id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentence	flesch	summary	cache	txt
hom-57	Fleming, James R.	James Croll in Context: The Encounter between Climate Dynamics and Geology in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century	2006	12	.pdf	application/pdf	4615	229	58	Introduction This paper provides historical context and illuminates the roots of the work of Milutin Milankovic’ by examining early contributions to climate dynamics by James Croll (1821-1890), the leading proponent of an astronomical theory of climate change in the nineteenth century.1 Inspired by Joseph Adhémar’s work, Révolutions de la mer (1842), and taking into account precession of the equinoxes, variations in the eccentricity of the orbit, and tilt of the axis, Croll proposed that the “true cosmical cause” of climate change “must be sought for in relations of our earth to the sun,” that “geological and cosmical phenomena are physically related by a bond of causation,” and that changes in the earth’s orbital elements, combined with physical feedbacks, were “sufficiently great to account for every extreme of climatic change evidenced by geology. Quoting Lyell: “Mr. Croll's suggestion as to the probable effects of a large excentricity in producing glacial epochs is fully discussed, and the James Croll in Context 50 question is entertained whether geological dates may be obtained, by reference to the combined effect of astronomical and geographical causes”—with the latter dominant.27 Theory Emergence, Eclipse, and Reemergence	cache/hom-57.pdf	txt/hom-57.txt