-· ---- ~~-~--~---------- NEWSLETTER OF THE ~TOMETRIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY (7000 Chippewa Street, St. Louis, Missouri, U. S. A. Volume 8 April 1977 Two new O.H.S. officers: f!t~V "" 4 1!1'17 INDMNA UNJV£RS1TV 63119) Number 2 Newly elected as President of the Optometric Historical Society is Henry A. Knoll, Ph.D., Senior Scientist at Bausch & Lomb, Inc., Rochester, New York. Henry or "Hank" has identified much of his career very intimately with optometry both as a teacher and as dean of an optometry college and in numerous other professional and scientific roles. Readers of this newsletter are familiar with Dr. Knoll's frequent contributions. Newly elected as Vice-President is our newest member of the Executive Board, Mrs. Grace Weiner, retired librarian of the optometry library at the University of Alabama in Birmingham, and for many years previous the librarian at the Los Angeles College of Optometry. Her many years of editorial work with the American Journal of Optometry and Archives of American Academy of Optometry and her current role on the editorial staff of The Optometric Weekly make her name a "household" word in optometry and visual science. Re-elected Secretary-Treasurer is our OHS mainstay Mrs. Maria Dablemont, Archivist and Librarian at the International Library, Archives, and Museum of Optometry, Inc.,and for the American Optometric Association. The other two members of the Executive Board are Sol Tannebaum, O.D., and John R. Levene, Ph.D. Literary Excellence: One occasionally comes across a bit of writing, even in the professional, technological, and scientific journals, which expresses a concept, or a cluster of interrelated concepts, so well and so clearly as to prompt him to go back and reread it from time to time. One such composition, in my opinion, is an editorial by Charles Hyatt-Woolf, F.R.P.S., F.R.S.L. (November 29, 1863 -October 19, 1938) in the October 28, 1910 issue of The Optician and Photographic Trade Journal, Vol. 40, No. 1022, pages 101-102. It apparently was the first published commentary on the history-making Markham vs. Wood, Abraham, malpractice case, which I have mentioned in this newsletter on two previous occasions (Vol 2, No. 2, April 1971, pp. 3-4, and Vol. 3, No. 1 January 1972, p. 8). The complete editorial follows: -14- The Optician's Legal Standing Need of Trade Guarantee Funds To any member of the optical trade who reads thoughtfully the report of the law case which occupies so much of our space this week, it will not be necessary for us to apologize for omitting other matters of trade interest in order to be able to print a fairly full resume of the proceedings in question. As it is, we have had to omit much that was not essential to give a fair and sufficiently connected account ••• seeing that the proceedings in court, which commenced on Monday, were not concluded until Wednesday afternoon. We may mention incidentally that there was a large attendance of members of the trade throughout, as was to be expected from the importance of the issues raised alike to sight-testing opticians and prescription opticians the scope of whose businesses respectively was, in effect, one of the main issues disputed. Had the verdict of the jury been that for which we hoped, we should have offered some pointed comments on the evidence of certain witnesses and the inferences that counsel sought to deduce from them. But this, of course, would be improper until it is known that the case is not to be retried. The summing up of Mr. Justice Ridley was as fair as such judicial pronouncements usually are and crystallized what may be termed the common sense aspect of the rivalry between sight-testing opticians arid a militant section of the ophthalmic surgeons. After all, it must be admitted that judge-made law is mostly consistent with common sense, whatever we think of the vagaries and even absurdities of juries--including the jury that sits to decide issues of statute law at Westminster in our Court of Public Opinion. Mr. Justice Ridley did not fail to point out, in the course of the present trial that, whatever opinions might be held as to the desirability of fastening special responsibilities upon opticians, it was not for a jury, sympathising with the unfortunate young lady in the case, to fasten upon a long established trade such new responsibilities which should be denied by the legislature if they are to be imposed at all. The judge's remarks lend additional emphasis to all that has been said and re-said so many times of the need for a Sight-testing Opticians Act of Parliament, framed to protect at the same time the welfare of the public and the legitimate interests of the trade. Not that we may expect a statute to conserve trade interests, excepting only in such a way as to promote the larger public interest~ But surely this present litigation is eloquent of the harm that may, nay, must result if the tangled skein of responsibility as between the oculist and his patient, the optician and his customer, is allowed to remain in what would seem to be its present condition, or perhaps even become still more involved. We have enough to say about legislation however, upon other occasions; and the topic of the week -­ this regrettable litigation -- conveys a warning and an appeal of yet more urgent nature. Quite a number of opticians have contributed to support the case of Mr. Thomas, at the trial in which the jury have just disagreed. -- ------ ----------- -15- But it is to be remembered that very influential and wealthly interests are in sympathy with the technical argu­ ments put forward by the other side. We do not wish, or per­ haps need, to labour this point at the moment. We will just say, as we have argued before, that we think a substantial guarantee fund should be constituted, to be available for having certain matters affecting trade "responsibility" well threshed out in all cases where opticians are placed on their defence concerning vital interests. Mr. Hyatt-Woolf, though rarely mentioned in optometric history, obviously played a very significant role in the development of the profession. After all, he was the sole editor of a most important world ophthalmic journal for 48 years. He also authored a most widely used and highly regarded dictionary, The Optical Dictionary, published by P. Blakiston's Son & Co. of Philadelphia in 1904. He was involved in many ophthalmic developments and academic matters as well. His obituary appeared in the October 21, 1938 issue of The Optician (London) , Vol. 96, No. 2482, p. 200. The F.R.P.S. after his name stands for Fellow of the Royal Photographic Society. The F.R.S.L. stands either for Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature or Fellow of the Royal Society, London. A jubilee history of the HFAK.: The first 25 years of the aahere Fachschule fur Augenoptik in Koln (Higher professional school for optometry in Cologne) are described in a 136 page book presently in press and being published by SUddeutsche Optikerzeitung, the official journal of the Zentralverband der Augenoptiker, the ZVA, (Central council of optometrists) of West Germany. The author is Dr. Josef Reiner the present "Direktor" of the school. The decision of the delegates of ZVA to found the school was made on September 16, 1951. The school opened in February 4, 1952, under the directorship of Dr. Karl Schachtschabel, now deceased. Announcement o_f the forthcoming book was made in an editorial by Hartmut H. Schaedel, editor of SUddeutsche Optikerzeitung in the February 15, 1977, issue, Volume 32, page 3. Our brewery forefathers: Colin Eldridge studied law at the University of Bristol and worked for some time for the Corporation of London before he became Clerk and Director of Examinations of the Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers. In the Winter 1976-77 issue of Quest, The Journal of The City University London, No. 32, pages 21-23, he provides a truly fascinating account of the origin and development of surely the most elegant corporate matrix in our profession's heritage, ordinarily -16- referred to simply and warmly as the Spectacle Makers Company, the S.M.C., or just the Company. The article, entitled "Far-sighted forefathers" really should be reprinted in full in several optometric and ophthalmic optical periodicals so that all of us might not only enjoy it but also gain from it a revealing historical perspective. Here are a few gems. ·" ••• a minor Company such as ours ••• has provided twenty Lord Mayors from amongst its Past Masters." " ••• the first sellers of spectacles were the haberdashers." " ••• in 1628 ••• a group of citizens who were engaged in the art or mystery of making spectacles had decided to try to obtain a Chapter of Incorporation. Most of this group of sixteen London citizens who were spectacle makers were in fact members of the Brewers Company." "What would· be more natural if you were a spectacle maker in the Brewers Company than wanting to establish your own Livery Company? Thus on 22 July 1628 the Court of Common Council received a petition 'exhibited to the King's Majesty by Robert Alt on behalf of himself and other poor spectacle makers in and about the City of London.'" The Charter, along with its huge wax impression of the Privy Seal of Charles I, was about the only one of the company's historical records which escaped the Great Fire of London (1666). The Charter dated the "Sixteenth Day of May in the Fifth Year of our Reign" (1629), granted legal authorities still unmatched by most optometry laws. These included the right of search and the taking of defective wares into "Canning Street and there broken on the remayning parte of London Stone", power to make "byelaws and ordinances", and power to make taxes, assessments, penalties, fines, and punishments, and to examine apprentices for certification in craftsmanship. The word optician firstappears in the Company's minutes in 1756, at which time spectacles were still being sold largely by unskilled retailers such as haberdashers who "did the best they could according to their lights, by allowing customers to try on the glasses and select those they thouglt: suited them best.... During the next hundred years, however, methods of "testing sight" were developed by the opticians and the company was able to capitalize on its historic right to test and assess their skill. When William Thornthwaite, a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Science, was appointed to the "Council of the Company" he initiated the granting of the FSMC diploma to qualified members of the optical profession in January 1898. In 1902 the Court considered favorably the question of the adviseability of including sight testing in their examinations. To this day students who complete the Company's examinations are offered the "Freedom of the Company." In the late 1890's the Company encouraged the then Northampton Polytechnic, now The City University London, to run appropriate courses in optics and paid the salary of the first lecturer, Lionel Laurance. There is much mot"e to the article~ all equally interesting. -17- Laurance's book was still being used as a course text when I was an optometry student atThe Ohio State University in the late thirties. I have a suggestion. Facsimiles of the W.S.M.C. Chapter should be made available for purchase by optometrists, ophthalmic opticians, libraries, clinics, etc. I have seen beautifully and faithfully reproduced copies of many rare documents, often hard to distinguish from the originals. I would love to have a true copy of this Charter displayed on the wall of my office. History in the making: Grace Weiner, our newest Executive Board member, sent in the following paragraphs: The fifteenth volume of Stewart Duke-Elder's System of Ophthalmology has just been published. It is a summary of systemic ophthalmology and a comprehensive general index to all the volumes. The earlier Text-book of Ophthalmology has become a classic and is still used by scholars and researchers. Volume one of this set was published in 1932. Forty­ five years - certainly history in the making! Often overlooked is the fact that Duke-Elder (like another very good writer, Gordon Walls) likes to inter­ sperse nuggets of humor in very unexpected places. As an example, try looking up his review of The Wilmer Ophthal­ mological Institute; the First Fifty Years, 1925-1975, by M.E. Randolph and R.B. Welch, which appeared in the October 1976 issue of the British Journal of Ophthalmology (Vol. 60, No. 10, pages 728-729). William Horatio Bates, M.D. (1860-1931). Few are the older myopes and few are the older optometrists who are not aware of Dr. Bates' teachings to "throw away your glasses," the theme of this best seller and most frequently stolen book entitled "The Cure of Imperfect Sight by Treatment Without Glasses", also known simply as "Perfect Sight Without Glasses" as appeared on the cover. It was originally published in 1920. Who was he? The following bits of information are taken from a news item in the July 11, 1931, issue of the New York Times, Vol. 80, No. 26, 831, page 13, and from a recent write-up in MYOPIA NEWS, 4 Q-1976, published by the International Myopia Prevention Association, R.D. 3, Box 317, Ligonier, Pennsylvania 15658. -18- Dr. Bates, an eye, ear, nose, and throat specialist was born in 1860 irt Newark, New Jersey. He graduated from Cornell University in 1881 and received his medical degree from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1885. He was a clinical assistant at Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital and attending physician at both Bellevue Hospital and the New York Eye Infirmary. He taught ophthalmo.logy at the New York Postgraduate Medical School and Hospital from 1886 to 1891. In 1902, when he was making his way rapidly in his profession and was at work on an important medical book, he vanished from the sight and knowledge of his friends. The day that he was last seen, on August 30, he had written an affectionate, characteristic letter to his wife, who was then visiting her mother in Newport, and he had sent her books and instruments from his apartment in the Lonsdale, 567 Madison Avenue. When he failed to return to the apartment for several days the janitor informed Mrs. Bates, his second wife, who hurried to the city and began the search for her husband. Six weeks later she learned that he was working as an assistant in the Charing Cross Hospital, London, Englan~, to which he had been taken as a patient. Mrs. Bates went to London, where she found her husband in an exhausted, nervous state, with no recollection of recent events. She took him to the Savoy Hotel, where he rested for two days and then disappeared again. Mrs. Bates sought her husband on the Continent and in the country in vain, tracing every clue that reached her. She died before he was heard of again. How he was discovered and induced to return to New York and resume his practice has never been revealed in detail. According to the best version, a fellow oculist, Dr. J.E. Kelly, found Dr. Bates, by accident in 1910, in Grand Forks, North Dakota. A few months later the two doctors occupied offices together in New York city, and thereafter Dr. Bates worked as hard and as successfully as he had done before his original disappear­ ance. He served as attending physician at Harlem Hospital until 1922~ In medical circles his strange disappearances were regarded as the manifestation of a most remarkable instance of aphasia or loss of memory. Dr. Bates died on July 10, 1931, after a year's illness, at his residence, 210 Madison Avenue, New York city. He was survived by a widow, the former Mrs. Emily Ackerman Lierman, who had been his assistant and partner in experimental research for 17 years before their marriage in August 1928, and by a son of the first of two earlier marriages. Dr. Bates was twice a widower. In his obituary it is stated that "He discovered the drug suprarenal, which has been called almost as valuable as cocaine in optic surgery." 66 or more optometry schools: · In response to my connnents entitled "Early schools?" in the October 1976 issue of this newsletter our Secretary-Treasurer Maria Dablemont sent me a list of names of United States optometry schools which, in the files -19- of the International Library, Archives, and Museum of Optometry, Inc., are classified as "extinct." Some, of course, are extinct in name only, as they had merged with other schools, or in a few cases, merely changed titles. Here is the list: American Institute of Optometry, New York, New York American Ophthalmic Institute, New York City, New York Atlantic University, Virginia Beach, Virginia. Bates' School of Optometry, New York, New York Bradley Polytechnic Institute, Peoria, Illinois California College of Optometry, San Francisco, California Chicago Ophthalmic College, Chicago, Illinois Chicago Ophthalmic College and Hospital, Chicago, Illinois Chicago Post Graduate Optical College, Chicago, Illinois Columbia University, School of Optometry, New York, New York De Keyser Institute of Optometry, Portland, Oregon DeMars School of Optometry, Minneapolis, Minnesota Denver Optical College, Denver, Colorado Detroit Optical Institute, Detroit, Michigan J.C. Eberhardt's Optometry Courses, New York, New York Ferguson's School of Optometry, New York, New York Hutchinson's School for Watchmakers, Engravers, and Opticians, LaPorte, Indiana Indiana State College of Optics, South Bend, Indiana Iowa College of Optometry, Des Moines, Iowa Johnston Optical Institute, Chicago, Illinois Johnston Optical Institute and College of Ophthalmology, Chicago, Illinois Kansas City Optical College, Kansas City, Missouri Kansas City School of Optometry, Kansas City, Missouri Kansas School of Optometry, Topeka, Kansas Kellam and Moore's College of Optics, AtLanta, Georgia Kentucky State College of Optometry, Mt. Sterling, Kentucky King School of Optics, New York, New York Klein Optical School, Boston, Massachusetts Knowles' School of Optometry, New York, New York Leader Optical College, Topeka, Kansas Lincoln Optical College, Lincoln, Nebraska Los Angeles Optical College, Inc., Los Angeles, California Lowe's School of Optometry, McMinnville, Oregon Manhattan School of Optics of the City of New York, New York, New York Maryland Optical College, Baltimore, Maryland McCormick Neurological College, Chicago, Illinois McCormick Optical College, Chicago, Illinois Missouri College of Optometry, St. Louis, Missouri Needles Institute of Optometry, Kansas City, Missouri New England Optical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts New York Institute of Optometry, New York, New York The New York Preparatory School, New York, New York New York School of Optometry, New York, New York New York University, School of Optometry, New York, New York North Pacific College of Optometry Northern Illinois College of Ophthalmology and Otology Northwest College of Optometry, Seattle, Washington Oregon College of Ocular Science, Portland, Oregon Philadelphia Optical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania Pennsylvania College of Optics and Ophthalmology, Philadelphia, Pennsylv.ania -cont 'd- -20- The Physicians' and Surgeons' Optical College, Denver, Colorado Rochester School of Optometry, Rochester, New York Rowley Ophthalmological College, St. Louis, Missouri St. Louis College of Optometry, St. Louis, Missouri St. Louis College of Physicians and Surgeons, St. Louis, Missouri South Bend College of Optics, South Bend, Indiana Southern California College of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Los Angeles, California Southern California Eye College, Inc., Los Angeles, California Southern School of Optometry, Nashville, Tennessee Southwestern College of Optometry, Kansas City, Missouri Spencer Optical Institute, New york, New York Syracuse School of Optics, Syracuse, New York Texas College of Optometry, Dallas, Texas University of Rochester Institute of Optics, Rochester, New York Washington School of Optometry, Spokane, Washington Mrs. Dablemont reports that her staff has fairly good information on some of them. T:hey are continously inviting elderly people, faculty, alumni, and others to improve the list with dates, places, history, etc. They will appreciate pictures, letterheads, diplomas, advertise­ ments, memoranda, receipts, or any other clues, corrections, or additions which we can provide. Information on optometry schools in other countries is also solicited. To start the ball rolling let me add a few names not on the above list, as follows: Chicago College of Optometry, Chicago, Illinois (merged with Northern Illinois College of Optometry to become Illinois College of Optometry) Los Angeles [School] College of Optometry, Los ~geles, California (recently became Southern California College of Optometry, Fullerton, California) Massachusetts College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts (recently changed name to New England College of Optometry) Monroe College of Optometry, Chicago,Illinois (later became Chicago College of Optometry) University of Illinois, Urbana,. Illinois University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (1928-ca. 1933) Philadelphia Optical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania may still be operating as a mail order diploma mill. Daltonism: The following account of John Dalton's discovery of his color blind­ ness is copied from the February 1977 issue of Applied Optics, Vol. 16, -21- No. 2, page 520, where it was reproduced from A RANDOM WALK IN SCIENCE compiled by R.L. Weber and published by the Institute of Physics, 1973. It appeared originally in Memoirs of the Manchester Literary andPhilDsophical Society 5, 28(1798)_: __ I was always of opinion, though I might not often mention it, that several colours were in­ judiciously named. The term pink, in reference to the flower of that name, seemed proper enough; but when the term red was'substituted for pink, I thought it highly improper; it should have been blue, in my apprehension, as pink and blue appear to me very nearly allied; whilst pink and red have scarcely any relation. In the course of my application to the sciences, that of optics necessarily claimed atten­ tion; and I became pretty well acquainted with the theory of light and colours before I was apprized of any peculiarity in my vision. I had not, how­ ever, attended much to the practical discrimination of colours, owing, in some degree, to what I con­ ceived to be a perplexity in their nomenclature. Since the year 1790, the occasional study of botany obliged me to attend more to colours than before. With respect to colours that were white, yellow, or green, I readily assented to the appropriate term. Blue, purple, pink, and crimson appeared rather less distinguishable; being according to my idea, all referable to blue. I have often seriously asked a person whether a flower was blue or pink, but was generally considered to be in jest. Not­ withstanding this, I was never convinced of a peculiarity in my vision, till I accidentally ob­ served the colour of the flower of the Geranium zonale by candle-light in the autumn ofl792. The flower was pink, but it appeared to me ~lmost an exact sky-blue by day; in candle-light, however, it was astonishingly changed, not having then any blue in it, but being what I called red, a colour which forms a striking contrast to blue. Not then doubt­ ing but that the change of colour would be equal to all, I requested some of my friends to observe the phenomenon; when I was surprised to find they all agreed, that the colour was not materially different from what it was by day-light, except my brother, who saw it in the same light as myself. This ob­ servation clearly proved, that my vision was not like that of other persons. -22- The Cross-Eyed Maya: "They considered being cross-eyed as a mark of beauty; their mothers brought this about intentionally ••• " ·"Many gods of the Maya pantheon ••• are pictured as being cross-eyed." "The first Spaniards encountered Maya who squinted." One author has suggested the desire for double vision as the motive. Another suggested cosmetic reasons. Joseph N. Trachtman, O.D., has cited five published references and two personal communications which support the theory that the Maya cultivated cross-eyedness intentionally. The references range from 1566 to the June 1975 issue of National Geographic. His report, under the caption "Techniques, Instruments, Cases" (sic!) appeared in the December 1976 issue of the American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, VoL 53, No. 12, pp. 807-808. The Maya, incidentally, are a group of people of Yucatan, British Honduras, northern Guatemala, and the state of Tabasco, Mexico, a total land area of almost 300,000 km2 (c~ 100,000 sq. mi.) approximately 1,100 km (ca. 700 mi.) straight east of Mexico City, Mexico. An optical calendar: Melles Griot (formerly Optical Industries), 1770 Kettering Street, Irvine, California 92714, has put out an "Optics Calendar", the first issue for the three months of January, February, and March, 1977, with subsequent quarterly issues to follow. Pictorially illustrated are Benjamin Franklin, Ga~ileo, and Fraunhofer, with bifocals, telescope and spectroscope, respectively. Entered on their birth dates are the names of 39 persons of accomplishment in optics, their years of birth and death, and their contributions to optical science. Examples are Ernst Abbe, W.K. von Haidinger, Ernst Mach, Heinrich R. Hertz, Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford), and Rene Descartes. The second issue, for April, May, and June, arrived very recently, after I wrote the above two paragraphs. It shows portraits of Huygens, Jean-Baptiste Biot, Max Planck, and Fresnel. Birth dates and other information are given for Euler, Gauss, von Graefe, Donders, Gullstrand, and Dolland. Melles Griot, incidentally, is pronounced mell~ us gree~ oh. "TOP SECRET" These are the words stamped in small capital letters in the upper right corner of the front cover of. a 76 page 25 x 16.5 em booklet entitled "POLICY MANUAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN OPTOMETRICAL ASSOCIATION", No. 1, -23- December, 1975, compiled by O.H.S. member Charles Wright and Jane Ferguson, who hold the designations of National Historian and Assistant National Historian, respectively, of the Australian Optometrical Association. Addressed to me personally by Charles Wright, but with no further indication of its secret nature, it prompted my immediate perusal. Though of fascinating content, the booklet seemed to justify no special secrecy, but, then, of course, we here cannot presume to judge what issues are delicate and sensitive on the opposite side of the globe. I can only presume, therefore, that Charles Wright trusts that I will exercise some precautions in whatever comments I make. Therefore I will say something about it only as a document of historical significance. The manual is a codification of policy resolutions adopted by the participants of the 27 Australian Optometrical Association conferences since its founding in 1918 and by the National Executive Council at interim meetings. The table of contents provides for 48 subject headings. An alphabetized index occupies nine pages. Each referenced resolution is dated, but the earliest ones cited are for 1925, the year of the 7th conference, suggesting a lack of earlier recorded information of adopted resolutions. What were the views on optometric issues in 1925? The records show a favorable attitude on reciprocity of licenses between states, an expression of appreciation to the University of Adelaide for arranging a course in optometry, an invitation to Professor Woll of the U.S.A. to come to Australia for educational purposes, a reconnnendation that each state association establish a public clinic, the adoption of criteria for qualification for reciprocity, the expression of appreciation to Mr. W.G. Kett for his untiring efforts as Editor of the Commonwealth Optometrist, the encouragement of consultations between practicing optometrists, a note of thanks to the wholesalers for making the instrument display so successful, the initiation of steps to discourage wholesalers from doing retail business, the investigation of steps deemed necessary to protect the interests of optometry when a National Insurance Act is promulgated, the adoption of the capitation fee at 2 shillings, the formulation of a national publicity scheme, the adoption of a National Publicity Seal, the appointment of a Publicity Officer, the reaffirmation of resolutions adopted in 1924 relating to Motorists' Vision, and the protesting of discrimination in the forms issued by the Department of Public Instruction in New South Wales. Spectacles oo coins: "Uber Brillenmedaillen und Mlinzen" (Concerning spectacle medals and coins) is the title of an article by Prof. Dr. Albert v. -24- Pflugk of Dresden which was called to my attention by Dr. Alan York in the January issue of this newsletter, pages 7-8. The article appeared in the Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fUr Ophthalmologie, Vol. 105, 1921, pages 688-707, plus four unnumbered. pages of four plates. The article, a classic, is concerned with the appearance of spectacles on early coins, medals, chips, and minted tokens, real and counterfeit. The author searched through major numismatic collections of 16th and 17th century coins and medals. Besides commenting historically on coin after coin he identified the collection in which each coin is included, and the catalog or inventory member, and in most instances quoted pertinent sentences from numismatic lexicons. Thirty-two coins, front and back impressions, are displayed in the four plates. Thank you, Dr. Staiman: O.H.S. member Jacob Staiman, O.D., 15 W. Mt. Vernon Place, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, recently donated five books to the International Library, Archives, and Museum of Optometry, all five very familiar to those of us who have been around a half a century or more. The earliest is Bernan~ Macfadden, "Strengthening the Eyes; a System of Scientific Eye Training," 1936. The others are Troncoso, "A Treatise on Gonioscopy," 1948, Arthur Linksz, "Physiology of the Eye," Volumes I and II, 1950 and 1952, and Bernard Samuels and Adalbert Fuchs, "Clinical Pathology of the Eye," 1952. That Dr. Staiman is truly of historic bent and a supporter of museums and archives is further documented by his biographical resume in the 1972 Directory of the American Optometric Association. Dickson collection donated to ILAMO: O.H.S. member James F. Dickson, Jr., O.D., and his wife Marjorie B., an R.N., P.O. Box 909, Lindsay, California 93247, have donated an outstanding and truly immense collection of optometricana to the International Library, Archives, and Museum of Optometry. The collection includes well over 500 items of recognized'value including a wide variety of spectacles, mailing boxes, cases, cleaning cloths, tapestry, a gas mask, an eye massager, a linen tester, contact lenses, advertisements, bills, rece~pts, a screw driver, a spring clip, repair kits, cabinets, early state board questions, and many volumes of old journals. The donors have displayed parts of the collection in years gone by, such as in 1955 on Panoramic Pacific on the CBS network in Los Angeles, and in 1957 at the American Optometric Association Congress in Los Angeles, and on KMJ - TV, Fresno, California, and at the Emporium in San Fransisco on other occasions. Many of the items in the collection trace back through Dr. Dickson's parents, both of whom were graduates of the old Needles Institute of Optometry in Kansas City. His father, Dr. James F. Dickson, Sr., graduated in 1914 and practiced until about 1933 in Anthony, Kansas, and subsequently in Wichita, Kansas, briefly at 141 N. Market, almost 10 years at 401 E. Douglas, and almost 10 more in the Brown Building. His mother, Inez M. Dickson never took the board examinations. -25- Sixty minutes of pure history: O.H.S. President "Hank" Knoll has requested an historical gathering of all and anyone having even the faintest curiosity about optometry's heritage. O.H.S. Secretary-Treasurer Maria Dablemont has arranged a very convenient hour (4:00 to 5:00 p.m.) on a very convenient day (Monday, July 5) at the headquarters hotel (Hotel Royal York) of the American Optometric Association Congress in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The session will terminate just a convenient thirty minutes prior to the ceremonial opening of the exhibit hall. It will not be necessary for you or your friends to register or pay to attend this one hour gathering of optometric history buffs. The majority, and perhaps all, of the members of the O.H.S. Executive Board will be present to greet you. President Knoll plans a snappy program of not more than three 10 minute commentaries by speakers to be selected, with the remaining time to be conducted in New England town meeting fashion. The topic, theme, and concern will be, of course, optometric history. About Professor Krawicz: "Why he will always be Remembered" is the title of an article about Professor Tadeusz Krawicz, developer of the cryoextraction technique of cataract surgery. The author, Jerzy Zielinski, tells the story in popular reporting style but with remarkable technical detail. It appears on pages 6-7 and 23-25 of the December 1976 issue of POLAND, no. 12 (in English). Professor Krawicz is a Polish ophthalmologist in the city of Lublin. Big optics in miniature country: "A candle-operated lamp with a navel-type lens" circa 1620, and a portrait of a subject holding a pair of eyeglasses by Q~entin Massys (1465/66-1530), from the collection of the Princes of Liechtenstein, are illustrated in the December 1976 issue of Applied Optics, Vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 2979-2982, and on the front cover. The article is entitled "Optics in Liechtenstein" by Alfred Thelan. The illustrations are introductory to a discussion of the founding of the Balzers Company in the nineteen forties in the Principality of Liechtenstein and commentary on its development and uniqueness. Balzers is also the name of the village in which the company is located. O.E.P. "Analytical": In the November 1976 mailing of the Optometric Extension Program Foundation is a paper by G.N. Getman, O.D., entitled AN INCREDIBLE -26- HERITAGE in which is traced the origin of the O.E.P. analytical examination and procedure as organized and taught by the late Dr. A.M. Skeffington. The article is Series 1 No. 2 under the series title "Optometric Analysis of Visual Performance". Louis Jaques in 1923: On January 29, 1923, Dr. Louis Jaques wrote a letter to his fellow optometrists in which he discussed at some length the fee schedule in his office. He cited fees and views of several contemporary optometrists and presented arguments for putting more emphasis on the service fees and less on the materials. The letter was given to the archives committee of the Southern California College of Optometry and published in full in the Winter 1977 issue of Alumniscope, page 7. The accompanying editorial comment was, " ••• one is struck with the fact that the same issues that existed 53 years ago are still topics of controversary today." More memorials to optometrists: The E.B. Alexander Optometric Fellowship (Reference: The Gesell Institute of Child Development, New Haven, Connecticut). The Herbert G. Mote Distinguished Faculty Award (Reference: The Ohio State University, College of Optometry, Columbus, Ohio). H.W. Hofstetter, Editor 1977-08-02-001 1977-08-02-002 1977-08-02-003 1977-08-02-004 1977-08-02-005 1977-08-02-006 1977-08-02-007 1977-08-02-008 1977-08-02-009 1977-08-02-010 1977-08-02-011 1977-08-02-012 1977-08-02-013 1977-08-02-014