustrated by lantern-slides in Tokyo and Osaka. His interest in the Optometric Historical Society was prompted by O.H.S. member Jean Thiriart, who sent him a copy of the January 1975 issue which featured Dr. Preston's "Spectacle time table." Mr. Marly detected three errors in the table. The models in figures 9 and 11 are from the second part of the XVIIIth century, 1760 at the earliest. The monocle in figure 14 dates from the middle of the XIXth century. We welcome Mr. Marly's membership in the O.H.S. Purkyn~, Purkinje, ~· (1787-1869): "The correct spelling of our subject's name is Purkyn~. It is pronounced Poorkeynie or in French Pourkini~. Yet in the literature I found nine different ways of spelling his name." ..,So wrote Henry J. John, M.D., in his book entitled JAN EVANGELISTA PURKYNE published as Vol. 29 of the Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1959. In the church records of the Purkyn~ family from the village of Libochovice the family name appears with three different spellings, all incorrect, aa Burkine, Burkynie, and Burkyne. The German officials govern­ ing the area simply could not understand Czech. Following the teachings v of the German priest and teacher in his village, Purkyne spelled his own name at the outset as Purkinje and continued doing this all through his German seminary years and the three years of preparation for his entering the Piarist Order while he was teaching. He did not learn the proper spelling of his name until he attended the University of Prague at the age of 20 in 1807. Subsequently he used the correct spelling in his Czech correspondence, but continued to spell it Purkinje in his scientific writings to elicit the correct pronunciation by Germans. Only after 1850 .., did he spell it exclusively Purkyne. Listed as his works are 191 published articles. Doctoral dissertations by his pupils total 26. One of the six completely translated articles in the book is "Physiological Examination of the Organ of Vision and the Integumentary System." .., The village of Libochovice, where Purkyne was born is, or was, about 20 kilometers northwest of Prague. He was buried in Prague, where thousands -43- upon thousands attended his funeral. "Nearly all of Prague took part. • • showing that the Czech nation honored and shall always honor one of its most outstanding leaders." About Drs. Love and Kuhlman: Scholarship funds memorializing Albert Damon Love and William J. Kuhlman were listed in the January and October, 1974, issues of this Newsletter, Vol. 5, nos. 1 and 4, pp. 12 and 38, respectively without explanation. An inquiry to O.H.S. member Chester H. Pheiffer, Dean of the College of Optometry at the University of HoustonJelicited the following response, both fascinating and reflective of optometry's recent history: "Several months back we had some communication concerning student funds at this College. In ypur last letter you inquired concerning Dr. Love and Dr. Kuhlman with the result that I have obtained the following information. ''Dr. Albert Damon Love and Dr. Francis S. Love are twin brothers who graduated from NICO in 1949. They were originally from Glenmora, Louisi­ ana. Albert D., mistakenly listed in Blue Books as Albert 0., died in 1974. Dr. Francis Love's mother has worked in the office for many years. Dr. Louis E. Love, a graduate of Houston, is a nephew of Albert and Francis. "I obtained the following information concerning Dr. William J. Kuhlman from Dr. R. Harold Simpson, retired, of Houston. Dr. Kuhlman was raised in Cincinnati, Ohio. It is believed that he obtained his optometric training at Rochester. He traveled for a number of years before going into optometry. When they first started making time locks for banks he traveled the country and installed the time locks. Eventually he tired of traveling and went into the jewelry business and into a jewelry optometry store in Indianapolis, Indiana, where he worked with a Mr. Clark. He talked Clark into going to optometry school, in fact, sent him to the old Los Angeles College of Optometry. After finishing the program, he, Clark, came to Houston in 1950. It seems that Clark came to Houston because the father of his girl friend had been transferred to Texas City so he immedi­ ately found a location in Houston. Kuhlman later joined Clark here. Shortly before Kuhlman retired, Dr. R. L. Simpson joined the practice. Dr. Simpson is the source of the information being presented here. "Dr. Kuhlman was a very dignified person who carried himself very straight and was strictly a gentleman. He was a very distinguished type of man who always wore a celluloid collar with a little tie on it. He was very 'sharp' and read almost everything that came along. 'He was an excellent optometrist. He could take a retinoscope and an ophtalmoscope and pick out high blood pressure like nobody's business.' "Another source informed me that Dr. Kuhlman was a bachelor who never participated, never went to any kind of meeting. In answer to my question as to whether Dr. Kuhlman supported optometry or was active in optometric affairs, Dr. Simpson replied that Dr. Kuhlman 'was active -44- supporting them, but by attending them, no, he didn't go. He had a terrific nose problem and could not go to meetings where people smoked so even though he belonged to all of the state and •. national associations and was most interested in the progress of optometry, he did not take an active part in any of the local doings because the smokers kept him away.' It seems that Dr. Kuhlman's nose blocked up every time he went into a room with a smoker. "When Dr. Kuhlman retired, he returned to Ohio where he died. His sister, who went up to take care of him, died about a day after he did and they were both buried at the same time. "I have picked up several leads concerning more information about Dr. Kuhlman but have been unable to follow up on them. Thought you might enjoy the few items I have collected." (It seems likely that the above is now the only published account of these two memorialized optometrists! - H.W.H.) Vision and optics in 1776: Two impressive volumes which came to my attention within the past few weeks made it very evident that the scientific knowledge of optics and the eye 200 years ago was really much more advanced than the then available spectacles would suggest. One of the books was Vol. II of A Treatise on the Eye by William Porterfield published in. 1757. The other was Analytische Dioptrik in zwey Theilen (Analytical Dioptrics in two Parts) by George Simon KlUgel in 1778. The Porterfield Vol. II had eluded me for so many years that I had begun to doubt its existence. I had the pleasure of seeing it, together with VoL I, in Edinburgh, Scotland, in May at the International Optometric and Ophthalmic Optical Congress. One of the papers at the Congress was by Adrian R. Hill, Ph.D., a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Ophthalmic Optics, Glasgow College of Technology, entitled, "William Porterfield - Scotland's Legacy to Optometry." Porterfield was born in Ayrshire, educated in Glasgow and then at Rheims, France, where, in 1717, he received his medical degree. Seven years later he was appointed professor of medicine at the University of Edinburgh. He died in France in 1771. Dr. Hill has undertaken to replicate .several of Porterfield's experiments. The two volumes which he displayed were borrowed from the Library of the British Optical Association, London. The Klugel book is a recent acquisition of the Lilly rare books library at Indiana University. KlUgel (1739-1812) was a professor of mathematics at Helmstadt, and the book was published by Johann Friederich Junius, Leipzig. The 303 pages plus four leaves of plates of ray diagrams -45- cover the mathematics of geometric optics generally and the detailed optical design of telescopes and microscopes. Optical museum in Stockholm: In cooperation with local optometrists and optical firms, a museum in Stockholm, Sweden, "Nordiske Museet," maintains a sect:f.on on ophthalmic history. According to Felton H. Gordon, who recently a»~anged a Scandinavian tour for a group of American optometr1sts, this project was initiated in 1939. The museum, reports Mr. Gordon, is within a block of the Palace, where the King of Sweden resides. Mr. Gordon brought back with him a catalog of the museum's ophthalmic collection entitled SYNVERKTYG fran aldre Tider, by Otto Ahlstrbm, published by Stockholms Forenade Specialoptiker, 1943. The 168 page paperback book, 15 x21 em., includes 167 illustrations and descriptive specifications of 467 catalogued ophthalmic items. Mr. Gordon has donated the book to the International Library, Archives, and Museum of Optometry. Incidentally the book is in the Swedish language. The freely translated title would be "Visual Aids of Long Ago," I think. Membership directory supplement: The listing of O.H.S. members in the April issue produced a flurry of new and/or re-instated members, as follows: Alegria, Ricardo E., Director Office of Cultural Affairs Commonwealth of Puerto Rico P.O. Box S-4467 San Juan, Puerto Rico Arteaga, Antonio, O.D. Apartamento 4-A Condominia Costa Azul Taft St. 2 Santurce, PR 00911 00905 Barcelo, Lcdo. Antonio R., hijo Legal Counsellor Puertorican Academy of Optometry P.O •. Box 3968 San Juan, PR 00904 Calderon, Jose R., O.D. Columbia 260 University Gardens Rio Piedras, PR 00927 Enriquez De Alemany, Syra, O.D. Abolicion 566 Baldrich Hato Rey, PR 00918 Gonzalez, Lcdo. Rafael, President Puerto Rico Alumni Association The Ohio State University P.O. Box 59 San Juan, PR 00902 Grove, Arthur s., Jr., M.D. Department of Ophthalmology Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary 243 Charles Street Boston, Massachusetts 02114 Hernandez, Roberto, O.D. Calle Rafael Arcelay 1207 Club Manor Rio Piedras, PR 00924 University of Houston Libraries Attn: Central Serials Record Cullen Blvd. Houston, TX 77004 Koetting, Robert A., O.D. 324 Lansdowne Medical Bldg. 6651 Chippewa St. St. Louis, MO 63109 Nicole, Luis J., O.D. Box 323 Ponce,PR 00731 Otero, Jose M., O.D. GPO Box BC San Juan, PR 00936 Pacheco Garcia, Sixto R., O.D. Calle Cuchetti 1215 Condado, Santurce, PR 00907 Ramirez Perez, Julio, O.D. Calle Iris U U 12-B Alturas De Borinquen Gardens Rio Piedras, PR 00926 Would like to read: -46- Rampolla Medina, Daisy, O.D. 1606 Fernadez Juncos Ave. Santurce, PR 00909 Rivera Santiago, Jose A., O.D. Dr. Veve #63 - 2DO. Piso Bayamon, PR 00619 Rodriguez Martinez, Adalbert~, O.D. Apartado 13311 Santurce, PR 00908 Rodriguez, Rafael A., O.D. Apartado 3206 Mayaguez, PR 00708 Sanchez Velez, Felix, Dr. Office 202 Condominia San Martin Ponce de Leon Ave. 1605 Santurce,PR 00910 Tort, Jose, O.D. Calle Mayor esq. Sol Edificio Zamora Ponce, PR 00731 Vazquez, Hector M., O.D. Ave. Ponce De Leon #1000 Rio Piedras, PR 00925 Periodic computer readouts from the Visual Science Information Center of current articles on "optometric, ophthalmic, and optical history" provide more references than I have time to review. Here are a few which, unless the days get longer, I may never have the opportunity to peruse~ A.G. Bennett, "Brillenglaser mit verstellbarer und gleitender optischer Wirkung. 1. Teil" (Spectacle lenses with moveable and sliding optical components), Augenoptiker, Vol. 28, No. 8, Aug. 1, 1974, pp. 27, 29,31, & 33. L.D. Bronson's Monograph entitled "Early American specs," published by Occidental, Glendale, California, 1974. -47- Hermann M. Burian, "The Dartmouth Eye Institute", Survey of Ophthalmology, Vol. 19, No. 2, Sept.-Oct. 1974, pp. ·101-106. John Cole's easy to read series entitled "Heritage." I mentioned his first 13 installments last October. His 14th and 15th have appeared in the June 7 (Vol. 167, No. 4334, pp. 4 & 6) and July 12 (Vol. 168, No. 4339, pp. 628-9), 1974 issues of the Optician. Patricia Lance, "Orthoptics: past, present, and future," Australian Orthoptic Journal., Vol. 13, 1973-74, pp. 2-7. P. Masingue, "Genese de L'invention de la skiascopie,u Bulletin des Societies d'Ophtalmologie de France, Vol. 74, No. 4, April 1974, pp. 463-469. Werner Rent:z:sch, "Augenlicht. 3. Folge" (Vision, Part 3), Stiddeutsche Optikerzeituns, Vol. 29, No. 8, August 15, 1974, pp. 562, 564, and 566-567. F. Rintelen, "Zur Geschichte der Keratoplastik" (History of keratoplasty), Klinische MOnatsbl~tter fur Ausenheilkunde und Ausenarztliche Fortbilduns, Vol. 165, No. 2, August 1974, pp. 214-222. Benjamin Rones, "The Wilmer Institute: the early days," Survey of Ophthalmology, Vol. 19, No. 3, November-December, 1974, pp. 169-178. MOntague Ruben, ~'The evolution of the ophthalmic optics practitioner," Parts 1 & 2, Optician" Vol. 168, No. 4346, August 30, 1974, pp. 4, 6, & 8, and No. 4347, September 6, 1974, pp. 4 & 6· Emil-Heinz Schmitz, "Licht lebt im Glas. Vom Lavaglas sum Laserstrahl", Augenoptiker, Vol. 29, No.4, April 1974, pp. 51-55,-and'No; 5, May 1974, pp. 29-39. Charles Snyder and Harry E. Braconier, "As it was in the beginning.· An informal history of the New England Ophthalmological Society," Archives of Ophthalmology, Vol. 29, No. 2, September 1974, pp. 25Q-253. Frederick W. Stocker, "The eye clinic of the University of Zurich, 1923-1943: the era of Alfred Vogt," Survey of Ophthalmology, Vol. 19, no. 1, July- August, 1974, pp. 31-37. Frederick W. Stocker and Karin Reichle, "Theodor Leber and the endotheiium of the cornea," American Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol. 78, No. 6, December 1974, pp. 893-896. More memorialized optometrists: E.B. Alexander Fellowship (Gesell Institute of Child Development, New Haven, Connecticut). John Davey Memorial Award (Indiana Chapter, American Academy of Optometry). -48- Jack Raphael Memorial Meeting (annual) (Israel Optometric Association). Robert W. Tubesing Memorial Award (Indiana Chapter, American Academy of Optometry). Historical amblyopia: Recently a student asked me why the term Burns's amaurosis was included in the Dictionary of Visual Science. Schapero, Cline, and Hofstetter, 2nd ed., Chilton Co., 1968, inasmuch as it was not mentioned in textbooks, and it seemed a bit obscene as well, or at least absurd. Not recalling our rationale, I wrote my dictionary co-editor, David Cline, and learned from our editorial notes that we, too, were inclined to omit it, but one of our esteemed collaborators insisted from personal experience that the phenomenon is valid! The term also appears in C.W. Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, 12th ed., Davis Co., 1973, but for a differeat reason, explained in an editorial note following the def!Lnition, as follows: "There is no evidence that this is a disease entity. The entry is retained in this edition for historical reasons." John Burns, 1774-1850, was a Scottish obstetrician. Burns' amaurosis, incidentally, is defined as loss of vision due to sexual excess and is identified as a synonym of "postmarital amblyopia." Premarital and extramarital amblyopias apparently have never been reported. H.W. Hofstetter, Editor 1975-06-03-001 1975-06-03-002 1975-06-03-003 1975-06-03-004 1975-06-03-005 1975-06-03-006 1975-06-03-007 1975-06-03-008 1975-06-03-009 1975-06-03-010 1975-06-03-011 1975-06-03-012