Vol. 17 

NEWSLETTER 
OF THE 

. ~TOMETRIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY 
(243 North Lindb?fgh Boulevard, St •. L.auis.~.Mi~.~Q!J.t:L.~~141, U.S.A.) 

•PT8MtTRY UBRARY ~ I" I. I . . ........ ; 
July, 1989 ·· :~u -1n'v 9 rsrty ~umber 3 

SEP 2.1986 ; SEP 2 :J ·1986 ; 
~ 

Annual call for~~~n~~ . ... '· .~ ... ~ ' ' 

This year the call for nominations is unique. Unlike previous years 
when the objective was· to elect one executive board member, this year three 
are to be elected. As detailed in the April 1986 Newsletter, Article IV, 
Section 1 of the Optometric Historical Society By-laws now state that the 
executive board shall consist of seven members. In addition to the annual 
selection of the fifth board member, two more must be elected this year to 
begin their terms on January 1, 1987. Of the three board members to be 
elected one will serve for four years, one for three years, and one for two 
years. 

The executive board member whose five-year term will expire at the end 
of this year is Jerome Abrams. Nominations, or renominations for the three 
executive board openings are hereby requested for placement on the ballot 
which will be sent out with the October issue of this Newsletter. Submissions 
should be sent to Douglas Penisten, School of Optometry, 800 East Atwater, 
Bloomington, IN 47405. 

By all means, do not hesitate to include yourself as a candidate if such 
responsibility interests you. Please do not specify for which term (i.e., 4, 
3, or 2 years) the nomination has been ma"CJ'e;" as this wi 11 be determined by a 
total vote ranking with the ballot nominee receiving the highest number of 
votes receiving the longest term. Ordinarily, merely the name of the person 
you are nominating will suffice especially if he or she is already well known 
to the O.H.S. members, but if you feel that a brief "pitch" should be made in 
your nominees behalf it will be most favorably considered for inclusion in the 
October issue of N.O.H.S •• Do it now. 

Southall, the man: 

The search for biographical information about James P.C. Southall 
( 1871-1962) eli cited two more sources immediately after our April issue went 
to press. One was a copy of a letter of 5 April 1951 that Southall had 
written to the late Harold R. Barnes and signed "Daddy Southall." It was sent 
to us by Optometry Librarian Margaret Lewis of the Harold Kohn Vision Science 
Library at State University of New York with the suggestion that more 
information might be gotten from Maurice H. Bernstein, O.D., a former student 
of Southall's. Dr. Bernstein informed me that I should call Leo Hirschberg, 
O.D., retired, a former Columbia University teacher who had maintained a very 
close friendship with Southall. 

My call to Dr. Hirschberg was a sheer delight. He subsequently sent me 
a dozen or more copies of pertinent correspondence ranging from 1927 to 1954 
selected from among many more in his files. 



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It was tempting to reprint the whole series in this issue, but with the 

exercise of nominal editorial restraint I decided to forward them, instead, to 
the International Library, Archives, and Museum of Optometry for permanent 
accessibility. The following excerpts, however, should convey the more 
personal nature of the man than can be derived frobtMl'tiSi ti!c:H~J~-M)I publications 
or Who's Who. 

~~ ~.··:' t I:. : (~ ~ ~ ... 

12 May 1927, in Department of Physics 1 etterh~~d to' "Leo, Hirschberg, 
Esq.": "Oear H1 rschberg, I want to tell you how m'M!ff'lf;'tf.lltl~tl~te your 
valuable help in the Clinic. We are exceedingly fortunate in having the 
benefit of your skill and loyal cooperation. From all I can hear, the work in 
The Clinic has made a very fine impression on outsiders. In my judgment, this 
is the best way to made optometry known to the public. I appreciate more than 
I can tell you all that you have done ever since you have been connected with 
this work. Sincerely yours, James P.C. Southall." 

23 July 1936, in longhand from Charlottesville, Virginia, apparently in 
response to H1rschberg's wedding announcement: "Dear Hirschberg, The good 
news which reached me yesterday - thanks to your cordial note which was much 
appreciated- gave me a real thrill of delight. It is true I may have been, 
as you say, a little 'surprised' at first, but I have seen too much in my time 
not to know that the state of bachelor is a precarious existence at best and 
liable at any moment to what the French call a bouleversement! Both Mrs. 
Southall and I send you heartfelt congratulations. I feel also like 
congratulating the 'charming girl' because I know what a fine man she has 
captured. May you both have a long and happy life together with children to 
cheer and comfort you! I shall look forward to the pleasure of meeting your 
bride in the autumn." 

10 February 1942: A long and sentimental letter from Charlottesville, 
typed, to Mr. Leo A1rschberg includes the verse: 

"Oft in the stilly night 
Ere slumber's chain has bound me, 
Fond memory brings the light 
Of other days around me." 

Also, he expressed emotional regret that he was not young enough to help 
fight the Nazis and the Japs, referred to surgeons as Messieurs Les Assassins, 
and described charmingly his retirement activities which 1ncluded an 
occasional lecture, writing a book on geometry, and writing letters to the 
newspapers, to the Secretary of War, and to others on "the way to win the war." 

21 June 1942: Another similarly long and expressive letter to "Dear 
Hirschberg" expressing his continued interest in the program of the optometry 
at Columbia and his distress with the progress of the war. He added, 
"Unfortunately, there is no military genius in sight on our side of the 
far-flung battle." He reported occasionally doing "some scientific work for 
the army or navy ordinance department." 

11 April 1942: Included in this letter was a brief account of a month 
in the hosp1tal for "four painful operations for stones in the bladder and 
enlargement of the prostate gland," but that he had attained the age of 75 
with an extended "lease on life." 



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14 March 1948: A similarly personalized letter expressing appreciation 
for another vernal equinox and anticipated visitations from his son and 
grandson and the Hirschbergs. He requested tolerance for his deafness and 
gave instructions on how to find his house. As in other letters, he included 
affectionate comments regarding Mrs. Southall's role in his life. 

17 July 1950: In this letter he commented on the magnificence of the 
works of nature 1n the U.S.A., his regrets that Robert Bannon was leaving 
Columbia University, the utter misfortune that the optometry school was being 
removed away from the main campus, and the surprise that his letter to the 
editor of The New York Times in complaint of u.s. postal services was 
published. 

24 October 1950: Some reminiscing of his summer of many years earlier 
at Berkeley, Callfornia, and further anxiety "about the status of Optometry in 
Columbia." 

In about February 1951, Harold R. Barnes, O.D., Isadore Finkelstein, 
O.D., and Hirschberg fonned a "James P.C. Southall Birthday Gift Fund" 
comm1tted to celebrate Southall's 80th birthday on April 5, 1951, by asking 
each alumnus to "contribute one dollar for every year since graduation" to 
provide a collective gift to "brighten this and subsequent days for Professor 
Southall during the trying times through which he is passing." Let your 
generosity reflect the human warmth that Daddy Southall radiated in all his 
classrooms." 

Among those solicited were Southall's former colleagues at the 
University. In a March 14, 1951, letter Professor George B. Pegram, Ph.D. 
pledged $100 and suggested several other academic colleagues who should be 
given the opportunity to contribute. 

The total amount of the collective gift exceeded $2,150.00. 

5 April 1951: In a letter addressed to Barnes for the committee and 
contributors, s1gned "Affectionately, Daddy Southall," opening reference is 
made to the "heap of letter and messages ••• and telegrams of sympathy." He 
declared, "Never in my life have I been so stunned, gratified and overwhelmed 
with trembling from head to foot ••• and saw with my own eyes, dim as they 
are now, ,the biggest check I ever held in my hands! In another paragraph he 
added, "whereby I am enabled to pay my debts and once more look my fellow man 
full in the face without fear and without shame." He closed with the 
statement that if he had the "strength to write one more book, I think it will 
be a companion volume to Mueller's Life of Trust" because his bounty had now 
excelled that of Mueller. 

7 April 1951: In a letter to Hirschberg, Southall referred to his 
wife's long 11 lness and last days of suffering and to her devotion to him and 
others. 

7 April 1952: Responding to Hirschberg's birthday greeting and because 
his birthday was so close to the vernal equinox, Southall remarked, "Who would 
ever have dreamed of my having another birthday and beginning a new voyage 
inside the solar system?" 

He also reported that his vision was nearly all gone, due to glaucoma. 



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6 April 1954: Having no teeth left, Southall described himself to be 
exactly 1n the same predicament as the lady at the religious revival where the 
evangelist laid much stress on the gnashing of teeth of the damned. "She rose 
from her seat and said a little indignantly; 'Sir. I'll have you to know, I 
have no teeth!' He retorted: 'Madam, teeth will be provided!" 

He expressed his grief over the cessation of optometric education at 
Columbia University, "for which I fought with all my might." "The worst of it 
is, I say ft with sorrow and deep affection, it [optometry] has only itself to 
blame." In the subsequent two paragraphs he gave his heartbroken 
interpretation of the circumstances and sequence of events that must have led 
to the termination of the optomet~ program at Columbia. 

Philosophically he sighed, "The best laid plans o' mice and men gang aft 
agley." 

Chronology of a man: 

Prompted by previous N.O.H.S. commentry on James Powell Cocke Southall, 
1871-1962, Mrs. Marfa Dablemont and her staff quickly assembled a library 
packet of Southall fan items and excerpts from the ILA~to fi 1 es and shelves. 
Arbitrarily arranged in chronological order they say much about Southall's 
career. 

December 15, 1910, the Optical Journal and Review of Optomet~, Vol., 
26, no. 28, p. 1547: Professor Charles Sheard, a 27 year old faculty member 
in the physics Department of The Ohio State University four years prior to 
start1ng the optometry program there, writes a glowing review of Southall's 
book, "The Principles and Methods of Geometrical Optics" calling it "an 
epoch-making volume as far as English and American writers are concerned" in 
spite of the fact that "nearly all the work of merit ••• has been done by 
the Germans." He also mentions Southall's prior original work in this field 
"which has appeared in the past in the Astrophysical Journal". 

1913: Copy of the title page of the 1913 printing of the 1910 edition 
of Southall's book by The Macmillan Company and the Library of Congress card 
with the call number AC381.S7. The 1910 edition was printed by The New Era 
Printing Company, Lancaster, PA and dedicated by the author to Henry C. Lomb, 
Esq. 

July 23, 1914, op. cit., Vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 345-346: A reproduction of 
the Columbia University booklet describing the two year curriculum in 
optometry showing Southall teaching a course in each of the four semesters. 

October 8, 1914, op. eft., Vol. 34, no. 16, p. 1064: An anonymous 
report annou.ncf.ng the enrollment of 23 new students in the ff fth begf nni ng 
optometry class, their undergraduate activities, and the important role of 
Professor Southall. 

April 15, 1915, op cit., Vol. 35, no. 16, pp. 1061-1062: A review of 
the Columbia University optometry prospectus for 1915-16 showing Southall's 
key involvement. 

January 13, 1916, op. cit., Vol. 37, no. 3, p. 181: A report from the 
optometry student body in which Southall is cited. 



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1918: Copy of the title page of Southall's first edition of "Mirrors, 

Prisms and Lenses" and the Library of Congress card with the call number 
QC385.S7. on which the book is described as "The outgrowth of a course of 
lectures on optics given in Columbia University" and as an abridgement of his 
earlier treatise. 

May-November 1919, Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vols. 
II-III, Numbers 3-6: Copy of the t1tle page shows J.P.C. Southall as an 
Associate Editor. 

January 1921, op. cit., Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 121: Southall elected 
President of the Optical Society of America for the year 1921. 

March 1921, op, cit., Vol. 5, no. 2: A statement of the object of the 
Society includes the declaration that "Its membership embraces: • [among 
others] Opticians, Optometrists and Ophthalmololgists intereseted in 
refractometry and the 1 aws of optics;." 

1924: Copy of the title page of Vol. 1 of the three volumes of 
"Helmholtz's Treatise on Physiological Optics, Translated from the Third 
German Edition, Edited by James P.C. Southall, and Published by The Optical 
Society of America," and a copy of its Library of Congress card with the call 
number QP475.H485. 

December 11, 1931, The Optical Journal and Review of Optometry, Vol. 68, 
no. 24, p. 19: Extracts from Southall's rev1ew of "Die Optlschen 
Instrumente" by Professor M. von Rohr, "the di sti ngui shed German authority on 
the history of optics." 

Oct. 21, 1926, op. cit., Vol. 58, no. 17, p. 42: A letter from Southall 
expressing the fear "that we are not going to have enough students to take the 
new four year course. At present we have only 54 students, and nearly all of 
them are taking the old two-year course in University Extension." He is 
appealing for scholarship support from optometrists. 

The 1927 Year Book of Optometry, p. 49: An editorial appeal from 
Professor Soutnal I tor scnolarsn1p funds from state optometric associations to 
attract students to fill the optometry courses offered at Columbia University, 
the University of Rochester, Ohio State University, and the University of 
California. 

The 1928 Yearbook of Optometry, pp. 69-92: Southall participated in an 
intense three-way debate w1th Deputy Commissioner Downing of the New York 
State Department of Education and New York State Assemblyman Berg at the 1927 
convention of the New York State Optometric Association in Syracuse. The 
question related to the title Doctor for optometrists. 

Op. cit., pp. 115-117: An editorial entitled "Professional Optometry" 
in which Professor Southall points out the need for optometrists to deal 
drastically with the transition from a trade to a profession. 

1937: Copy of the title page of South a 11' s "Introduction to 
Physiological Optics", Oxford University Press, and of The Library of Congress 
card with the call number QP475.S6. 

May 1954, American Journal of Optometry and Archives of American Academy 
of Optometry, Vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 252-253: Ed1tor1al by Carel C. Koch on the 
Co I umb1 a Onwersi ty announcement of plans to terminate; its optometry courses. 



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February 1963, Journal of the American Optometric Association, Vol. 34, 
no. 7, p. 581: ~ 72 word ob1tuary on Professor Southall. 

February 1964: Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 54, no. 
2, p. 288: A 167 word ob1tuary on Professor southal I. 

Former Southall student writes: 

OHS member Elias Shaneson gently reminded us that we had misspelled 
Southall 1 s middle name Cocke and added the following: 

I read the April 1986 issue of the Newsletter of the Optometric 
Historical Society with interest, as I always do. I found your article 
on Professor James Powell Cocke Southall of special interest, since I 
had been his student at Columbia University in the years 1935-1937. I 
remember him well, but rather than describing my impression of him, let 
me tell you of an incident in my student life that may reveal a facet of 
his character. 

Although tuition at Columbia University at that time was $200 per 
semester, all entering students at the optometry courses had to buy a 
kit of refracting equipment (trial case, trial frame, May 
ophthalmoscope, Tait dynamic retinoscope) for an additional $365. This 
proved very burdensome to me, and although I tried to earn money working 
part time and borrowing from relatives, I later found myself unable to 
pay the tuition for the last semester of my senior year. I applied for 
a student loan but was turned down because of the outstanding debts I 
listed on my appli~ation form. Dejectedly I walked over to the Pupin 
Physics Building, where the optometry courses were being given and where 
Professor Southall had his office, and sadly told him that I would have 
to drop out of the optometry courses and graduation. 

He listened intently. I cannot recall our exact conversation now, 
but I distinctly remember his advice: 11 GO back to the bursar and talk 
to him again. Perhaps he will reconsider ... 

I did not just walk back -- I ran back. The bursar received me 
more cordially and offered me the loan on condition I get a suitable 
co-signer. This I was able to do and I graduated successfully. The 
first moneys I earned went towards repayment of that loan. 

In 1952, on the occasion of his 80th birthday, his former students 
presented him with a check for $1,000. He responded that he never held 
a check of that magnitude in his hands, ever. 

Oa that occasion I sent him a congratulatory letter and recalled to 
him the incident of the loan. He answered me with a letter which I 
treasure and which I keep in his book 11 Mirrors, Prisms, and Lenses... I 
am enclosing a copy of his letter which you may print if you feel it 
appropriate to do so. 

Now, perhaps I should put down some of my other recollections of 
him. His office was guarded by a formidable secretary; nevertheless, he 
was accessible to the students. Not many availed themselves of that 
privilege. MY attempt to solve a difficult problem proved more 
obfuscating after his explanation. 



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He was somewhat tall, mostly grey and balding with small wrinkled 
eyes, and a peculiar habit of scratching his left ear with his right 
hand. I admired his easy walk and relaxed manners, to me, then, the 
epitome of a southern gentleman. His Virginia accent was pronounced but 
not too heavy. 

He seemed to keep aloof of administrative and clinical problems. 
These were relegated to his associate, Professor Clifford Leroy 
Treleaven and staff. I never remember him visiting laboratories, 
examination rooms, or clinics. His domain was the lecture podium in the 
classroom. His soft mellifluous voice belied the difficult subject he 
expounded. 

I think of Professor Southall kindly. His vision of all 
professions, including optometry, as servants of mankind was lofty and 
ideal, and still to be completely realized. 

The following is the copy of the enclosed letter from Southall: 

Dear Shaneson 

JAMES P. C. SOUTHAL-L. 
ao.awooo L.ANC 

CHAALOTTIESVILLIE 

VU'IGINIA. 

6 June 1952 

Your kind and thoughtful letter, as welcome as it was 
unexpected, reached me yesterday. I am exceedingly grateful. 

I have no amanuensis, and now my eyesight is very dim. 
It is as much as I can do to write even a short letter, but I 
will not let your letter go unanswered; as I am obliged to do 
very often. This little note may be short in one dimension, 
but it is wide and deep in other ways; wide, because you opened 
my heart and let in much pleasure, and deep in token of mutual 
affection and remembrance. 

Fifteen ye~rs back is not far to go for me; I remember you 
well; yet I cannot remember the incident you recalled. It is 
enough for me to know that you still remember it, and it gives· 
me much pleasure to be reminded that I befriended you once when 
I was in a position to be of service. 

Nothing gives me so much delight as to get in touch with 
one of my old pupils, especially if he tells me that he enjoyed 
sitting at my feet, whether he is telling the truth or not. 
Not long ago a pupil whom I am sorry to say I had forgotten 
wrote me , "You are the one teacher I will never forget!" 
It was a little ambiguous, but I took it ·for a compliment. 

I like to think you have had a big reward and have won 
success. Optometry, as I regard it, is a noble profeseion, 
a high calling. It makes little difference what profession a 
man chooees and follows (medicine, law, teaching, etc.), it is 
a high calling to do good work and make an honest living. 
The trouble is that few are worthy of a high calling, their. 
hearts are not in it, and they debase it. In Optometry consider 
men like your old teachers in Columbia, Roberts, Barnes and 
Hirschberg, to mention the three I admire most: if Optometry 
was practissd all o~er the country by men of that type, it would 
rank at the top or the professions. 

Elias Shaneson, Esq. 
1547 Genesee Street 
Buffalo 11, New York 

Affectionately 

~"-·• 9, e:,, <S~tWL . 



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Origin of a library: 

Reading of the Narciso P. Cinco Memorial Library - Optometry in the 
January 1986 issue of F1iopt1cs Newsletter, Ser1es 1986, Vol. tv, ~Jo. 10, I 
wrote to our fellow OHS member, Claro M. Cinco, O.D., Dean of the Cebu 
Doctors• College of Optometry, Cebu City, the Philippines, for information. 
Ever promptly responsive, he replied immediately with this touching account. 

Narciso P. Cinco, Sr., was my father. He was an optometrist, a 
graduate of the defunct Philippine College of Optometry and Institute of 
Technical Optics {in Manila) in 1921. I joined his practice in 1953 and 
took over after his death in 1963. While the schools at that time did 
not provide as much training as they do now, he developed and improved 
his knowledge and clinical skills through continuing self-education. I 
became aware of this when I inherited his books and journals which dated 
as far back as the early 1920 1 S and which are now)rcollector•s items. 
A couple of these books were authored by a certain Brown, an M.D. 

He was a deeply professionally-oriented optometrist and very 
meticulous in his practice. He was, at one time, elected vice-president 
of the Optometric Association of the Philippines {1947?) with Dr. 
Gregorio G. Estrada as president. He has greatly influenced my thinking 
on optometry. He was reputed to be the •watchdog• of optometry in this 
region. 

For ¥ears, I have been thinking how to honor his name. At first I 
thought o~organizing the Narciso P. Cinco, Sr., Optometric Center, 
envisioned to be a center of future research, but this would entail a 
lot of funding. When I organized the College of Optometry at the Cebu 
Doctors• College, I loaned all my books and journals to start a 
library. After three years, I felt that these materials would be put to 
more use in the library than in my home, so I decided to donate them to 
the school on the condition that the college library will be named the 
11 Narciso P. Cinco, Sr., t1emorial Library- Optometry, .. and will be open 
to all optometrists, ophthalmologists, visual scientists, students, 
etc., and the school board agreed. Those books and periodicals are 
valued at around $3,000. 

Slowly, we have built up this library from donations, the major 
portion of which came from Al Rosenbloom•s private library, 
solicitations made by Ed t1arshall, and other sources. My journal 
subscriptions are turned over to this library after Fe and I have read 
them. Even the ADA News, and Interoptics are retained. 

The library presently occupies a section of the common library for 
the different collegiate departments. As soon as we accumulate more 
materials and can justify it, I plan to get a separate room solely for 
the optometry library. I have already the pledge from many ophthalmic 
manufacturers and suppliers to contribute the furniture and furnishings. 

During the Board meeting yesterday, I bared my plans to undertake a 
massive campaign for book donations. I was thinking of asking Ed 
Marshall to be our receiving end in the States for such donations, and 
forward them to us through the facilities of the Smithsonian 



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Insti tuti on. I am also thinking o.f asking the support of the optometric 
media, although I am not quite sure how I can invite their interest in 
this regard. 

Also, I am slowly building up a section on Learning Resources. 
Already, I received donations of teaching slides from H. Barry Collin 
and Brien Holden from the University of New South Wales, a set of slides 
on diseases complete with text (published in England) from my brother in 
Texas (worth $1,000), two volumes of slides from B&L, CooperVision, 
etc. I think we have now some 1,000 slides, but not yet enough to cover 
the other aspects of optometry. We are planning to produce our own 
video series on different clinical procedures to aid in the teaching at 
the clinic. 

Narciso M. Cinco, Jr., is an M.D. He is practicing ophthalmology 
at Cleburne, Texas. He is my elder brother, the eldest in the family. 
He had formal training in ophthalmology at the University of the 
Philippines - Philippine General Hospital, and had his residency in 
otolaryngology at the John Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore under Dr. 
Bordley (1959). We had a joint practice in Cebu from 1959 to 1974 when 
he went back to the U.S. because he could not stand M.arcos• martial 
law. While in Cebu, he set up the Cebu EENT Hospital and later set up 
and chaired the EENT department of the Cebu Institute of Medicine. He 
was one of the founders of the Cebu Doctors• Hospital which was finished 
in 1972, just a few months before martial law~ 

While he was here, he organized with Rev~ Floyd Horst the Operation 
Mercy, and did some 600 harelips on indigent children. He came back to 
Cebu in 1982 with Project ORBIS and taught the local ophthalmologists 
how to do IOL. He was back again last November to revive Operation 
Mercy, and did some 70 harelips and 40 cataracts, some with IOL's free 
to indigents. Our optometry seniors assisted in screening the patients, 
performing the vision tests, tonometry, biomicroscopy, BP tests, 
coordinating the surgery schedules, and doing the post-operative 
optometric follow-ups, all done in the optometry clinic. 

Narciso Jr. has a good practice in Cleburne, Texas. He converted 
his guest house into a clinic, complete with equipment incl~ding an 
argon laser, computerized perimeter, ultra-sound (biometer), etc. He is 
respected in his community, and in fact, was elected president of the 
Rotary Club of Cleburne last year. He indicated his wish to return to 
Cebu when Marcos is out, and last night he asked me if it was time to go 
home. I told him to take his time. You met him here in 1970 when we 
had a couple of drinks together in his house one evening. 

A canonizing House of Delegates: 

Thrice mentioned in the t1arch 1, 1986, issue of The American Optometric 
Association News, pages 1, 8, and 13, is the assertion that the A.o.A. 
resolved 1n 1922 that Benjamin Franklin was to be honored as 11 a patron saint 
of optometrists ... The anonymously written item on page 8 appears reasonably 
authentic, though the resolution itself is not quoted. A separate single 
paragraph on page 13 states that the November 5 (presumably 1986) issue of 
Capper's Weekly cited the A.O.A. resolution in a feature article on Franklin. 
lhe boxed 1tem on page 1 merely highlighted the article on page 8. 

Franklin is quoted as having written somewhere that 11 The Feet demand 
Shoes; the Legs, Stockings; the rest of the Body, Clothing; and the Belly, a 



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good deal of Victuals. Our Eyes, tho• exceedingly useful, ask, when 
reasonable, only the cheap Assistance of Spectacles, which could not much 
impair our Finances." 

Noted also was Franklin•s frequent posing for portraits while wearing 
glasses. 

Another ophthalmic subdivision: 

Environmental optics has history, too, but it is a bit difficult to 
trace because the nomenclature for phases of this discipline is so varied. 
Two-word identities include environmental, occupational, and industrial 
combined with vision, optics, ophthalmology, and optometry. Optoergonimics, 
ergonomics of vision, ergoophthalmology, and preventive ophthalmologyalso 
plague the literature indexes, as do some of the more comprehensive terms such 
as occupational health and occupational medicine. Yet each designation 
includes a significant aspect of opthalmic concern with a substantial 
substrate of literature, science, and technology common to all. 

An authorless article in the January 10, 1986 issue of the Optician 
(London), Vol. 191, no. 5028, pp. 27-28, under the caption of RESEARCH REVIEW 
and subtitled ERGOOPHTHALMOLOGY discusses a number of optometric roles and 
includes a bit of historical commentary. It suggests that it may all have 
started in the 1840 1 S in attempts to reduce eye risks. Professor Herman Cohn 
(1836-1906) is given credit for promoting the use of 11 his curved mica lens 
O.Smm thick to give frontal and some side protection beyond that provided by 
flat plate glass.•• Cursory mention is also made of legislative involvements, 
insurance programs, accident statistics, and professional roles in various 
countries. · 

The article provides no real documentation, but it does point out the 
need to gather and sort out the historical facts of yet another expanding 
aspect of optometry. 

An optical industry history: 

The 235 year history of the largest producer of finished spectacles to 
individual prescriptions in Europe carries the title 11 Eyes Right: The story 
of Dollond & Aitchison Opticians, 1750-1985." Authored by Hugh Barty-Y.ing and 
published by Quiller Press Ltd., 50 Albemarle Street, London WIX 480, the book 
is priced ati12.95 (circa $19.50 u.s.). It is anonymously reviewed in the 
March 1, 1986, issue of Optometry Today (London), Vol. 26, no. 5, p. 144, from 
which these notes are der1ved. 

The book is said to include many amusing and fascinating anecdotes and 
in many ways~s.a story of the development of optics in Great Britain. John 
Dollond, the son of Huguenot refugees, was originally a silk weaver. He and 
his son Peter set up an optical instrument business together in 1750. 
According to the minutes of the December 26, 1756, meeting of the Worshipful 
Company of Spectacle Makers Peter Dollond was identified as an "optician,•• the 
first time such a title had appeared in the Spectacle t-1akers Company • s records. 

The Royal Society awarded John Dollond its highest honor, the Copley 
Medal, in 1758 and three years later made him a Fellow •. 

James Aitchison opened his own opticians shop in London in 1889. Under 
his son Irvine•s management in 1927 it took over Oollond & Co., no longer run 



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by the family. Subsequently the firm underwent several changes of ownership 
and expansion as a public company quoted on the stock exchange. 

Kevin M. Touhy, 1921-1968: 

"Birth of the 1 Flatter-than-K• Corneal Lens," is the title of an article 
about Touhy•s involvement with contact lenses, his supporting professional 
colleagues, his patent, resulting legal battles, and some of his heartbreaking 
experiences. Written by Neal J. Bailey, it appears in the April 1986 issue of 
Contact Lens Spectrum, Vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 54-55. Included is a photograph of 
Mr. Touhy. 

Optometric education in West Africa: 

In an article entitled "The University of Benin Optometry Program" 
author I.K.O.K. Kragha provides a substantial historical introduction. The 
university itself was started in Benin-City, Nigeria in 1970. The optometry 
program was initiated in the department of physics in the 1973-74 academic 
session. In 1980-81 it became a separate department. 

The article appears on pages 20-23 of the Spring 1986 issue of the 
Journal of Optometric Education, Vol. 11, no. 4. 

Nominations and volunteers needed: 

With the amendment of the O.H.S. by -laws, as reported in the April 
issue, this year calls for the election of three membeers to the Executive 
Board. Nominations are needed. Volunteers, 1.e., self-nominations, are 
especially welcome, for the nominee•s interest in optomeetric history is then 
known to be genuine. Consider yourself seriously as a potential candidate, 
and do not hesitate to suggest why you would be willing to serve. 

In general there have been relatively few duties or expenses involved 
with service on the Board. It is always hoped that a majority of the Board 
Members can attend the occasional get-togethers at the time and place of the 
meetings of the American Academy of Optometry and/or the American Optometric 
Association. Each candidate must also realize that he or she may be elected 
to serve as president, vice-president, secretary, or treasurer. All duties 
may entail an occasional long distance telephone call, the costs of which are 
tax deductible as contributions in kind. 

Membership on the Board does not demand qualification as an optometrist, 
historian, archivist, librarian, or author. Essentially, it is hoped simply 
that Board Members appreciate the significance of history as it pertains to 
optometry and of the need for a world organization like the O.H.S. to nurture 
it. 

Think about it. Nominate yourself or another. If more nominations come 
in than can be dealt with comfortably on a single ballot President Jerry 
Abrams will appoint a nominating committee to preview the candidates and 
recommend a slate. For the mailing address of your nominations seep. 31 of 
this issue. 

Early corneal contact lens patents: 

"More Early Patents" is Neal J. Bailey• s brief commentary on patents by 
Kevin Tuohy, George Butterfield, Noel Stimson, and Joseph Hornstein between 
1950 and 1957 and the 1 i ti gati on between Tuohy and ~1orri s Green between 1950 



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and 1953. The article appears in the May 1986 issue of Contact Lens Spectrum, 
Vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 64-65. Dr. Bailey promises a discussion of the court 
actions in the next issue. 

A commemorative postal stamp: 

On April 10, 1986, the Gennan and West Berlin postal services (Deutsche 
Bundespost) issued a group of colorful commemorative stamps recognizing the 
early and current roles of eight vocations registered under the handicaraft 
ministr,y, namely, masons, locksmiths, carpenters, tailors, bakers, barbers, 
glaziers, and ophthalmic opticians (Augenoptiker). The optometric stamp, the 
enlarged design (Muster) of which is reproduced below, includes in one half a 
sketch of the familiar 1698 Gennan classic copperplate engraving "Der 
Brillenmacher" (the spectaclemaker) by Christoph Weigel. In the other half is 
shown a. blond-haired girl being examined with a modern ophthalmometer. Of 
0.50 OM (German mark) denomination, an 0.25 DM surcharge is added for 
contribution to a foundation to provide assistance to unemployed youth 
(Jugend). 

The "yesterday/today" theme was designed by graphic artist Professor 
Heinz Schillinger. The special ceremony in recognition of the eight 
handicrafts and the commemorative stamps was attended by Wilfried Oberlander, 
President of the Zentralverband der Augenoptiker (Confederation of 
optometrists), and other national dignitaries. Further infonnation may be 
found in the March 1986 issue of Deutsche Optiker Zeitung. Vol. 41, no. 3, p. 
54. 

A Korean overvf.ew: 

Perhaps one of the heaviest and most impressive tomes in the ophthalmic 
field of 11 terature is a new Korean book with the translated title "The 
History of Eye-glasses in Korea: An Overview" recently sent to us by Won 
Shi-hwan as a gift from Hwa-Ju Kim, President of the Opticians Association of 
Korea, 12-1, NAMDAEMUNNO 5-GA, CHUNG-GU, SEOUL, KOREA. Measuring 30 x 22 x 4 
em in very hard cover, gold with seafoam green trim, encompassing 675 pages, 
possibly a few hundred illustrations of people, places, and things, with 
numerous tables and graphs, and weighing 2.5 kilograms, it is encased in an 
imprinted open-end heavy cardboard protective container for convenient shelf 
use. Its publication date is 1986. 



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A separate insert of five typewritten pages gives an English language 

outline of the contents which may be further abbreviated as follows: Prefaces 
by prominent Korean and world dignitaries, primitive and early world history 
of optical science, spectable and other lenses in the Shilla dynasty 
(BC57-AD935) and other adjunct eras, the origins and development of optomet~ 
and ophthalmology, the propagation, distribution, and industrialization of 
eyewear, the history of contact lenses, and the formation and development of 
the ten year old Opticians Association of Korea. As a supplement the book 
includes substantial descriptive accounts and advertisements of Korean optical 
firms and extensive statistics in ophthalmic business trends and international 
optical imports and exports. 

Besides serving as a major cultural resource the book is an encyclopedic 
handbook and directory for anyone wanting historical or current information on 
almost any phase of Korean ophthalmic optics. It is of course necessary that 
the reader be able to read Korean. 

An historian views optics: 

11 0ptics in Philadelphia During the Nineteenth Century 11 : is an article in 
the March 1985 issue of the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 
Vol. 129, no. 3, pp. 291-299. fhe author 1s Ms. Deborah Jean warner, Curator, 
History of Physical Sciences, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian 
Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, and a member of OHS. Documented by 55 
citations of sources largely unfamiliar to others than history scholars she 
describes the slow and halting start of spectacle and other optical production 
in the colonies late in the 18th century and the difficulties of competing 
with European-made spectacles throughout most of the 19th. 

She observes, 11 like most technologies, optics was learned more in the 
doing than in the reading. The skills .•• were usually passed from master 
to apprentice. Since colonial life attracted no trained opticians, Americans 
could not easily learn this technology. The one exception was David 
Rittenhouse, .. from whom George Washington ordered the grinding of his lenses 
for 1 A new pair of spectacles.• .. 

The first Philadelphian to specialize in optical goods was William 
Richardson, who was listed in city directories from 1789 to 1799 as an 
11 0ptical instrument maker11 or 11 0ptician. 11 He supplied several pairs of 
spectacles to Thomas Jefferson. In 1799 Richardson sold out his stock of 
spectacles to John McAllister (1753-1830). Later, John McAllister, Jr., 
joined his father and together they began making spectacle frames in 1815 and 
fitting them with imported lenses. 11 The McAllisters were among the first 
American spectacle makers, and for many years they had the field pretty much 
to themselves ... 

The names of numerous others, mostly immigrants, are mentioned, together 
with their involvement in the 19th century origins of the optical industry and 
professions. A few of the author•s incidental observations include: 11 While 
few of these men •made money,• most seem to have earned enough to· live 
comfortably; .. 11most of these men immigrated [from Europe] after completing 
their training; .. 11 Despite their obvious talent the immigrant.opticians could 
not establish a succession [of sons]; 11 and America did not seem to provide the 
11 needed formal educational institutions ... 



-44-

Spectaclemaking emerges into optometry: 

An historical article by c. Kuhn entitled 11 Brillen ju machen, ist eine 
der besten und notwendigsten Kunste 11 (Spectaclemaking is one of the finest and 
most valuable arts) appears in the March-April 1986 issue of Augenoptik, Vol. 
103, no. 2, pp. 50-52. Illustrated are an early reading lens, a pa1r of circa 
1300 rivited eyeglasses, and two circa 1400 oil portraits of religious 
scholars wearing such glasses. 

Quoted from the high council of Venice is the following regulation dated 
2 April 1300 (translated): 11 We, the elder administrators of justice of 
Venice, decree that no member of the aforementioned glass works guild may risk 
the buying or permitting of buying or selling or permitting of selling any 
product made of ordinary clear glass that is in imitation of crystal, be it 
for buttons, decorations on cuffs or boots, or for eyeglasses. 

Credit is also given to an Italian Professor of Medicine Bernhard de 
Gordon for mentioning spectacles in 1303. 

Identity as an Augenoptiker (eye-optician) was introduced around 1900, 
and with it a much more formalized program of training. 

On page 34 of the same issue is a 40 year review of the East German firm 
VEB Verlag Technik, publishers of Augenoptik and other technological journals. 
It was established February 12, 1946, as part of the postwar reconstruction 
program. Illustrated on the front of the same issue is a beautiful circa 1700 
book opened to show a pair of whalebone frame spectacles clamped into place in 
a recessed cutaway on the inner side of the book•s very thick front cover. 

The eye has it: 

Responding to the 11 lt has a good eye .. phrase on page 22 of the April 
issue of the N.O.H.S., OHS member David Williams writes that it reminded him 
of an aphorism of unknown origin: 11 Nothing fattens a horse like a King•s 
eye ... He interprets its meaning to be that if the stable hands know the King 
has his eye on a particular horse, they will give it special attention. 

Philatelists nota bene: 

Mrs. Richard M. Hall, whose spectacle stamp collection was described on 
page 12 of the January issue of NOHS, reports that she would sell it for $180, 
frame and all, plus the cost of crating and shipping. She also reminds us 
that a new U.S. stamp called 11 Public Education .. depicts a pair of spectacles, 
Her address is 1200 Holden Avenue, Suite 159, Orlando, Florida 32809, U.S.A. 
Telephone 305-855-4126. · 

Sadder but wiser? 

Referring to our April article on the unconventional Graf Wiser system of 
ophthalmic cures and corrections, OHS member Henry Knoll reports that he found 
the doctor•s town of Bad Eilsen listed in Meyers Kleines 
Konversations-Lexicon, Vol. 1, 1898, p. 626, an abridged edition of the 
multi-volume Meyers Konversations-Lexikon published by Bibliographes Institut, 
Leipzig und Wien, 1897, in which Bad Eilsen is more extensively described in 
Vol. 5, p. 456. 



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Bad Eilsen is a spa about 45 kilometers west and slightly south of 

Hannover, W. Gennany, with 232 residents in 1890 and nine sulpher springs 
offering gas inhalation measures, mineral drinking water, and mud baths for a 
variety of ailments. Knoll queries, 11 Perhaps the Count's treatment needs 
sulphur and mud baths to work properly? .. 

History is people: 

An accolade to Caryl Croisant, o.o., still active at age 85, describes 
here career and services to the Optometric Extension Program Foundation in the 
July 1986 issue of Optometric Extension Program News, Vol. 58, no. 10, page 3. 

The Adolph Lomb Optical Library: 

Sometime before 1910 young James P. c. Southall, then living in Alabama, 
had completed the manuscript for a book to be entitled "The principles and 
methods of geometrical optics, especially as applied to the theory of optical 
instruments" with no assurance that anyone would publish it. Taking a rand011 
shot he addressed and mailed the manuscript to the Bausch & Lomb Optical 
Company in Rochester, NY hoping at most that he "might get some word of 
encouragement and kindly advice." After about ten days he received an 
encouraging letter from Mr. Henry c. Lomb, also a young man of about 
Southall's age, together with an overwhelming check for a thousand dollars, 
"nearly as much as my salary for a whole year." 

Southall and Henry Lomb first met face to face several years after the 
626 page book was published and Southall had been appointed Professor of 
Physics at Columbia University. Their "friendship grew apace and ripened in 
mutual affection knit by a bond not less strong than that which united David 
and Jonathon." In writing about Henry Lomb years later Southall frequently 
referred to him as "Harry," quote evidently a wann and friendly nickname. 

Adolph Lomb was Henry's slightly older and devoted brother, almost a 
twin in comradeship, one of the founders of the Optical Society of America, 
"withal a patriot, a gentlemen and a scholar', a man of large means who 
"enjoyed the luxury and the privilege of giving all his life long." It was 
Southall's privilege and happiness to be numbered among Adolph's most intimate 
friends. Not until about 1930, however, did Southall have the occasion to 
visit in Adolph's country house where he saw the magnificent collection of 
books on optics that the two Lombs had collected during their careers. 

In September 1932 Adolph Lomb died suddenly. Shortly afterward Henry 
Lomb asked Southall for advice on where to place the book collection where it 
would be kept intact. Mr. Lomb's idea was to give it to Cornell University or 
Columbia University, but Southall "timidly put in a word for the University of 
Virginia," his Alma Mater. He supported his suggestion with the argument that 
"the richly endowed colleges had big libraries already and that the time had 
come to distribute the benefits and facilities of learning and scholarship 
more widely throughout the country." Henry Lomb, like Adolph, an enthusiastic 
admirer and disciple of Thomas Jefferson, the founder of the University of 
Virginia, greeted the suggestion enthusiastically and immediately authorized 
Southall to offer the library to the University of Virginia "lock, stock and 
barrel." The university accepted the gift. In June 1934, Henry Lomb arrived 
in Charlottesville, Virginia, for the final arrangements. 



-46-

All of these details, and more, were described by Southall in the June 
1943 issue of the University of Virginia Alumni News, pages 2-3 and 14. The 
originally published announcement of the 91ft was made in the December 7, 
1934, issue of Science, Vol. 80, no. 2084, p. 518, under the heading of 
MEMORIALS. 

Included in the collection were 706 books, 470 monographs and brochures, 
and 174 bound and 86 unbound volumes of scientific journals. Among the many 
rare volumes, for example, were German (1755) and French (1767) translations 
of Robert Smith's COMPLEAT SYSTEM OF OPTICKS, the English (1738) edition of 
which was already in the original library of the university as one of the 
books selected by Thomas Jefferson. 

Henry Lomb had every intention of keeping the Adolph Lomb Optical 
Library up to date as long as he lived, but he died in 1936, almost as 
suddenly and unexpectedly as his brother Adolph had died two years earlier. 
Even in this short interim during the Great Depression years he expended 
several hundred dollars toward the library's maintenance and development. 

In 1947, the University of Virginia published Number Seven of its 
Bibliographical Series entitled the "Catalogue of the Adolph Lomb Optical 
Library at the University of Virginia" with an introduction by Southall, a 
copyrighted and lithoprinted book of 203 pages. L. M. Polan, O.D., of the 
Zenith Optical Company, Huntington, West Virginia, is given credit for making 
its publication possible. Credit for contributions toward the growth of the 
collection is given to Anchor Optical Corporation, Applied Optical Industries, 
Bonshur & Holmes Optical Company, Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Company, May Oil 
Burner Corporation, Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company, R. B. Tucker, and 
Zenith Optical Company. 

Each of the entries consists of the information normally found on the 
catalog cards of the library itslef, the caH number, the author's full name, 
life span, title, publisher, place, date, pages, etc. At least one copy of 
the Catalogue is presently in the Bausch & Lomb Scientific Library in 
Rochester, New York. 

OHS member Henry Knoll kindly tracked down the information from which 
this report is derived. 

What did Nagel mean? 

According to Duke-Elder, on page 196 of Vol. 5 of his System of 
Ophthalmology, "When the eyes regard a near object the visual axes must be 
directed upon it if single binocular vision is to be retained. The unit of 
convergence is conventionally taken as the metre angle, the amount normally 
required to converge upon an object 1 metre away ... On pages 170-171 of Vol. 
6, however, tie says, ..... it [the meter angle] measures the angle which the 
line joining the object to the centre of rotation of either eye makes with the 
median line when the eyes are converged upon an object situated 1 metre away 
on the median line ... He then adds that for the distance of 1 meter "the angle 
is about 2°," which would be half that for the preceding definition. The 
former is the angle between the two lines of sight while the latter is the 
angle between one line of sight and the median line. The former is twice the 
size of the latter. 

Similarly in the American Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology two different 
definitions may be found, one by "H. D." apparently Harry Gradle, Vol. 1, p. 
473, and the other by "C. F. P., .. Charles F. Prentice, Vol. 10, p. 7675. 



Gradle defined the meter angle as the angle between the two lines of sight 
when the object was placed at one meter in front of one straightforward 
looking eye while the other eye did all the converging, the angle being 
described as "about 3 1/2° ". Prentice on the other hand defined the meter 
angle in terms of one eye turning to fixate an object on the median line at 
one meter, approximatley half of the preceding angle. 

Howard Solomons in his 1978 programmed text entitled BINOCULAR VISION 
gets around the apparent ambiguity by i denti fyi ng the "metre angle .. as the 
angle made by one eye fixating an object at one meter on the median line and 
the "large metre angle" as the angle made between the lines of sight of both 
eyes. 

A further search of the literature might well uncover additional 
examples of the same discrepancy. The only consistency seems to be the 
crediting of the meter angle concept to Albrecht Nagel in the Graefe-Saemisch 
Handbuch der gesamten Augenheilkunde, Vol. 6, part 4, 1880, pp. 478-486. 

Precisely what did Nagel say? 

This is not as easy as one might be led to believe by the explicit 
diagrams, tables of angular values, and the inordinately lengthy text which 
Nagel devoted to making it clear. First of all Nagel employed two terms which 
we in the English language sometimes use interchangeably, one being fusion 
angle (Fusionswinkel) and the other being convergence or divergence movement 
(Convergenzbewegung or Divergenzbewegung). He then defined the fusion angle 
in terms of the turning of one eye to fixate an object on the median lien. To 
correspond with the dioptric nomenclature for accommodation he named his unit 
for the fusional movement of one eye the meter angle (Meterwinkel). He 
identified one meter angle with a fixation distance of 1 meter from the center 
of rotation, two meter angles for a half meter, three for one-third meter, 
etc. reciprocally. His diagrams, formulas, and tables of values for the 
degree equivalents at various distances and for various separations of centers 
of rotation are in this context unambiguous. For example, for a 64 mm 
separation of the centers of rotation (equivalent to the interpupillary 
distance) and a distance of 1 meter from the center of rotation of one eye to 
a fixation point on the median line the corresponding metre angle equals 1• 
so•. For a distance of 10 em or one-tenth meter the correspondign 10 meter 
angles equal 18° 39'30", as shown in Nagel's table. 

However, having thus clarified the metric of "fusional movement," Nagel 
then discussed its clinical application to convergence, referring to examples 
of convergent and divergent squint. A translation of his first example reads 
as follows, "For instance, in a convergent squint of 3 meter angles the 
fusional far point lies at a distance of one-third meter (assuming a 64 mm 
interpupillary distance) and a base-out prism of 3 meter angles or of 11 
degrees* placed before each eye will displace the fusional far point to 
infinity." Similarly he identifies a divergent squinter of 3 meter angles as 
one who has a fusional far point at a distance of one-third meter behind the 
eyes correctable by a 3 meter angle base-in prism before each. In both 
clinical examples the ~ngular size of 3 meter angles would be double the 
values in his own prededing tables. 

In other words a person whose far poiint is at one-third meter behind or 
in front of the eyes can be said in Nagel's own terminology to have a "three 

*Probably referring to the refracting angle of the priJm rather than its 
deviation. 



-48-

meter angle squint," which of course is an angle of squint of about 11°. At 
the same time the Nagel terminology would identify the three meter angles of 
fusion of be 5 112•, corresponding to one eye only! 

This turns out to be precisely the case, according to the very reputable 
German optical encyclopedia "ABC der Optik" by Karl Mutze et al, Leipzig 
1961. In the therein described meter angle a differentiation is made between 
convergence angle and fusion angle, the former being the sum of the two fusion 
angles. In other words a meter angle is either about rso• or 3°40', i.e. 
about ~ or 6~ respectively, depending on whether reference is to the fusional 
movement of each eye or to the vergence movement of both. 

A clue to Nagel's thinking lies in his apparent obsession with the 
concept that vergence or fusion should be represented on a one-to-one sacle 
with accdtJmnodation expressed in diopters. The accommodation of two eyes is 
quantitatively expressed to be the same as the accommodation of one eye, just 
as two legs walk only one mile when in fact each leg does. Whether we focus 
on an object at a distance of one meter with one eye or both we say that the 
accommodation is one diopter. It appears that Nagel wanted a similar 
designation for convergence and divergence. It was in this sense that he 
wanted the number of meter angles to be the reciprocal of the distance in 
meters. Then he chose to represent it in one eye just as we do 
accommodation. He simply ignored the concept that fusion is not a monocular 
function. He must have believed that he avoided the incongruity of using the 
reciprocal value for the truly binocular aspect by calling the binocular 
function convergence instead of fusion, in which case the meter angle doubled 
its angular size. 

Also he ignored tWe fact that the plane of the centers of rotation 
differed from the spectacle plane or any other optically logical plane of 
reference for the refractive power of the eye. The meter angle has other 
faults, too, such as its lack of additivity, its variance with interocular 
distance, and its inadaptability to mechanical measuring scales. 

Would that we could bury the meter angle. But no, it still crops up 
occasionally into attempted use, I guess because of its teasing resemblance to 
our beloved diopter. 

H.W H. 

December Gathering: 

O.H.S. President Jerry Abrams has written to inform the membership that a 
guest speaker has been arranged for the annual December O.H.S. meeting. As 
usual the O.H.S. gathering will be held during the American Academy of 
Optometry which this year is to be in Toronto. The guest speaker, Dr. E. J. 
Fisher, Curator of the Museum of Visual Science and Optometry, School of 
Optometry, university of Waterloo, will present, "Canada is Optometrical 
Hi story." 

Henry W Hofstetter 
Douglas K. Penisten, Editors 

P.S. This issue of the Newsletter will be coming to you later than normal. In 
order for us to include your nom1nations for the O.H.S. Executive Board in the 
October Newsletter (as detailed on page 31 and 41), and you will need to send 
us your nom1nations immediately upon receipt of the Newsletter. Please do · 
this. Your input is important! 


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