NEWSLETTER OF THE OPTOMETRIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY FF. 8 2 ~ 1976 (7000 Chippewa Street, Saint Louis, Missouri, U. S. A. 63119) Volume 7 January 1976 Number 1 Thanks, John: During my six months absence from the office, our O.H.S. president, John R. Levene, substituted as editor, as you know. His was the October, 1975, issue, concluding our sixth consecutive year of publication. My return from Europe on the 23rd hour of January 1, actually the 29th hour by the European clocks, combined with a three day "jet lag" (a term too new for most dictionaries), and an accumulation of a half year's mail stacked high in my office, easily explain the delay in getting this issue out. With a little luck it will still be posted in the month of January, in which case I can save my apology for more demanding circumstances. Meanwhile, Doctor Levene took a new appointment, with another title, that of Dean, at the Southern College of Optometry, 1245 Madison Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38104. Ryer and the ILAMO: In September Mrs. Maria Dablemont, Librarian/Archivist of the Inter­ national Library, Archives, & Museum of Optometry wrote a letter to an inquirer in which she described in vivid detail the growing Ryer museum collection. The following passages deserve careful reading. "Dr. E. LeRoy Ryer died on October 22, 1972 at the age of ninety-two. The museum was named after him two years ago. The E. LeRoy Ryer Museum, Joseph M. Babcock Archives and the Ernest H. Kiekenapp Memorial Library comprise the International Library, Archives and Museum of Optometry (ILAMO). "In his later years Dr. Ryer became very attached to this institution. After having served AOA and optometry in many capacities, he officially came out of retirement to become history consultant to the Library and to American Optometric Association's History Committee. In his own thorough and uncompromising way, he went far beyond what was expected. He immediately donated to us his excellent library, private papers, museum objects, some of his own invention, patents, awards, and memora­ bilia. At our request he wrote his autobiography which to no one's surprise, tells very little of himself, but is full of the history of optometry. Still, it is an autobiography in the true sense of the word, for optometry was his own life. Likewise, he embodied the highest ideals of the profession. Dr. Ryer was a scholar. He loved the classics and delighted in quoting from them. Very shy, extremely modest, he shunned public appearances. Yet, he was an articulate and persuasive -2- speaker, and could be an indomitable opponent when the cause of optometry was at stake. He was indeed optometry's fearless and faultless knight. His speech proposing an academy of optometry was a masterpiece. Dr. Ryer's audience was so moved by his eloquence that academies subsequently flourished in many locations across the nation. He himself founded the New York Academy of Optometry in 1912. An early officer of the American Academy of Optometry, he was awarded a life membership in 1959. "The Ryer Museum is small, but its contents invaluable and diverse, including collections of antique eyeglasses and early instruments, some invented and patented by optometrists. There are memorabilia associated with individual achievements and events that have shaped the history of optometry, the American Optometric Association, and other optometric organizations. "Virtually all of the museum items have been donated by individuals,· optometric organizations, and friends of optometry. The holdings include several major collections: 1. The museum is the custodian of the American Optometric Association's collection of photographs, including official portraits of AOA presidents. 2. The awards collection is comprised of plaques, certificates, diplomas, licenses, and patents received by individual optometrists. Included are honors received by the profession of optometry as well as those bestowed by the AOA and other optometric organizations. 3. Particularly interesting is a display depicting the history of contact lenses. The major part of this collection was donated by Dr. Reuben Greenspoon, himself a pioneer in the field. It serves to corroborate the key role of the optome­ trists in the early years of contact lens development. 4. The collection of early ophthalmic instruments includes pieces used by optometrists at the turn of the century. Among them are the Ryer retinoscope, and a Leland refractor, of which only three are believed to have ever been produced. 5. The museum also exhibits personal possessions of Charles Prentice, the 'father of optometry' in the United States. Noteworthy in the Prentice collection are the original manuscript 'Ten Theorems Essential for Finesse in Optometry' complete with diagrams; family photographs; and works by and about Prentice. 6. The collection of eyeglasses includes rare types of eyewear, antique spectacles and other specimens of more recent vintage. Also exhibited are glasses that have acquired historical value due to ownership, prescriber, etc. -3- 7. Perhaps our most coveted possession is the personal papers of John McAllister, Jr., dating from 1822, which confirm his prescribing of cylindrical lenses for the correction of astigmatism at that time. The McAllister collection also includes photographs, family albums, and writing by and about the McAllisters. "The Optometric Historical Society is a group dedicated to the preservation of the history of the optometric profession. This organization has brought about a new awareness of the importance of the optometric heritage. Optometric institutions that until recently had a few museum items are diligently increasing their collections. Private owners of historical materials either donate them to the Society (and those are generally housed here) or make the donation to the institution of their choice. "The three entities that comprise the International Library, Archives, and Museum of Optometry need more extensive physical quarters. Although plans for expansion are contained in our program for the continuing development of ILAMO, present financial constraints preclude any significant growth in the near future. This, however, does not prevent us from accepting donations of books and other materials, even complete private collections." SMC's 350th Anniversary: The Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers will celebrate its 350th year in 1979 with a four day series of lectures and social events. The dates will be May 14-17, 1979. The theme, "The changing demands on the human eye and the development of technology to cope with them" will give special emphasis to such aspect:;s as "occupation, environment and leisure." Planned as the scientific feature will be "lectures by half-a-dozen men of international renown, supported by numerous subsidiary lectures, reporting on research done." Resources of pertinent scientific knowledge will be tapped "not merely within the United Kingdom but throughout the world." Plans for this were set up in 1973, with "Frank Wiseman, Upper Warden of the Company" as the "skipper of the team." Further details may be found in the July 25, 1975, issue of The Optician (London), Vol. 170, No. 4392, page 3. Because the Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers is the oldest optometric organization in the world, and because it undoubtedly has the most outstanding record of continuing professional leadership, this event could well have unparalleled significance for optometrists and ophthalmic opticians everywhere. "From across the pond": This is the title of a monthly series in the second of which more than a full page of commentary was made in review of the Optometric Historical Society and the O.H.S. Newsletter. In the very easy style -4- which I myself try to emulate here, the author, over the pen name "Atlantis," most comprehensively and pleasantly tells his readers what he had read in the Newsletter. It appeared in the August 22, 1975, issue of The Optician (London), pp. 4 and 6. This is precisely the kind of interest that the O.H.S. wants to stimulate and encourage, that our heritage may be regarded as fascinating and delightful as well as revealing and informative. Historian candidate: Mrs. Hilda G. Kingslake, a Fellow of the Optical Society of America, was born in London, educated at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, and has published papers on the knife-edge test and the effects of aberrations on images. She spent some years at Theodore Hamblin Ltd. designing optics for ophthalmic instruments. Since corning to Rochester, New York, she has been the co-author of several papers, and she researched and wrote the "Fifty-Year History of the Optical Society of America" for the 1966 anniversary. She managed the October 1966 national meeting of the Optical Society, and has served in every office of the Rochester Local Section. As of this writing (July 1975) she is a Candidate for Director-at­ large of the Optical Society of America. The above notes are taken from the information sheet accompanying the ballot. Philips and illumination: In 1891 Gerard Philips started an incandescent lamp factory in the town of Eindhoven, The Netherlands, with a staff of 10. Philips was himself a scientist with a bent for applied research. His work made possible the large scale manufacture of homogeneous cellulose filaments for incandescent lamps. In 1903 he started using tungsten. The manufacturing technology pointed to the need for a full-scale research laboratory, formally organized as such in 1914. At present approximately 4,000 people, more than 1% of all employees, are engaged in research at Philips, 25% of whom are graduates. About half of these are on the staff of the Eindhoven laboratory, the other half in Philips laboratories in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Belgium. Today "Philips" is a household word in Western Europe, identified with a wide range of electronic products and highly respected in research. A very significant share of the research continues to involve vision and the eye, in terms of lighting design, color television, displays, and perceptive requirements. Danish Optometric History: On April 8, 1975, Optometrist Poul s. Christensen of Denmark (Holbackvej 34, DK-4571 Grevinge) prepared some remarks on optometric developments in Denmark to read to a group of visiting American Optom­ etrists on a European tour. The following paragraphs are the complete manuscript for his talk. -5- "At the beginning of this century the optical profession was linked to two trades: Optical instrument makers and watchmakers. Denmark in that respect was in accord with the European tradition, which goes several hundred years back. "Early in the twentieth century some opticians became aware of the increasing demands for proper sight-testing. Several opticians returned home from studies in foreign countries, among them H. Jacobsen, who after a ten years stay in the U.S.A. opened his practice in Copenhagen in 1907. Others undertook self-instruction with the aid of the available ophthalmic literature, such as the works of Danders and Tscherning. The awakened interest in optometry led to the formation of the Danish Optical Association in 1910, which started mostly with members in Copenhagen and the immediately surrounding area. "The association arranged lectures and organized study-circles for the members with the objective of establishing a professional level as a base for the development of an educational program. The war, 1914-18, delayed the activities of the association, so it was not until 1925 that the first real courses in optometry were established. They were arranged as two-year evening classes, headed by an ophthal­ mologist, Dr. Meisling, who dealt with the theoretical subjects and the refraction of the eye. Two opticians worked as his teaching assistants in the more practical subjects. "There were no textbooks in Danish. Dr. Meisling dictated his lectures, and the students wrote them down and so provided their own textbooks. The students were apprentices employed by the optical instrument makers and by the watchmakers, who were active in optics/optometry as well. Due to age Dr. Meisling retired in 1934, and, as it was impossible to find a successor, the school was closed. · "In the ensuing discussion concerning the reopening of the school, two different points of view became evident among the members of the Danish Optical Association. According to the law Optometry was regarded as a supplementary subject for the two trades mentioned above. A group of members wanted optometry taken away from the t~o basic trades and they wanted a separate education program for the profession. This would mean an alteration of the law, which was a difficult task. It also would have a significant influence on the educational system and the structure of the school, for which the time was not ripe. "In 1940 there occurred a split in the association, when a minor group left and founded a new association: Specialoptikernes Landsfor­ ening. The Danish Optical Association of 1910 reopened the school in 1942 under the name The Danish Optical School, based on the conditions according to the law. It was started as a full-time day-school with courses of six months duration. The admittance was only for students -6- who had finished four years of training as apprentices under a master optician and had passed the journeyman's tests to certify their completion of basic training in the optical workshop and in dispensing. "The curriculum of the school was accordingly optometry. Appointed as the head of the school was Paul s. Christensen, who was a student from the old school of Dr. Meisling, and who, as was customary in those days, had followed up the development in the profession by self study. "From the start the school established a good working relationship with the Danish Ophthalmological Society. A committee was set up, headed by Prof. Dr. med. Holger Ehlers, Dean for the ophthalmological faculty at the University of Copenhagen, and in the committee was an equal number of ophthalmologists and opticians. An agreement was reached very soon, that the Ophthalmological Society should designate an eye-doctor to teach the subjects of histology, anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the eye. In the first half year Dr. med. Vraa Jensen taught these subjects and subsequently they were taken over by an eye doctor named Herluf Wille, who carried on as lecturer at the school until 1955. Dr. Herluf Wille also served as an examiner and member of the examination body during all his years at the school. "A part of the agreement with the ophthalmologists was, that all the students at the end of the six months course spend a day at the University Eye Clinic at Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen, where, in the morning, they attended the work at the refraction clinic. Later the same day special lectures were given by Prof. Holger Ehlers' assistants about all the instruments and equipment used for special investigations and treatments including orthoptics. Finally a special lecture was given about pathology of the eye, with which a number of special prepar­ ations and color slides of the interior of the eye were shown. The main textbook was at first that of Drs. Walter Mindt and Edmund Weiss, 'Refraktionsbestirnmungen und Brillenanpassung,' from Germany, which was translated into Danish in 1938. Very soon a series of compendiu$s were written by Dr. Herluf Wille and Paul s. Christensen as supplements to the translated German textbook. "In 1948 was issued the first Danish textbook in optics by the two authors just mentioned. (Paul S. Christensen got half a year leave from the school and went to England to make preparatory studies). The book was in two volumes and served for some years as the basic reference. The main task for the school was to give education in optometry in every respect. Objective and subjective methods were used for sight testing, and, in connection with .the lectures given by the eye doctor, training in use of the ophthalmoscope was included. From 1948 contact lens fitting was provided in the program as a supplementary course for students who had passed the final examination. The clinic at the school was open for contact lens fitting to patients referred by opticians in practice. I -7- "In addition to the main courses the school provided many smaller courses in evening classes, two-week courses, and one-day-travel courses for opticians in practice. During the 13 years mentioned a total of 884 opticians attended these courses. "Parallel to the activities at the school other activities took place. In 1930 a group of Jutland opticians founded Jydsk Optiker­ forening. The organizers of this group were Mr. J.H. Nisted and Mr. Rother Paludan in Aarhus, Mr. w. 0stergord in Herning, and Mr. Scheel Poulsen in Randers. A German optician, Franz Plate, who became a Danish citizen, and who in 1928 wrote some instructional material in optometry, worked for some years for the group in Jutland giving courses and lectures. When the Specialoptikernes Landsforening was formed in 1940 the Jutland group joined this association, which established a school with evening classes for the apprentices working with members of the association, to give them the theoretical background for the journeyman's qualification, which covered dispensing and workshop activities. "Specialoptikernes Landsforening has during the years worked for establishment of optometry as a profession on its own. They resolved that optometry had reached such a standard that further development could not be attained if optometry remained as a supplement to the previously mentioned trades. It is of significance to note that even the Danish Optical Association of 1910 had decided that the time had come for a change. Finally in 1954 the government decided to take optometry away from the old trades and established optometry as an independent profession with its own education program. "With this decision the basis for the work at the Danish Optical School was eliminated, and the school was transferred in 1955 to the whole profession. For several years it served as the basic school for the optical apprentices, as the system with training under a master optician was retained. Poul S. Christensen and Dr. Herluf Wille then left the school. "In the formulation of the new educational program it was decided first to develop the school as a place for the basic education of the apprentices for the purpose of providing the theoretical education for the journeyman's qualification. This did not include sight testing. Hence a group of optometrists headed by Jorgen F. Nielsen established an Institute of Optometry to give courses in optometry for students who had fulfilled the journeyman's qualifications. Circumstances occurring late in the 'SO's led to previously unknown possibilities for the development of optometry in Denmark. Very important it was that the phoroptor became available to the Danish opticians. Before the war it was almost unknown in the country, and during the war and the immediately subsequent years there was a serious retrogression in the development of the profession. Improving conjunctures eventually gave the optometrists economic sources for the updating of their consulting room equipment. This made possible the effective use of the Institute of Optometry. In cooperation with -8- the optical association a very comprehensive program with supple­ mentary courses for optometrists in practice, mainly concerning analysis techniques, made possible by the phoroptor, were arranged. At one time, in 1962-63, more than fifty per cent of all optometrists• in private practice took part in such supplementary and refresher courses. "In 1962 an amalgamation between the two optical associations took place and a united association was formed under the name Danmarks Optikerforening (The optical association for Denmark). Membership in the association is open to optometrists in private practice who can prove their qualifications. These qualifications may be either a passed examination after the ordinary training program established in 1954, or compliance with transition regulations for optometrists who joined the profession before 1954. Danmarks Optikerforening is represented in the national optical education committee, where the numbers of representatives are in parity with representatives from the association of employed optometrists. This committee, Det faglige Faellesudvalg, has the responsibility for all the professional education and is responsible to the government. "Danmarks Optikerforening is a member of Nordisk Optiker R£d (The Nordic Optical Council), which sponsors a joint nordic optical journal, Nordisk Tidsskrift for Optikere, and which works for a co-ordinated educational program for the four countries, Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Danmarks Optikerforening is a member of the International Optometric and Optical League, in which Denmark for many years had held a seat in the Executive Committee. It is always the president for the association who serves as a delegate. At present this role is filled by Golf Iversen, O.D., who is also chairman for the I.O.O.L. committee on ethics. "In 1966 the educational program was altered to include optometry as an integral part of the whole training program, covering a 4 1/2 year span. Recently the system of preliminary apprenticeship under a master was eliminated. Now the program consists of two periods of full time education at the school of 1 1/2 and 1 year duration each, alternated with two one-year periods in practice with a qualified optometrist. "It is estimated that the yearly inflow of optometrists should be 24. In the twenty years elapsed since 1954 about 500 opticians have passed the journeyman's probation, and about half of these have passed additional examinations in optometry. There is no optometry law in Denmark, and there are no restrictions, so optometrists have the freedom to undertake all phases of optometry, though they may not use drugs, as this restriction is covered by a medical act. A government committee has worked for some years with a draft for a law for the optometric profession, and it is anticipated that it will be brought before the Danish parliament within the next two years." Mr. Christensen, incidentally is the editor of Nordisk Tidsskrift for Optikere an ophthalmic optical journal serving the entire Nordic area. His town of Grevinge is about 50 kilometers (30 miles) west of Copenhagen. -9- Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894): Heinrich Rudolph Hertz, of electro-magnetic wave fame was professor of experimental physics at the University of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany, from 1885 to 1889. Named in his memory is the campus apartment building for visiting lecturers and the university campus club, the GASTDOZENTENHAUS "HEINRICH HERTZ", where I was privileged to reside for six months. The "FRIDERICIANA", founded as a polytechnic institute in 1825, the oldest in Germany, attained university status in 1865 and .. presently carries the title UNIVERSITAT FRIDERICIANA ZU KARLSRUHE, with an enrollment of more than 10,000 students. It is the institution at which the American optometrist Charles F. Prentice acquired his training as a mechanical engineer in 1871 to 1874. The name Hertz is familiar to workers in visual science as the cycles-per-second unit of frequency. Though not concerned with vision per se, Hertz clearly identified the visible spectrum as a mere portion of the total electromagnetic spectrum obeying the same laws. His widely heralded discovery was accomplished in a series of now famous experiments at Karlsruhe at the youthful age of 28 to 31 years. In 1889 he published a summary of his work entitled, "tiber die Beziehungen zwischen Licht und Elektrizit11t" (On the relationship between light and electricity). Of further interest to visual scientists is the role played by Helmholtz in Hertz' career. Helmholtz, 36 years older than Hertz, provided Hertz with his first real opportunity to do research in a labor­ atory facility in 1878 in Berlin. Prior to that Hertz had completed his "Abitur" (preparation for university admission) in Hamburg, where he was born, then undertook training in construction engineering for a year at Frankfurt-am-Main, a summer of polytechnical study in Dresden, a year of military service in Berlin, and a year of polytechnical educa­ tion in Munich. His principal academic mentors in Berlin were Professors Kirchhoff and Helmholtz, both of whom recognized young Hertz' talents almost instantly. By early 1880, at age 23, he completed his doctorate degree with Helmholtz as his chief advisor and Kirchhoff on his committee. Almost immediately Helmholtz offered him an Assistantship in his Institute with an annual stipend of 1,110 marks (present value approximately $450) and including housing, heat, gas, and water! In 1883, three years later, Hertz received a Privatdozent offer from the Physics Faculty at Kiel, a post which he accepted with some misgivings, for by this time Helmholtz and Hertz had developed a most stimulating research rapport with each other, and Kirchhoff, too, considered Hertz' leaving a serious loss. Neither Helmholtz nor Kirchhoff, however, would stand in the way of a young man facing a potentially promising career opportunity. A little more than a year later Helmholtz heard of a fine opening at Karlsruhe and, without consulting Hertz, recommended Hertz as the best man for the professorship. In December 1884 Hertz received overtures -10- from Karlsruhe and visited there to be interviewed. He literally fell in love with the city and the institution, accepted the offer, and on April 1, 1885, at the age of 28, he started work at the Technische Hochschule, as the university is still frequently referred to, "im Institut den optischen Schrank eingekramt" (rummaging through the optical cabinets). He started immediately on the design and construction of his famous experimental apparatus. His scientific correspondence with Helmholtz was extensive and frequent, as were his papers. That Helmholtz was thrilled is exemplified by a handwritten message from Helmholtz to Hertz on a postcard dated July 11, 1887, "Manuskript erhalten. Bravo! Werde es Donnerstag Uberreichen zum Druck. H. v~ Htz." (Manuscript received, Bravo! Will forward to the printer on Thursday. H. v. Htz.) By 1888 Hertz was receiving accolades, honors, and awards from many parts of the scientific world for his discoveries. He received very enticing offers from the prestigious universities of Bonn, GHttingen, and Berlin. He even received an unusual offer from Clark University in Boston! The offer from Bonn he found irresistible and accepted, going there in April 1889 at the age of 32. Travel, lecture invitations, special appearances, and the many other demands of fame consumed much of his time and attention for the first two years. Then serious health problems developed, involving his teeth, eyes, ears, throat, and mastoid. Teeth extraction, repetitive surgery, high fever, massive swelling, and abscess kept him in almost continuous misery for almost two years, to which he succumbed on January 1, 1894, at not quite 37 years of age. His "Hochverehrter Herr Geheimrat" (most revered privy councillor) Helmholtz died later in the same year. Though Hertz had no special interest in v~s~on, his scientific and professional contacts in his short but brilliant career included such persons as Bezold, Pulfrich, Kundt, Kohlrausch, Crookes, and even Thomas Edison, as well as Helmholtz and Kirchhoff, all contributors to the field. of vision. Most of the above information, incidentally, comes from a book assembled by Hertz' daughter Dr. Johanna Hertz entitled Heinrich Hertz: Erinnerungen, Briefe, TagebUcher, published by Akademische Verlagsgesell­ schaft, Leipzig, 1927. Railroad owner, O.D.: Those of us who were personally acquainted with the late Arthur P. Wheelock, O.D., an optometrist of many contributions and a charming personality, will feel a bit of nostalgia from the following, excerpted from Trains, The Magazine of Railroading, March 1957, p. 14: "ABANDONED: CaHsville & Exeter Railway, Missouri's most famous short line, has received I.C.C. consent to abandon its 5-mile route between Cassville and a Frisco connection at Exeter. Since the -11- death in 1939 of Dave Dingler -- who kept the road going for years, acted as president and locomotive engineer - C & E had been slowly failing. Originating traffic in strawberries, apples, and lumber disappeared. Service was suspended for several months in 1949 and again in 1953. Each time the road was reopened through the renewed efforts of local people -- with help from such outsiders as James G. Ashley, a lifelong short line man who once ran Vermont's West River Railroad, and Dr. Arthur ~ Wheelock of Des Moines, ~ optometrist, financier, and railfan who~ also ~owner of Fort Dodge, Des Moines, & Southern" (Underlining mine - H.W.H.) George did it: One can wonder if the symbolic expression, "Let George do it", might have been derived from the fact tha~ his remark was more fact than legend for the quarter of a century during which George Henry Giles was at the helm of optometry, or ophthalmic opticianry as he preferred to call it, in London. The October 4, 1975, issue of The Ophthalmic Optician, Vol. 15, No. 19, features several commentaries, yea testimonials, on the career of this phenomenal personality. The several authors do so with warm heart, admiration, and truly intimate acquaintance with Giles. Anyone who had met George Giles will read these with nostalgia. Surely others too must gain from these reports a deeper appreciation for our heritage. Joseph Zentmayer (1826-1888): Joseph Zentmayer (27 March, 1826 - 28 March, 1888) proudly styled himself an optician, having completed his training as an apprentice under an optician in his native city of Mannheim, Baden, Germany, and subsequently gaining experience in optical establishments in the German cities of Karlsruhe, Frankfort, Munich, and Hamburg. At the age of 22 he came to America and worked in optical establishments in Baltimore, Washington, and Philadelphia. At the age of 27 he started his own making of mathematical and optical instruments in Philadelphia at the corner of Eighth and Chestnut Streets. His accomplishments in optics and his ingenuity and competence in optical design won for him a remarkable reputation and numerous awards, honors, and accolades from scientific and professional organizations. His obituary notice, read before the American Philosophical Society by Charles A. Oliver, M.D., almost seven pages long, plus a full page portrait, could well be one of the most glowing tributes ever printed. It was published in the December 15, 1893, issue of the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 31, No. 142, pp. 358-364. R.C. Augustine, O.D. (1873-1924): "Reginald c. Augustine, Apostle of Optometry," is the title of an article co-authored by five final year students at the Southern College of Optometry, Rosalind Overton, Billie Parks, Becky Rodgers, Donna Rodgers, -12- and Deborah Walters, in the September 1975 issue of the Journal of the American Optometric Association, Vol. 46, No. 9, pp. 900-904. In addition to a primary role of leadership in the American Optometric Association, including two terms as president, Dr. Augustine is identified with many other accomplishments and contributions to his profession and community. His life, his personality, and his philosophy are well reviewed. Bicentennial optometricana: Almost 200 successive years of optometric practice in five successive generations of McAllisters is the theme of a well-written report by Chris Kelly, Editor of the Optical Journal and Review of Optometry, in the July 1, 1975 issue, Vol. 112, No. 13, pp. 10-17. Woops: O.H.S. member DR. Reed, O.D., has called attention to an error in the July 1975 issue of this Newsletter. According to Dr. Reed, the Indiana Chapter of the American Academy of Optometry sponsors a Roy ~ Denny Memorial Award rather than a Robert ~ Tubesing Memorial Award. Always confident of my sources, I checked with the iocal chapter secretary only to learn that Dr. Reed is correct and I was wrong. Robert W. Tubesing, O.D., and his brother Richard H. Tubesing, O.D., both of whom were outstanding Indiana optometrists who met untimely death, are memorialized in the naming of an optometric operatory in their honor in the Indiana University School of Optometry building. H.W. Hofstetter, Editor 1976-07-01-001 1976-07-01-002 1976-07-01-003 1976-07-01-004 1976-07-01-005 1976-07-01-006 1976-07-01-007 1976-07-01-008 1976-07-01-009 1976-07-01-010 1976-07-01-011 1976-07-01-012