Volume 35 HINDSIGHT Newsletter of the Optometric Historical Society 243 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63141, USA Januarv 2004 Number 1 2004 OHS Board Members and Officers: Listed below are the OHS Executive Board and officers for the year 2004. The year of expiration of each Board Member's term is given in parentheses: President...................... Doug Penisten (2007) Vice President............... Jay Enoch (2006) Secretary-Treasurer ....... Bridget Kowalczyk (2004) Trustees...................... Jerry Abrams (2005) Walter Chase (2006) Chuck Haine (2004) Melvin Wolfberg (2005) Call for nominations: The terms of Board members Chuck Haine and Bridget Kowalczyk will expire at the end of this year. Please submit your nominations for these two Board positions by May 15, 2004 to David A. Goss, Hindsight Editor, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. The OHS members who receive at least three nominations and agree to serve on the Board will have their names placed on an election ballot to be mailed later this year with a copy of Hindsight. OHS has a new website: The Optometric Historical Society has a new and expanded website. It includes information about our purposes, becoming a member, the newsletter, the annual meeting, persons who have received OHS recognition awards, this year's officers, and history of the organization. It also has a few links to sites with historical information of optometric interest. Check it out: http://www.opt.indiana.edu/ohs/optohiso.html. If you have a website relating to optometric history, please consider adding a link to the OHS site. And please contact me if you have any suggestions for improvement or if you see any corrections that need to be made. D.A.G. 35/1 Jay Enoch's column: "Source" and "Mirror, Mirror ... " History of Mirrors Dating Back ca 8000 years Before the Present (BP) Whenever I have spoken of ancient mirrors, the response invariably is, " ... but Jay they first appeared in China." No, they didn't, but I felt obligated to pursue this matter to its origins. Of course, the very first mirrors were most probably quiet pools of water and containers of water. About two years ago, at the Freer Asian Art Gallery in Washington, I bought a fine book on ancient Chinese mirrors. Speaking to a knowledgeable sales person, I asked if there was a curator who could clarify the true origins of mirrors for me. This gentleman promised to consult a curator in my behalf, and some months later, I received a bound (not very recent) Proceedings issue from the Smithsonian of a meeting addressing the early history of ancient mirrors (no identification as to either the kind correspondent or the salesperson). The early history of mirrors was all there, and the title of this fascinating conference and publication was the "Source" dated 1985.1 The first mirror referenced in the "Source" had origin in Anatolia, located in northern modern Turkey ca 8000 Before the Present (BP). Since then, apparently the same mirrors were described (without a directly identified reference, although the author cites individual articles from this proceedings) in a new book, "Mirror, Mirror, .. " by Prendergast.2 He dated these mirrors at ca 8200 BP. The first known Anatolian mirrors were made of obsidian, a volcanic glass. These were recovered from graves in a cemetery located near Qatal HOyOk (near modern Konya). 1'2 These mirrors were assumed from burials of women, because of the presence of differing objects in male and female graves. Anatolia is a source of obsidian, corundum (or carborundum, or emery grinding compounds), and iron pyrite. Polished obsidian objects were early exports from Anatolia, and they were used for various purposes (black mirrors, scrappers, arrowheads, spear heads, etc.). Following Anatolia, the next mirrors were located in Egypt. Apparently smoothed river stones found in the Nile were used for this purpose. These were wet and used for mirrors probably by ca 4000 BCE or 6000 BP (at least before 3200 BCE) and some mica was used. In Egypt, Prendergase describes mirrors comprising a slab of selenite with traces of wood around it (a frame?), a disc of slate, and a reflective piece of mica pierced by a hole. Presumably the hole allowed attachment to a wall (?).All date from about 4500 BCE (citations?) or 6500 BP. In The Source, it is stated that in Southern Mesopotamian City of Uruk (Tello) in the late 4th - early 3rd Millenium BCE, and at other Mesopotamian sites from 3200 BCE onward, copper mirrors were employed. As it became available, more rigid bronze mirrors were used in both Egypt and Mesopotamia. 35/2 There are papers in The Source which consider mirrors which were found in Central Asia. 1 These apparently served as precursors for later Chinese mirrors. First Chinese mirrors have been attributed to the Xia Dynasty (21st to 16th Centuries BCE). And there is much more. References 1. Source: Notes on the History of Art. Winter Spring, 1985;4(2,3): 15 papers (entire issue on the history of Mirrors). 2. Prendergast, Mark. Mirror, Mirror: A History of the Human Love Affair with Reflection. New York: Basic Books, 2003. This article is an expansion with some added elements of an abstract submitted by the author to the Cogan Ophthalmic History Society for its 2004 meeting. The Cogan Society does not copyright its publications. J.M.E. Connecticut optometry history: The Connecticut Association of Optometrists has several webpages on their history located at: http://www.cao.org/about!history.htm. The webpages are: -Recent Association Presidents with Summary of Events during Their Term in Office -The Connecticut Optometric Society, 1907-1957, A Synopsis of the Society's First 50 years, by Dr. George A. Comstock -Connecticut Optometry- Highlights of History, 1894-1922, Compiled at ILAMO, April 28, 1987 -Past Presidents of the Connecticut Optometric Society 1908-1956 -AOA Presidents and Officers from Connecticut Connecticut optometrists attended educational programs such as ones presented by the New England Council of Optometry as early as 1894. Organizational efforts in the beginning years of the twentieth century resulted in the election of officers of the Connecticut Optometric Society in 1908 and the passage of an optometry bill which became law in 1913. WilliamS. Todd, the fifth president of the Connecticut Optometric Society (1915-16), was president of the American Optometric Association in 1922-23. Todd was greatly interested in optometric education and for several years was chairman of the state association's educational committee. Another Connecticut Optometric Society president (1947-48) who became president of the American Optometric Association (1957) was Lester H. Sugarman. The Connecticut optometry law provided that those who practiced optometry before January 1, 1914, were exempt from taking the examination for license. They 35/3 had to make affidavits that they had practiced optometry and present sworn statements of three persons each had treated as patients. A total of 201 exemption certificates were issued by the first day of 1914. Thirty-five applicants were denied exemption certificates, apparently failing to prove their case. An additional 56 certificates by examination were issued. The website suggests that "these latter registrants can be considered the more progressive and forward­ looking ..... " The examination consisted of 50 written questions on theoretical optics, theoretical optometry, and practical optometry. Educational requirements in the first Connecticut optometry law were two years of high school and two years of study in a registered optometrist's office or graduation from an optometry school recognized by the Board of Examiners. In 1919 the law was amended to require annual registration. The first of many upgrades in the educational requirements over the years was made in 1921. Four years of high school were then made mandatory. Three years of study with a registered optometrist were required, and the nature of that experience was clarified. Connecticut at that time also endorsed the syllabus plan for optometry schools adopted by the American Optometric Association. D.A.G. History of the Southern California College of Optometry: We thank the California Optometric Association for permission to reproduce articles in their series entitled "Optometry's Screaming Eagles," covering various aspects of the history of optometry in California. We brought you the first two parts of their series in the July, 2003 and October, 2003 issues of Hindsight. Part 3 of their series, excerpted from James R. Gregg's book on the history of the Southern California College of Optometry begins on the next page. This article was in the November/December, 2003 issue of California Optometry (volume 30, number 6, pages 14-17). The article is also available at the California Optometric Association website, http://www.coavision.org. 35/4 Optometry's Screaming Eagles, Part 3 Southern California College of Optometry lAWRENCE T HAL, 00, FAAO - PRESJDENT, CALIFORNIA OPTOMETRIC ASSOCIATION On a warm summer day, Dr. Ren Anelle stopped along side the road to quench his thirst with cool lem­ onade. As he parked his car, he noticed the van next to him displayed a bumper sticker, "Screaming Eagles." Under an umbrella sat an elderly gentleman also with lemonade. "Were you a Screaming Eagle?" Ren asked. "Yes I was," he replied somewhat perplexed, "How did you know?" "I saw your bumper sticker and I just want to say thank you!" Tears came to the eyes of this old man. No one had ever thanked him before; much less someone who could only have been an infant during World War II. The 101" Airborne Division, the Scream­ ing Eagles, teamed up with the 82"" Airborne Division and the British in Normandy and Holland. It was at Bastogne that the 10 1" heroically staved off cold, hun­ ger and the German Army during the Battle of the Bulge. Corregidor, Leyte, Anzio, Salerno and Bastogne, once strange sounding names, are remembered today for World War II newscasts which told of the courage and the sacrifices of airborne troops on those distant battlefields. Men like Generals Matthew Ridgway, Max The third group of our 'Screaming Eagles' are Marshall B. Ketchum, MD; Ernest A. Hutch-inson, OD; Charles A. Abel Jr, OD; James R. Gregg, OD, DOS, DOL; Sirer D. Jaanus, PhD, LHD; and Richard L. Hop­ ping, OD, DOS, DSc -all influential individuals in the development of the Southern California College of Op­ tometry (SCCO). These are, bur six of the many men and women who have, during the College's nearly 100 years, played an instrumental role in the development of what, today, is considered one of the premier optom­ etric colleges in the world. Innovation is a hallmark of!eadership. The men and women who have led the Southern California College of Optometry through its first century have, indeed, been innovators who have initiated policies and changes that have had a profound impact upon the institution, the profession and patient care. The College honored 100 of its treasured leaders during its Centennial Gala on 14 • CaliforniaOptometry 35/5 well Taylor, "Slim Jim" Gavin and Tony McAuliffe, who uttered the now-famous "Nuts" to the Germans at Bastogne- are but a few of the great airborne leaders whose names are indelibly inscribed on the rolls of these elite units. Optometry has its own elite units with many un­ sung heroes, many of whom haven't heard the words Ren said this warm, summer day, "Thank you!" Many of optometry's battlefields also seem quite distant, but these leaders of the past and their accomplishments need not be forgotten - their names will be indelibly inscribed on the rolls of optometry's elite units. This is the third part of the series, "Optometry's Screaming Eagles." It chronicles the founding of the Southern California College of Optometry. Other parts have chronicled the founding of the University of Cali­ fornia, Berkeley School of Optometry (UCBSO) and the California Optometric Association (COA). The fourth and fifth installments will chronicle the found­ ing ofVision Service Plan (VSP) and Vision West, Inc (VWI), conserutively. Saturday, October 9, 2003. The innovative thinking of SCCO's leaders has resulted in many key initiatives for the College and the profession. Firsts for the College include: 1908, first woman gradu­ ate; 1911, the doctor of optometry degree is granted; 1930s practice management intro­ duced into the curricu­ lum; 1937, first student scholarship fund started; 1973, first to urge states not to build optometry schools, but to provide funding for their quali­ fied state residents to at­ tend SCCO -resulting in today's 13-state So begins another class of OD hopefuls at SCCO! November· December 2003 WICHE Program; and 1973, Oklahoma becomes rhe first stare to establish a conuacr wirh the College for student support. Additionally, SCCO has set the pace in optometric education wirh the following firsts: 197 4, established a clinical program in another stare (Nevada), which set rhe standard for rhe College's renown Outreach Clinical Program; 1976, first optometry college to become li­ censed as an insurance agent for annuities and to use a flip-trust as a financial vehicle; 1997, first to require a baccalaureate degree for admission to an optometry school or college; and 1978, first college of optometry to accept land and build apartments, shopping centers and residential properties as a source of income. Among the College's greatest assets are the men and women who have served on irs staff, faculty, administra­ tion and Board of Trustees. Many members of the SCCO family have served with commitment and enthusiasm for decades. And with much pride, members ofSCCO's family have witnessed the tremendous success of irs alu!IUli -alu!IUli who have weU served rheir patients, rheir profession and their commwtities. Marshall B. Ketchum, MD was the founder and first president of the Los Angeles Medical School of Oph­ thalmology and Optometry (now SCCO). Dr. Ketchum founded the School in 1904 and served as president until 1920. When he came ro Los Angeles from Lincoln, Ne­ braska, where he was a member of the faculty of rhe Lincoln Medical College and conducted the Lincoln Optical College (from 1896- 1903), a distinct profes­ sion of optometry was just beginning to develop, both educationally and organizationally. The time was right to open a school. Some men did so in hopes of personal gain and cared little about the quality of insuuction, bur many had sincere motives to improve vision care. Ketchum was one of the latter. The founder of the Col­ lege was a distinguished and serious man, yet, possessed a sense of humor. Above all, he sincerely believed in op­ tometry and that it should be an independent profession. He stood for the highest possible qual­ ity of education, and was convinced that the op­ tomeuist had a deep re­ sponsibility to the pat­ ient's visual welfare and to the community. That is the base upon which the institution started. Fortu­ nately, such are the quali­ ties of all SCCO leaders Ernest A Hutchinson. President Emeritus, served the school for over 40 years since its inception. The SCCO class of 1913 produced graduates who were to have the most significant impact on the devel­ opment of the College over the greatest period of time of any class before, or since. Ernest A. Hutchinson, OD and William M. Ket chum, OD graduated in 1913 and immediately joined the faculty. Within a short rime, they became the chief administrators of rhe school and continued to dominate irsleadership for nearly 40 years. These two gentlemen were optometrists and their entrance upon the scene soon marked the end of dominance by men with medical degrees. Ernest Hutchinson, OD loved optometry and loved the school. He kept it going almost single-handedly during its most difficult period, 1933-38. He lectured to students for nearly 40 years and, in 1920, he assumed a majority of the school's administrative functions. Hutchinson was a sought-after lecturer and aurhor of a great many papers. Nearly everyone in optometry dur­ ing his 30 most active years had heard of, or read Hutchinson. He was a co-founder of the Association of Schools and Colleges of Optometry and served as its president. He belonged to the American Academy of Op­ tometry and was active in irs affairs. The 1948, Califor­ nia Optometric Association Congress was dedicated to him. Charles A. Abel, OD explained what he liked about reaching and, perhaps, spoke for all faculty who are op­ tometrists, but choose academia over practice: "Teach­ ing, to me, is more rewarding and stimulating than op­ tometric practice. It is exciting to watch students grow and learn, while rhey complete rheir preparation to be­ come optometrists. Practice can be as exciting too, but somehow, I like rhe academic atmosphere of a college better and I felt very good to be in it." In 1984, when the book on the College's first 80 years was published, Dr. Gregg wrote, "Charles Abel, thus, has been a domi­ nant figure in the life and growth of the Southern Cali­ fornia College of Optometry d uringone-fourrh of irs his­ tory, and during rhe critical period of development -from cramped barracks structure quarters to a sparkling, new building and seven acre campus with pleasant, green space. Besides that, during his deanship, the curriculum expanded from three to four years and underwent sig­ nificant improvements, as well." On July 1, 1982, Charles A. Abel retired after 32 years as a member of the College faculty and administration. For 17 years, he functioned as dean, holding that title longer than any other indi­ vidual in the history of the institution. • Charles A. Abel, ODjaculty member, 1950-82; Dean, 1958-75. Dr. Abel retired as Distinguished Professor Emeritus, 1982. He was a member of the College faculty and administra­ tion for 32 years. 35/6 CalifomiaOptometry · 1 S November· December 2003 JamesR Gregg, OD, DOS, DOL has enthusiastically advanced optometric edu­ cation and spread the word of eye care. He is credited with single­ handedly researching and writing more published articles promoting optom­ etry to both professionals and the public than any other individual. In fact, james R. Gregg, OD, Professor Emeritus he has been able to com- bine his love for optom­ etry, writing and the great outdoors by authoring a vari­ ety of articles for professional and popular magazines. Dr. Gregg and his wife, Bernice, worked hand-in-hand on behalf of the California Optometric Association, the American Optometric Association and numerous com­ munity organizations. For 16 years, he served as Chair­ man of the COA Congress Committee and concurrently, Bernice Gregg served as Chairwoman of the COA Aux­ iliary. His numerous awards include the 1982 AOA Dis­ tinguished Service Award, the 1989 SCCO Alumni Association's Distinguished Alumnus Award and the 1999 COA Paul Yarwood Award, which honored both James and Bernice Gregg. In addition to his books and articles on a career in optometry and practice management, Dr. Gregg has also taken on the role of optometric his­ torian, capturing and preserving the profession's dynamic past. His books cover the histories of optometry, the American Optometric Association, the American Academy of Optometry and the Southern California College of Op­ tometry. In 1973, Siret D. Jaanus, PhD, LHD joined SCCO's faculty where she served as an associate and full profes­ sor for nearly two decades. In 1992, she was awarded the tide, Professor Emerita, by SCCO when she stepped Siret }aanus, PhD, Professor Emerita down from the faculty to return to New York where she taught at the State Uni­ versity of New York, College of Optometry. A recog­ nized lecturer and writer on ocular pharmacology, she is the co-editor of Clinical Ocular PharmacoltJgy, the first 3517 16 ·California Optometry and leading textbook for the profession of optom­ etry on pharmacology. Dr. Jaanus also edited and contributed to several other textbooks and ar­ ticles during her long as­ sociation with optometry. Her testimony was criti­ cal to the passage of laws pertaining to the use of diagnostic and therapeu­ tic drugs by optometrists; thus, changing the scope of optometric practice. Dr. Jaanus has lectured on diagnostic and therapeu­ tic pharmaceuticals to Richard L. Hopping, OD, President Emeritus, served the College for 25 years more than half of all living SCCO alumni, and to thou­ sands of other optometrists via continuing education pro­ grams throughout the country. In 1994, the National Academies of Practice elected Dr. Jaanus as a Distin­ guished Scholar in Optometry. Included among her many awards is the California Optometric Association's Paul Yarwood Award. In 2000, she returned to south­ ern California and rejoined the faculty at SCCO. Excellence permeates every facet of the 25-year presi­ dency of Richard L. Hopping, OD, DOS, DSc at the Southern California College of Optometry. His inno­ vations have placed SCCO at the forefront of optom­ etric education and confirmed optometry's place as a primary health care provider. Dr. Hopping's spirit, com­ passion, devotion and drive f9r excellence have led SCCO to develop, and enjoy a dynamic and progressive opto­ metric educational program, an extensive and unequaled outreach clinical program, and a strong financial base. Dr. Hopping has accumulated an extensive and impres­ sive listing of optometric milestones that have assisted in the advancement of the profession and optometric education. He has served on over 150 professional and community boards, and was the first person to serve as president of both the American Optometric Association and the Association of Schools and Colleges of Optom­ etry. He chaired rhe 1969 Arlie House Conference and from 1991 ro 1995, he chaired the Georgetown Confer­ ence, Summit on Optometric Education Conference Series, which reset the direction for optometric educa­ tion and rhe profession. His contributions to the profes- November· December 2003 sion are well documented, and have resulted in high rec­ ognition and honors from his colleagues and peers. As a renowned national optometric leader, he has nurtured stud ems and alumni for leadership and excellence in the profession. Likewise, his enthusiastic support of com­ munity is emulated by alumni who return to their home­ towns to establish private, independent practices. - Exurpted from, Origin and Development of the South­ em California CoiiegeofOptometry, 1904-1984, bySCCO Professor &Mritus janus R. G~, OD; and the article, "lnflumtiai Leaders of the Southern California College of Optometry, N by SCCO Director of Publications Debra J Marks, MA. <90 35/8 November • December 2003 Lesley L. Walls, OD, MD sixth President of the Southern California College of Opto­ metr}l pictz.ued here in his office overlooking the SCCO campus. CalifomiaOptometry • 17 Book review: The Founding Years: University of Houston College of Optometry, 1952-1961. Charles R. Stewart. Georgetown, Texas: Armadillo Publishing Corporation, 2003. softcover. 248 pages. $19.95 ISBN 1-891429-49-3. This book is a history of the first nine years of the University of Houston College of Optometry. It was written by the Dean of the College during those nine years, Charles R. Stewart. Stewart completed his Ph.D. at The Ohio State University in 1951 and was recruited by the University of Houston to seNe as the first Dean of its optometry program. He visited Houston in February of 1952 and accepted the position. During Spring Break of 1952 he traveled back to Houston and composed the first catalog for the College of Optometry. In the summer of 1952, the opening of the school was announced, and that fall the first 25 students started their optometry studies there. Most of the book consists of a year-by-year account of the development of the school from 1952 to 1961, largely based on material published in the Journal of the Texas Optometric Association. Stewart stated that the official records from those years were no longer available, so he had to rely on other sources. Some of the recurring themes of this narrative are: facilities and equipment, fund raising, recruitment of students, continuing education courses given by faculty and other faculty activities, interactions with the Texas Optometric Association and regional optometric groups, the optometry student wives' Dame's Club, Texas Optometric Association Auxiliary activities to help the school, Texas Optometric Association and Southwest Congress of Optometry meetings, work by the Foundation for Education and Research in Vision in aiding optometric education, and some areas of optometric research at the time. At the beginning of the sections for each year Stewart listed the names of the University of Houston Regents and Administration, the College of Optometry faculty, and faculty from other University of Houston Colleges who taught courses in the optometry curriculum. Although Stewart mentioned that is was difficult recruiting faculty due to the limited support for research, I recognized names of many well-known optometric educators who seNed on the faculty there. Optometrists who were on the University of Houston College of Optometry faculty for varying periods of time from 1952 to 1961 were: Jane Brent, Darrell Carter, W .L. Cheatham, Milton Covell, Jack Daubs, J.B. Eskridge, Troy Fannin, Ted Grosvenor, Vernon Hammond, Murray Klaff, Bernard Mazow, Chester Pheiffer, Albert Romano, Charles Stewart, Gerald Westheimer, and James Whitney. Low numbers of applicants to optometry schools was a problem throughout the country in the 1950s, and the University of Houston was no exception. When the school was about to begin, Stewart had anticipated that the enrolment might be as much as 100 students by the third year of the program, but it turned to be far less than that. Thirteen students graduated in 1955 in the first graduating class. Eleven graduated in 1956 and ten graduated in 1957. The number of entering students hit a 35/9 low of eight in 1956, but began to pick up in the late 1950s. Eighteen students started the program in 1958, 30 in 1959, and 32 in 1960. Personnel at a new optometry school often feel that it has a tenuous existence, and it did not appear to be any different at the University of Houston. The university had four different presidents in the first nine years of the optometry program, but each proved to be supportive of the optometry school. The low amount of tuition income brought in by the optometry school due to the low enrollments was also a constant concern. A worrisome challenge by some prominent ophthalmologists was turned around to benefit the school. The fact that any optometry school survives and flourishes is a testament to the dedication and tenacity of the optometrists who support it and its administrators, faculty, and students. The ophthalmological challenge to the school came when the optometry O.D. curriculum expanded from 3 to 4 years. Initially two years of pre-optometry and three years of optometry led to an O.D. degree at Houston. However, a doctorate was usually given by most institutions after a minimum of six years of university work. So in 1956, the University of Houston decided to offer a Certificate of Completion after three years of optometry school (5 years total) and the O.D. degree after four years of optometry school (6 years total). The Certificate of Completion met requirements for licensure. Ophthalmologists Edwin Forbes Tait of Pennsylvania and Everett L. Goar of Baylor University in Houston objected to the offering of a Doctor of Optometry degree. Copies of their letters are reprinted in this book. A reply was written by Clanton W. Williams, Academic Vice President of the University of Houston. He posed several questions about the roles of optometry, ophthalmology, educational institutions, etc. He then delineated some of the facts, as he saw them, about doctorate level education and optometric education. Stewart felt that Goar's response that ophthalmology did not want to see optometry eliminated helped to cement the presence of the College of Optometry at the University of Houston. These letters make for fascinating reading. As a consequence of Goar's objections, many ophthalmologists withdrew from teaching at the optometry school, but this did not turn to be particularly damaging. Stewart observed: "One of the unanticipated benefits of Dr. Goar's action was that our optometric faculty was forced to take over much of what had been taught at the medical school. I soon learned that a dedicated UHCO faculty could stimulate more learning of pathology than a disinterested medical faculty. We actually improved our pathology instruction because, as the UH Biology Chairperson said, 'Do they think that you can't read?' We did not, however, lose sight of the need for an ophthalmologist in the Clinic, and were fortunate that Dr. Brandon stayed with us." In an epilogue at the conclusion of the year-by-year narrative, Stewart expounded on "some fundamental factors that were essential to the establishment and to the survival of UHCO." These factors were: "1. Dedicated and unwavering support from Optometry, the profession. "2. A fair-minded University of Houston administration dedicated to support programs that were needed by the public and whose costs to the University were affordable. 35110 • • "3. My determination to be honest and forthright with the University, no matter how embarrassing or humiliating. I would not try to hide facts or sweep embarrassing things under the carpet. "4. Objective reports that I prepared. There were several, in considerable detail, completed before critical showdowns. Fortunately, I had paved the way by presenting these reports to the University, and to the profession though sometimes in different format. "5. Increasing the O.D. degree from five to six years. "6. A letter from Houston ophthalmologist, Dr. Everett Goar. "7. The untiring efforts and outstanding ability of Mr. Ralph Frede, Director of Development and Public Relations, and Dr. Nelson Waldman, Houston optometrist and dedicated member of the Texas Optometric Association." The epilogue is followed by forty pages of appendices, including recollections by Vernon C. Hammond, the first UHCO faculty member; Paul H. Floyd, Jr., a member of the first graduating class; and Thurman J. Ray, a member of the second graduating class. Also included in the appendices are a discussion of the Southern Regional Educational Board, formed by a compact of 14 states for "voluntary pooling of educational facilities within regional patterns," and a 1957 address to an optometric group by Clanton W. Williams, University of Houston President, entitled "Education: Key to a Profession's Future." I enjoyed reading this book. Having joined the faculty of one optometry school in the second year of its operation (Northeastern State University in Oklahoma in 1980) and having researched and written about the founding and early years of another optometry school, (Indiana University, published as a special issue of the Indiana Journal of Optometry, Fall, 2003), I can appreciate the excitement and unique challenges of getting a school started. The excitement and challenges at the University of Houston College of Optometry in its early years should be apparent to readers of this book. The book is recommended to anyone with an interest in the history of optometric education or the history of the University of Houston College of Optometry. It can be purchased on-line at www.Fineliterature.com. D.A.G. Profile of Theodore Grosvenor recently published: A nice profile of OHS member Ted Grosvenor was recently published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry (September, 2003, volume 86, number 5, pages 346-349). Clinical and Experimental Optometry is a publication of the Optometrists Association Australia. Ted was born in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio in 1923. He graduated from optometry school at The Ohio State University in 1945, and entered private practice in Franklin, Ohio. He pursued graduate studies in physiological optics at Ohio State 35/11 starting in 1953 while maintaining his practice on the weekends. He completed his Ph.D. in 1956 under the direction of Glenn Fry. Ted has held faculty appointments at a number of optometry schools: University of Houston (1956 to 1964), University of Auckland (1964 to 1970), University of Waterloo (1970 to 1973), University of Montreal (1973-74), Indiana University (1974 to 1977), Illinois College of Optometry (1977-78), University of Houston (1978 to 1989), Indiana University (part-time 1989 to 2000), and most recently Pacific University (part­ time adjunct). He has held various administrative posts: founding Dean of the optometry school at the University of Auckland, Chief of the Contact Lens Clinic at University of Waterloo, Clinic Director at University of Montreal, Director of the Optometric Technician program at Indiana University, and Academic Dean at Illinois College of Optometry. The article mentions some of Ted's service activities and ~iscusses aspects of his always carefully considered research. Ted, of course, is very well known for his excellent books. J. Graham Strong, the author of this profile notes that, "Grosvenor writes with a seasoned eloquence that tames even the most complex topics, making the material easily understandable by any serious reader." Strong discusses some of Ted's books, "Contact Lens Theory and Practice," "Contemporary Contact Lens Practice," "Primary Care Optometry," "Clinical Management of Myopia," and "The Myopia Epidemic: Nearsightedness, Vision Impairment and Other Vision Disorders," but he neglects to mention a couple of Ted's other books, "Clinical Optics" and "Refractive Anomalies: Research and Clinical Applications." This profile not only recites many of Ted's accomplishments, but also captures some of his personality. Having had the great fortune of knowing Ted for many years and of working with him on a number of projects, I found this profile to be enjoyable to read. Besides being available in print form, this article can be downloaded at: http://www.optometrists.asn.au/gui/files/ceo865346.pdf or at http://www .optometrists.asn .au/ceo/backissues/vol86/no5/2321 . D.A.G. Managing Editor and Contributing Editor: David A. Goss (School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, U.S.A.; email: dgoss@indiana.edu) Contributing Editors: Douglas K. Penisten (College of Optometry, Northeastern State University, Tahlequah, OK 74464, U.S.A.); Jay M. Enoch (School of Optometry, Mail code 2020, University of California at Berkley, Berkeley, CA 94720-2020 U.S.A.; email: jmenoch@socrates.berkeley.edu) OHS website: http://www.opt.indiana.edu/ohs/optohiso.html 35/12 • 2004-35-01-001 2004-35-01-002 2004-35-01-003 2004-35-01-004 2004-35-01-005 2004-35-01-006 2004-35-01-007 2004-35-01-008 2004-35-01-009 2004-35-01-010 2004-35-01-011 2004-35-01-012