hom: A Pathfinder

This is a computer-generated pathfinder created against the Distant Reader study called hom.

Each Distant Reader study carrel is composed of many individual items. Each item is bibliographically described with author, title, date, summary, and keyword values. Below is a list of the items' most signficant keywords as well as lists of the items themselves. Purpusing the content of this pathfinder provides the student, researcher, or scholar with one way to get their heads around the scope of the carrel. The keywords include:

History; Weather; Climate; Science; Meteorological; Data; Der; Work; Von; Niño; Day; Box; Electricity

Depending on how this pathfinder was created, many of the bibliographic sections will include elaborations on the meaning(s) of the given keywords. These elaborations were generated by feeding the items' summaries to a large langauge model and asking the model to address the question, "What is X?", where "X" is the keyword. The result will be a few sentences of elaboration. Be forewarned. The elaborations are often plausible, but they should not be take as truth. Instead, they should be taken as points for consideration.

• A Question of Scale: Making Meteorological Knowledge and Nation in Imperial Asia by Williamson, Fiona; Janković, Vladimir (2020) - They build from the paradigm that mastering the means of understanding and—significantly—making use of the weather in Asia involved working with manifold modes of meteorological knowledge drawn from multiple origins. Understanding and putting to use the knowledge of newly- discovered weather patterns, unfamiliar seasonal changes, extremes of heat, winds, rains, unusual ocean currents and tides, convective storms, and non-routine events such as hurricanes and droughts—not to mention the medical conditions associated with the physiological and epidemiological qualities of non-European atmospheres—called for institutional means of information monitoring and delivery.8 Institutional initiatives geared towards investment and organization of meteorological knowledge in non-European geographies thus became the norm among colonial governments and were made available to colonial promoters, traders, prospectors, botanists, and physicians. Keywords: british; century; climate; colonial; history; information; knowledge; meteorological; meteorology; press; research; science; university; weather
• Constructing a Red Meteorological Network: The Production and Utilization of Meteorological Knowledge in Yan'an During WWII by Bo, Erchen (2025) - Represented by Major Charles R. Dole, U.S. meteorological officers stationed in Yan’an insisted that weather intelligence also be transmitted to Yan’an. In this case, U.S. meteorological expertise played a dual role. Keywords: china; communist; cpc; group; history; intelligence; knowledge; meteorological; meteorology; military; mission; network; observation; science; stations; u.s; war; weather; yan’an
• Scientific Textualizations of Tropical Cyclones in the Philippines: The Scientific Activities of the Observatorio Meteorológico de Manila (OMM) and Philippine Weather Bureau (PWB), 1860s-1940s by Alvarez, Kerby C. (2025) - 112 Federico Faura and José Algué, La meteorológía en la exposición Columbina de Chicago (1893): Memoria escrita (Barcelona: Imprenta de Henrich y Compañia en Comandita, 1894), p. 115; Saderra Masó, Historia de Observatorio de Manila, 30. 113 Saderra Masó, Historia de Observatorio de Manila, 30. The exhibit was composed of three sections: 114 Saderra Masó, Historia de Observatorio de Manila, 61; Faura, El barómetro aneroide aplicado a la previsión del tiempo en el Archipiélago filipino, 2 115 Saderra Masó, Historia de Observatorio de Manila, 97-98. Keywords: algué; anduaga; china; colonial; cyclones; de manila; government; history; hong; jesuits; kong; manila; masó; meteorological; meteorology; observatory; omm; pacific; philippines; pwb; research; saderra; science; studies; typhoons; weather; work
• Archives, Libraries and Bibliography in the History of Meteorology Prior to 1900 by Goodman, Roy E. (2004) - Beiträge zur Geschichte der Meteorologie, 3 v. Veroffentlichungen des Koniglich Preussischen Meteorologischen Instituts, Nr. 273, 296, 315. Microsoft Word - 12goodman.doc Proceedings of the International Commission on History of Meteorology 1.1 (2004) 12. Keywords: berlin; der; des; die; history; meteorological; meteorology; research; und
• Climate and its Impact on the Biological Standard of Living in North-East, Centre-West and South Europe during the Last 2000 Years by Koepke, Nikola; Baten, Joerg (2005) - Height series Mean height has often been used as an indicator for the quality of nutrition. Anthropometric historians found that environmental circumstances during growth have the most important impact on variation in mean height. Keywords: centuries; century; climate; europe; height; history; period; population; temperature
• The Danube Floods and their Human Response and Perception (14th to 17th C) by Rohr, Christian (2005) - I could find records even on major floods, which have not yet been documented through annals, chronicles or other administrative sources. Like in Wels, timber was extremely rare in the time of major floods. Keywords: accounts; august; austria; bridge; century; danube; der; die; flood; history; june; management; people; ravages; river; rohr; sources; und; vienna; water; wels
• Historical-Climatological Information from the Time of the Byzantine Empire (4th-15th Centuries AD) by Telelis, Ioannis G. (2005) - Geographical distribution of all meteorological text passages from Byzantine documentary sources (AD 300- 1500). In any case, further research might be carried out for the enrichment of the existing database by the investigation of unexploited genres of Byzantine documentary sources. Keywords: climate; data; documentary; history; information; mediterranean; paleoclimatic; sources
• Diversity in the Global Reconstruction and Representation of Weather and Climate: East, South, West, North: Introduction to the Special Section by McNally III, Louis K.; Rohr, Christian (2005) - Introduction 38 We encourage historians to realize the importance of any archive as a potential weather record, and suggest that they work together with climate researchers, using and refining the methodologies outlined herein, to bring this new interdisciplinary insight to the community at large. The Commission hopes that symposia like these will develop into a primary source for dissemination of research results for climate scientists who use historical data as their source for study, and for historians who look to extract climatological information from as-yet unused sources. Keywords: centuries; climate; data; history; weather
• Constructing the Monsoon: Colonial Meteorological Cartography, 1844–1944 by Cullen, Beth; Geros, Christina Leigh (2020) - The sheer quantity of data at Walker’s disposal gave multiple dimensions to “empirical methods”; yet, he writes that graphic representations “are open to some objection”, particularly when “the disturbing factors are numerous or the connection sought is slight”, as the graphs may be interpreted differently by each observer.108 Walker did recognize that the “purely graphic” methods used in the discovery of the isobaric “see-saw” between Argentina and India or Australia had “produced the first map showing the distribution of the world-wide surge”.109 However, referencing a similar study by Bigelow that had included a more complex set of values, Walker continued to point to graphic failings stating that the work had been “lessened by excessive and rather arbitrary smoothing” of data.110 Subsequently, when assessing scientific methods applied to studies of the Indian monsoon and forecasting models, he stressed the importance of “not mere visual impressions from plotted curves”, but statistically-proven relationships.111 With the Empire’s social and economic health dependent on monsoon rainfall and facing the same challenge as his predecessors, Walker chartered a new territory for monsoon forecasting based on “twenty-eight factors” which he used to “systematically examine” interrelations between the Indian monsoon and global circulation patterns.112 For Walker, thirty years of weather data and comparative numerical analysis revealed clues about global meteorological affairs through tables and line graphs rather than cartographic depictions. This is not to deny the material reality of monsoon winds and rains, but to acknowledge that “the monsoon” is also, in part, a social construction, produced through human ideas, terminology, modes of measurement, and representation. Keywords: air; atmospheric; blanford; british; charts; data; department; eliot; fig; forecasting; history; ibid; india; maury; meteorological; meteorology; monsoon; new; ocean; science; walker; weather; winds
• The Coriolis Effect: Four centuries of conflict between common sense and mathematics, Part I: A history to 1885 by Persson, Anders (2005) - Soc. 77 (1996): 557- 59; A.A. Klebba and H. Stommel, “A simple demonstration of Coriolis force,” Amer. The plans were abandoned when it was realized that the rotation necessary to create an artificial gravity close to 9.81 m/s2 would create Coriolis forces thousand of times stronger than on earth. Keywords: acceleration; amer; body; coriolis; coriolis effect; coriolis force; deflection; der; des; earth; effect; ferrel; fig; force; hadley; history; meteorology; motion; phys; rotation; sur
• Introduction, Call for Papers, and Style Guide by Fleming, James R. (2005) - East, South, West, North Selected Papers from the ICHM Symposium at the International Congress of History of Science, Beijing, China, July 2005 edited by Louis K. McNally III and Christian Rohr History of Meteorology is the peer-reviewed journal of the ICHM © ICHM 2005 ISSN 1555-5763 Proceedings of the International Commission on History of Meteorology ii Contents pages Introduction, Call for Papers, and Style Guide i-v Anders Persson (Sweden), The Coriolis Effect: Four centuries of conflict between common sense and mathematics, Part I: A history to 1885 1-24 Youngsin Chun and Sang-woon Jeon, (Republic of Korea), Chugugi, Supyo, and Punggi: Meteorological instruments of the 15 th century in Korea 25-36 Special Section: Diversity in the Global Reconstruction and Representation of Weather and Climate: East, South, West, North Selected Papers from the ICHM Symposium at the International Congress of History of Science, Beijing, China, July 2005 Edited by Louis K. McNally III and Christian Rohr Symposium Editors’ Introduction 37-40 Ioannis Telelis (Greece), Historical-Climatological Information from the Time of the Byzantine Empire (4th-15th Centuries AD) 41-50 Adriaan M.J. de Kraker (The Netherlands), Reconstruction of Storm Frequency in the North Sea Area during the Pre-industrial Period, 1400 to 1700 and the Connection with Reconstructed Time Series of Temperatures 51-69 Christian Rohr (Austria), The Danube Floods and their Human Response and Perception (14th to 17th C) 71-86 Jian Liu (China), Hans von Storch (Germany), Eduardo Zorita (Germany), Xing Chen (China), and Sumin Wang (China), “Simulated and Reconstructed Temperature in China since 1550 AD 87-104 Louis K. McNally III (USA), Reconstruction of Late-18th Century Upper-air Circulation Using Forensic Synoptic Analysis” 105-122 Cornelia Lüdecke (Germany), East Meets West: Meteorological interests of the Moravians in Greenland and Labrador since the 18th century 123-132 Dennis Wheeler (UK), British Naval Logbooks from the Late Seventeenth Century: New climatic information from old sources 133-145 Nikola Koepke and Joerg Baten (Germany), Climate and Its Impact on the Biological Standard of Living in Northeast, Centre-west, and South Europe during the last 2000 Years 147-159 History of Meteorology 2 (2005) iii Introduction The second volume of History of Meteorology comes with a name change and incorporates the first issue, published in 2004 under the more pedestrian title, Proceedings of the ICHM. Keywords: china; history; ichm; meteorology; papers
• Introduction, Call for Papers, and Style Guide by Randalls, Samuel (2009) - Offering opportunities for original full length research papers, short communications, bibliographic resources and historical reprints, History of Meteorology provides an open access space for the dissemination of a wide variety of material. 0frontmatterfin History of Meteorology volume 5, 2009 Samuel Randalls Guest Editor James Rodger Fleming Editor-in-Chief History of Meteorology is the peer-reviewed journal of the ICHM © ICHM 2009 ISSN 1555-5763 Proceedings of the International Commission on History of Meteorology Introduction, Call for Papers, and Style Guide ii Keywords: history; introduction; meteorology; papers
• Climate Change, Forest Conservation and Science: A Case Study of New Zealand, 1860s-1920 by Beattie, James (2009) - Reinforced by growing ecological ideas that favoured preservation of indigenous nature as central to national identity, lobbyists for New Zealand state conservation also followed US models and precedents in arguing for the hydrological impact of forests. This aligned with experience elsewhere, most notably in Australia.91 New Zealand scientists relied on US examples of soil erosion science, as well as ecological and aesthetic arguments tailored to images of New Zealand’s growing national identity: these influences, added to the background of a new generation of scientists with a strong grounding in soil sciences and ecology, contributed to the shift away from climatic arguments. Keywords: arguments; beattie; century; change; climate; conservation; deforestation; forest; forest conservation; forestry; government; history; island; meteorology; new zealand; nineteenth; nzpd; press; rainfall; science; state; timber; university; walker
• Bibliography of Recent Literature in the History of Meteorology: Twenty Six Years, 1983-2008 by Vogel, Brant (2009) - The Weather Companion: An Album of Meteorological History, Science, Leg- end, and Folklore. Kenworthy, Joan M. Air, Earth, and Skies-- and Man's Unconquerable Mind: Relationships be- tween the Royal Meteorological Society and the Royal Geographical Society, Occasional Papers on Meteorological History. Keywords: administration; air; alfred; algorismus; american; atmospheric; australia; ban; beijing; berlin; bernhardt; bian; bibliography; bis; boston; britain; bureau; börngen; cambridge; canada; center; century; change; chicago; chiho; china; chu; climate; climatic; climatology; commission; cornelia; das; data; david; del; dept; der; des; deutschen; die; early; earth; encyclopedia; england; environmental; events; fang; fleming; france; garland; geschichte; good; gregory; hans; heinz; historical; history; hui; information; instruments; international; jahre; james; jean; john; journal; karl; kishodai; leipzig; les; library; literature; london; lüdecke; mark; material; melbourne; meteorological; meteorologischen; meteorology; michael; modern; national; natural; new; new york; observations; offenbach; paris; paul; people; peter; phenomena; physical; press; princeton; province; recording; records; research; review; richard; robert; rodger; royal; schröder; science; science history; scientific; service; sheng; shi; society; south; states; studies; technology; thomas; u.s; und; united; university; vogel; vols; von; war; washington; weather; wei; william; world; xiang; years; york; yuan; zhi; zhongguo; zuan; zum; zur
• The International Bibliography of Meteorology: Revisiting a nineteenth-century classic by Fleming, James R. (2009) - TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM A. General B. Observations, instruments, and methods C. Variation D. Distribution E. Connection with meteorology V. OBSERVATIONS (METEOROLOGICAL AND MAGNETIC) Arranged geographically 25 This table is a composite of the classification scheme published in Abbe and Sawyer, “Signal Office Bibliography,” 26-27 and that appearing in the Bibliography of Meteorology. From 1870 to 1891 the Signal Office served as the nation's weather service, providing “telegrams and reports for the benefit of commerce and agriculture,” collecting weather data from across the country, and issuing indications and probabilities to the general public. Keywords: abbe; bibliography; catalog; general; history; library; meteorological; meteorology; myer; national; office; service; signal; weather
• Introduction, Call for Papers, and Style Guide by Fleming, James R. (2014) - James Rodger Fleming China, Maine History of Meteorology 6 (2014) v History of Meteorology CALL FOR PAPERS Articles on the history of meteorology and related sciences are now being accepted on a rolling basis for consideration in History of Meteorology; so too are proposals to edit special issues. HOM6_00frontmatter-1 History of Meteorology volume 6, 2014 Ruth A. Morgan Guest Editor James Rodger Fleming Editor-in-Chief History of Meteorology is the peer-reviewed journal of the ICHM © ICHM 2014 ISSN 1555-5763 Proceedings of the International Commission on History of Meteorology History of Meteorology 6 (2014) Keywords: century; history; meteorology
• Building Networks of Knowledge Exchange in Agricultural Meteorology: The Agro-Meteorological Service in French Indochina by Parolini, Giuditta (2020) - History of Meteorology 9 (2020) 10 on reports and initiatives was inadequate to allow members based outside of Europe to provide their opinion by correspondence.35 The coexistence of scientific knowledge on agricultural meteorology and ecology was always coupled with attention to the economic value of this knowledge in the agro- meteorological service that Carton set up in French Indochina. As part of this effort, agricultural services and botanical research were among the first sectors to be reorganised after the conflict. Keywords: agricultural; agro; carton; colonial; commission; crops; ecology; french; history; imo commission; indochina; international; knowledge; members; meteorological; meteorology; service; stations; tropical; weather; work
• Invisible Atmospheric Knowledges in British Insurance Companies, 1830-1914 by Kneale, James; Randalls, Samuel (2014) - Any alterations to the status of a tornado could re-open questions of what payments should have been made or could be made under future contracts.9 Much of the time, we argue that insurers did create some kinds of experiential, insurantial expertise about weather and climate risks, but this was rarely formulated within formal meteorological scientific circles or even as a fully actuarial science. History  of  Meteorology  6  (2014)    51   actuarial calculation when it came to weather and climate risks, but they did draw on a wide array of statistics and expertise as inputs to decision-making about pricing contracts, even if in the end they tended to use existing mortality figures as proxies for risk, and their broader experience of risky environments and situations counted far more than actuarial expertise did, just as was the case for Geoffrey Clark’s eighteenth-century firms. Keywords: assurance; british; climate; company; data; expertise; farmers; general; hail; history; insurance; life; medical; meteorology; mortality; rates; risk; society; statistics; weather
• The Dilemma of Reticence: Helmut Landsberg, Stephen Schneider, and public communication of climate risk, 1971-1976 by Henderson, Gabriel (2014) - 8 On the other hand, Philip Ball, a freelance science writer, argued in Nature that reticence among climate scientists appears to have grown “out of fashion.” According to Naomi Oreskes, Keynyn Brysse, Jessica O’Reilly and Michael Oppenheimer, climate scientists have traditionally privileged what it deems to be cautious claims in order to avoid or reduce suspicions that they are acting as anything other than professional scientists – what they call “erring on the side of least drama” (ESLD). Keywords: atmospheric; change; climate; climate change; climatology; environmental; future; history; human; landsberg; public; research; reticence; schneider; science; scientists; society; university; weather; world
• The IPCC and the Geographies of Credibility by Mahony, Martin (2014) - She also notes that scientific controversies have not driven or featured in Brazilian debates about climate science and politics thus far. Cosmopolitan Knowledge: Climate science and global civic epistemology. Keywords: assessment; change; climate; climate change; credibility; geographies; history; india; ipcc; knowledge; policy; politics; press; process; report; review; science; social; university
• Introduction, Call for Papers, and Style Guide by Ellingsen, Gunnar; Vollset, Magnus (2015) - Postwar climate research in Norway, 1947-1961 Vladimir Janković (UK) 98-111 Working with Weather: Atmospheric Resources, Climate Variability and the Rise of Industrial Meteorology, 1950 – 2010 History of Meteorology (7) 2015 iv Climate in meteorology, meteorology in climate studies Today, the term “climate” is associated with global warming and efforts to reduce man-made climate change, but the term can also be used to describe the meteorological characteristics of a place, average weather and lived experiences. Climate used to be something humans were exposed to, today climate is also exposed to humanity. Keywords: climate; history; meteorology; norway; weather
• Weather and Climate as Shape-Shifting Nouns: Gordian Knots of Understanding and Prevision by Fleming, James R. (2015) - It adds a temporal dimension to the science and philosophy of weather prediction and climate change and the ways we think about the interrelationships of weather and climate. As Mike Hulme has written recently, “Like all powerful ideas, climate change can be deceptively simple to define and yet subject to a multiplicity of cultural meanings and technical interpretations.” Keywords: atmosphere; bjerknes; change; climate; history; meteorological; meteorology; new; prediction; rossby; science; scientists; theory; time; weather; wexler
• The Weather Watchers: Amateur Climatologists and Environmental Consciousness, 1810-20 by Munger, Sean (2015) - Although the competence and usefulness of weather watchers to meteorology as a whole was hotly debated in the period, for example in Britain’s Royal Society, 5 for purposes of my analysis the activity of weather observation and recording is significant because those who did it believed they were doing something useful or even revolutionary for science, 6 whether or not contemporaries or historians agreed with them. What I term weather watchers are people defined largely by what they did—observe and record the weather for a significant period of time and in some systematic fashion, however imperfectly—and not by the status they held or how they were viewed by others. Keywords: climate; cold; data; decade; history; howard; jefferson; mackenzie; meteorology; observations; watchers; weather; weather watchers; year
• ‘Seven Lean Years, Seven Fat Years’: Climate Theory in Australia, 1820–1830 by Fenby, Claire (2015) - Serious droughts were experienced in coastal New South Wales from 1790–1792, in 1798–1799, from 1802–1803, 1809–1815, 1824 and 1826–1829, with settlers experiencing widespread crop failures, livestock death and water shortages. 03 Fenby - Seven Lean Years History of Meteorology 7 (2015) 25 ‘Seven Lean Years, Seven Fat Years’: Climate Theory in Australia, 1820–1830 Claire Fenby claire.fenby@alumni.unimelb.edu.au Independent Scholar In the 1820s and 1830s, British settlers in Australia relied on folk theories, memories and patchy weather data to understand the past and future climate of their new settlements.1 A lengthy drought in New South Wales from 1826–1829 buoyed belief in a folk climate theory called ‘the septennial theory’ – the idea that south-eastern Australian climate was dominated by drought periods of seven years in length, followed by a seven-year period of good rainfall – and challenged the way British settlers had understood Australian weather and climate during the preceding 40 years of colonization. Keywords: australia; british; climate; drought; history; new; septennial; south; south wales; sydney; theory; wales; weather; years
• On climates and disciplines in Norway in the 1870s by Ellingsen, Gunnar (2015) - 19 Kierulf was a friend of the Blytt family and had had a significant influence on the young Axel Blytt. 25 Letter from Johan E. Zetterstedt to Axel Blytt 02.01.1877. Keywords: axel; blytt; climate; flora; history; knowledge; meteorology; mohn; norway; norwegian; plants; theory; university; weather
• Whither Climatology? Brückner’s Climate Oscillations, Data Debates, and Dynamic Climatology by Lehmann, Philipp N. (2015) - Among many others, Svante Arrhenius discussed the findings; and more than half a century later, Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie used Brückner’s data collection as important material for his own work in climate history. 5 In his 1890 book, he then brought the full collection of his evidence to bear: he discussed reports and theories of climatic changes around the world, appended historical information on the frequency of cold winters and ice conditions on bodies of water, and correlated meteorological information with changes in agricultural production and the incidence of typhus. Keywords: approaches; bjerknes; brückner; century; changes; climate; climatology; data; der; die; evidence; field; hann; history; information; meteorology; new; oscillations; press; science; study; und; university; von; weather; work
• Geographers, Stats-men and Sages: Approaches to Climatology in Britain post-1945 by Hall, Alexander (2015) - Both founded university departments dedicated 41 G. Endfield et al., “Gordon Valentine Manley and his contribution to the study of climate change: a review of his life and work,” WIREs Climate Change (2015): 2 42 Walker 2012, 403 43 J. Martin-Nielson, “Ways of knowing climate: Hubert H. Lamb and climate research in the UK,” WIREs Climate Change (2015): 2. 44 TNA: This paper shows that despite their disparate approaches, rather than thinking of the ‘geographer, the stats-men, and sages’ of my title as three distinct spheres, these practitioners did not act in isolation, and their approaches to climate study interacted with and influenced each other. Keywords: amateur; century; change; climate; climatology; history; lamb; london; manley; meteorology; research; war; weather
• Asking too much? Postwar climate research in Norway, 1947-1961 by Vollset, Magnus (2015) - To Høiland, climate research was merely statistical tinkering, a science of the past using methods of the past. Climate research still consisted of organizing the records of the past and providing statistics for one and one place only. Keywords: birkeland; change; climate; climatology; forecasting; hesselberg; history; høiland; institute; meteorological; meteorologists; meteorology; norway; oslo; research; science; section; time; variations; vol; weather; year
• Working with Weather: Atmospheric Resources, Climate Variability and the Rise of Industrial Meteorology, 1950 – 2010 by Janković, Vladimir (2015) - 2 Since the 1980s in particular, there has been an unprecedented growth in the production of weather information designed to hedge against socio-economic losses caused by stochastic weather events or improve operations across industrial and service sectors sensitive to weather variations. 5 The rise in the production of weather and climate information over the past fifty years stands in contrast to the situation before the 1960s, when, outside agriculture, shipping and aviation, industries usually did not possess mechanisms for a systematic uptake and use of weather information in their operations and risk management procedures. Keywords: climate; climatology; environmental; events; history; impact; information; losses; meteorology; national; products; research; science; services; society; university; weather; weather information; world
• Experience of the New World and Aristotelian Revisions of the Earth’s Climates during the Renaissance by Martin, Craig (2006) - This discovery demonstrated the unsound nature of Aristotle’s view that there exists an uninhabitable “torrid zone” in the area between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer. In fact, during the first decades of the sixteenth century, commentators on Aristotle, such as Pietro Pomponazzi and Agostino Nifo, were informed, through sailors’ reports, of travels in southern regions and, as a result, questioned the existence of a torrid zone. Keywords: aristotelian; aristotle; augustine; authority; cambridge; century; discovery; dubitatio; earth; ego; esse; est; evidence; experience; history; meteorology; nature; new; nifo; non; philosophy; pomponazzi; press; quod; renaissance; science; torrid; university; world; zones
• The Smithsonian Meteorological Project and Hokkaido, Japan by Takarabe, Kae (2020) - 12 Albert E. Moyer, Joseph Henry: The Rise of an American Scientist (Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997), 249–50. The Papers of Joseph Henry, Vol. 8 (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998), 417–18. Keywords: american; henry; history; hokkaido; institution; japan; japanese; joseph; joseph henry; kaitakushi; library; lyman; meteorological; meteorology; observations; science; smithsonian; smithsonian institution; system; university; washington; wheeler
• Introduction, Call for Papers, and Style Guide by Fleming, James R. (2006) - James R. Fleming, Washington, DC. History of Meteorology 3 (2006) iii History of Meteorology CALL FOR PAPERS Papers on the history of meteorology, climatology, and related sciences are now being accepted for consideration in History of Meteorology 4 (2007). Microsoft Word - 00frontmatter copy.doc History of Meteorology volume 3, 2006 James Rodger Fleming, Editor-in-Chief History of Meteorology is the peer-reviewed journal of the ICHM © ICHM 2006 ISSN 1555-5763 Proceedings of the International Commission on History of Meteorology History of Meteorology 3 (2006) ii Contents pages Introduction, Call for Papers, and Style Guide ii-iv Craig Martin (USA), Experience of the New World and Aristotelian Revisions of the Earth’s Climates during the Renaissance 1-15 Anders Persson (Sweden), Hadley’s Principle: Understanding and Misunderstanding the Trade Winds 17-42 James Rodger Fleming (USA), James Croll in Context: The Encounter between Climate Dynamics and Geology in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century 43-53 Robert M. White (USA), The Making of NOAA, 1963-2005 55-63 Book Launch, The Callendar Effect (2007) and Intimate Universality (2006) Keywords: fleming; history; james; meteorology
• Introduction, Call for Papers and Style Guide by Fleming, James R. (2008) - Microsoft Word - 0frontmatter.doc History of Meteorology volume 4, 2008 James Rodger Fleming Editor-in-Chief History of Meteorology is the peer-reviewed journal of the ICHM © ICHM 2008 ISSN 1555-5763 Proceedings of the International Commission on History of Meteorology Introduction, Call for Papers, and Style Guide ii Weather, climate and the contest for Antarctic sovereignty, 1939-1959 27-40 Matthias Dörries (France), The ‘Winter’ Analogy Fallacy: From superbombs to supervolcanoes 41-56 Vladimir K. Zworykin, Outline of Weather Proposal, 1945 (with historical introduction by James Fleming) 57-78 Introduction, Call for Papers, and Style Guide iv Introduction The fourth volume of History of Meteorology includes three articles by historians from three continents and a 1945 reprint from the archives about the possible use of computers in weather control. Keywords: history; meteorology; papers; weather
• El Niño, Irrigation Dams and Stopbanks: Examining the repercussions of the 1876-78 El Niño in Australia and New Zealand by Garden, Don (2008) - Australian ecosystems, for example, have evolved over millennia to survive aridity and El Niño droughts. The response to El Niño droughts in Australia then and in the twentieth century, it might be said, was encapsulated in the construction of irrigation dams. Keywords: australia; average; clutha; drought; effects; el niño; good; history; meteorology; new; new zealand; rainfall; river; south; southern; water; weather; years; zealand
• Political Meteorology: Weather, climate and the contest for Antarctic sovereignty, 1939-1959 by Howkins, Adrian (2008) - In 1959, the twelve countries that participated in IGY Antarctic research signed the Antarctic Treaty. 1: Sketch Map to show sovereignty claims in Antarctic Peninsula region. Keywords: antarctic; british; continent; falkland; history; igy; islands; meteorological; meteorology; peninsula; research; south; sovereignty; weather
• Preface, Call for Papers and Style Guide by Fleming, James R. (2017) - Front cover Relocating Meteorology Edited by Martin Mahony & Angelo Matteo Caglioti History of Meteorology vol. 8, 2017 James R. Fleming, Editor-in-Chief History of Meteorology Volume 8, 2017 Martin Mahony and Angelo Matteo Caglioti Guest Editors James Rodger Fleming Editor-in-Chief History of Meteorology is the peer-reviewed journal of the ICHM. Relocating Meteorology 1-14 Martin Mahony & Angelo Matteo Caglioti Unsettling Gilded-Age Science: Vernacular Climatology and 15-34 Meteorology in the “Middle Border” Joseph Giacomelli “The Ozone of Patriotism”: Meteorology, Electricity, and the 35-53 Body in the Nineteenth-Century Yellowstone Region Kelsey Matson Redeeming Belgian Science: Periodic Phenomena and Global 54-73 Physics in Brussels, 1825-1853 Kevin Donnelly Theories of “Reprecipitation” and Climate Change in the 74-94 Settler Colonial World Meredith McKittrick Colonizing the Free Atmosphere: Wladimir Köppen’s ‘Aerology’, 95-123 the German Maritime Observatory, and the Emergence of a Trans-Imperial Network of Weather Balloons and Kites, 1873-1906 Robert-Jan Wille Meteorology as Nationalism on the German Atlantic Expedition, 124-144 1925-1927 Penelope K. Hardy Losing the Field: Franz Thorbecke and (Post-)Colonial 145-158 Climatology in Germany Philipp Lehmann Asian Extremes: Experience, Exchange and Meteorological 159-178 Knowledge in Hong Kong and Singapore c.1840-1939 Fiona Williamson and Clive Wilkinson History of Meteorology 8 (2017) ! ! Keywords: fleming; history; meteorology; paper; work
• Relocating meteorology by Mahony, Martin; Caglioti, Angelo Matteo (2017) - Climatic Change, 113(1), 69–89. History of Meteorology 8 (2017)     6 The project of ‘relocating meteorology’ entails also placing European meteorology in a broader, international, imperial, and global context. There has been an emergent interest in the history of exploration of glaciers, poles, and mountains like the Alps in histories of European meteorology, but large parts of Europe itself remain overlooked, such as southern and eastern Europe. Keywords: atmospheric; climate; climatology; colonial; field; history; knowledge; meteorology; new; press; production; science; university; weather; work
• Unsettling Gilded-Age Science: Vernacular Climatology and Meteorology in the “Middle Border” by Giacomelli, Joseph (2017) - Hinrichs also issued seemingly conflicting statements about human-induced climate change and about the role of statistical uncertainty in climate science.15 Aside from occasional credits for coining the term “derecho” (a large, straight-line windstorm), he has received little attention from historians of climatology and meteorology.16 A mercurial and paradoxical figure, Hinrichs offers a glimpse into contentious Gilded-Age debates over who qualified as legitimate creators of climatic and meteorological knowledge. Keywords: age; american; climate; data; hinrichs; history; iowa; kansas; knowledge; meteorology; rainfall; report; science; scientific; service; snow; state; state weather; university; weather; weather service; work
• “The Ozone of Patriotism”: Meteorology, Electricity, and the Body in the Nineteenth-Century Yellowstone Region by Matson, Kelsey (2017) - Finally, it relocates meteorology within the emplaced and material human body by examining qualitative accounts of bodily encounters with atmospheric electricity published in scientific and technical journals.2 Especially in the study of meteorology and atmospheric electricity, the body served as a remarkably sensitive and useful tool. Keywords: american; body; century; electrical; electricity; gannett; hayden; history; human; lightning; medical; meteorology; mountain; nature; new; nineteenth; ozone; press; science; university; west; yellowstone
• Introduction by Fleming, James R. (2004) - The paper by Cornelia Luedecke, The First International Polar Year (1882-83): A big science experiment with small science equipment, examines the meteorological experiments conducted during the first International Polar Year to monitor arctic weather with a dense network of basic instruments. The author concludes that measurements taken during the first big international meteorological experiment provided a valuable data set for half a century until the second International Polar Year took place in 1932-33. Keywords: history; international; meteorology; paper; research; science; usa; weather
• Redeeming Belgian Science: Periodic Phenomena and Global Physics in Brussels, 1825-1870 by Donnelly, Kevin (2017) - Microsoft Word - 3) Donnelly .docx History of Meteorology 8 (2017)   54 Redeeming Belgian Science: Periodic Phenomena and Global Physics in Brussels, 1825-1870 Kevin Donnelly kevin.donnelly@alvernia.edu Alvernia University Introduction: a nation at the margins of science In 1864, at the age of 68, the renowned Belgian astronomer, statistician, and all-around savant Adolphe Quetelet published a strange compendium on two topics which might seem to have little relation to one another: a history of Belgian science and a survey of what Quetelet called “periodic phenomena,” a wide-ranging survey of natural and meteorological data that he had been collecting for over three decades. For the best account of Quetelet’s efforts, see A. Collard, “Le Centenaire de la Création de l'Observatoire Royale de Bruxelles,” Ciel et terre 42 (1926): 209-23 and M. A. Demoulin, “Adolphe Quetelet, Fondateur de l'Observatoire Royale de Belgique,” Bulletin Astronomique de l'Observatoire Royale de Belgique 2 (1935), 1-3. Keywords: astronomy; belgian; brussels; climate; conference; data; des; history; meteorology; observatory; phenomena; physics; quetelet; royale; science; statistics; work
• Theories of “Reprecipitation” and Climate Change in the Settler Colonial World by McKittrick, Meredith (2017) - An examination of the earth shows that a good deal of water falls on the land at some distance from the oceans, leading up to the obvious conclusion that a current of air is picking up water vapor and precipitation water all the time as it passes over a continent. Surface water had drained away to the sea and initiated a cycle of progressive desiccation – a cycle some said could be reversed. Keywords: africa; arid; australia; brückner; century; climate; cycle; evaporation; gessert; history; ideas; land; meteorology; murray; new; precipitation; rainfall; schwarz; south; university; water
• Colonizing the Free Atmosphere: Wladimir Köppen’s ‘Aerology’, the German Maritime Observatory, and the Emergence of a Trans-Imperial Network of Weather Balloons and Kites, 1873-1906 by Wille, Robert-Jan (2017) - It was a golden age for German aerology: in the years that Bismarckian Realpolitik gave way to Wilhelmian Weltpolitik, partly thanks to Köppen German aerology became even transcontinental, resulting in a global scramble for the ‘free atmosphere’. It was a crucial year in German meteorology, because the second International Meteorological Conference in Rome produced a formalized organization, in which Neumayer took over from Bruhns the position of member in the International Committee, moving meteorological leadership from Leipzig to Hamburg. Keywords: aerology; atmosphere; balloons; berlin; century; data; der; die; empire; field; german; history; imperial; international; kite; köppen; maritime; meteorological; meteorologists; meteorology; new; press; role; russian; science; scientists; seewarte; state; und; university; von; weather; wegener; wladimir; wladimir köppen; world
• Meteorology as Nationalism on the German Atlantic Expedition, 1925-1927 by Hardy, Penelope K. (2017) - Sabine Höhler has argued the gathering of oceanographic and sounding data—and their publication by German scientists in charts of the ocean’s basin which were labelled as products of German science—constituted a symbolic claiming of territory.81 If Germans could no longer claim colonies ashore, they could, in the act of mapping, claim the bottom of the ocean. The Meteor expedition’s outcome thus represent a co-production of scientific knowledge of the ocean and the atmosphere and of a data-based German power over them, a metaphorical seizure of territory that would position German scientists as inheritors of a tradition of expeditionary science and place Germany back amongst the Great Powers scientifically. Keywords: atlantic; atlantische; atlantische expedition; depth; der; deutsche; expedition; german; history; merz; meteor; meteor expedition; meteorology; naval; navy; new; ocean; science; scientists; sea; ship; spiess; war; water; work
• Losing the Field: Franz Thorbecke and (Post-)Colonial Climatology in Germany by Lehmann, Philipp (2017) - Thorbecke’s field Franz Thorbecke was born in Heidelberg in 1875.7 He studied natural sciences at Göttingen, before transferring to the University of Heidelberg to work with Alfred Hettner, one of the foremost geographers of his time who was serving as the editor of the renowned Geographische Zeitschrift.8 After the completion of his studies, Thorbecke worked as an editorial assistant at Hettner’s journal and, in 1905, he took on a teaching position at a girls’ secondary school in Mannheim. Franz Thorbecke and (Post-)Colonial Climatology in Germany Philipp Lehmann lehmann@ucr.edu University of California, Riverside In the introduction to an edited volume on the “Morphology of Climate Zones” from 1927, the German geographer and former expedition leader Franz Thorbecke (1875-1945) described the goal of the collection of essays as follows: The contributors have agreed to refrain from providing a systematic edifice of their respective climate types on a general level; they do not strive for completeness across the entire surface of the earth; rather everyone will report primarily about their own observations and draw conclusions from them.1 Keywords: cameroon; climate; climatology; colonial; der; expedition; field; franz; franz thorbecke; geography; german; history; meteorology; thorbecke; und; von; work
• Asian Extremes: Experience, Exchange and Meteorological Knowledge in Hong Kong and Singapore c.1840-1939 by Williamson, Fiona; Wilkinson, Clive (2017) - 11 See P. Kevin MacKeown, Early China Coast Meteorology: The Role of Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2011); Wai Man-Kui, ‘The Early Tropical Cyclone Warning Systems in Hong Kong, 1841- 1899’, Hong Kong Meteorological Society Bulletin»14:1:2 (2004): 49-81; Pui-yin Ho, Weathering the Storm: Hong Kong Observatory and Social Development (Hong Kong University Press, 2003). During his first few months in Hong Kong, Doberck (usually at the insistence of the Colonial Secretary) was to highlight the absolute necessity of expanding the range and diversity of meteorological observations and registering stations, a mission that was to consume a large part of his time at Hong Kong Observatory. Keywords: british; century; china; colonial; doberck; east; government; history; hong; hong kong; manila; meteorological; meteorology; observations; observatory; press; science; singapore; stations; storms; typhoon; university; weather
• Assembling the Weather: Expertise, Authority and the Negotiation of trans-Tasman Aviation Forecasts by Henry, Matthew (2017) - The 3 Ross Ewing and Ross MacPherson, The History of New Zealand Aviation, (Heinemann, 1986); Maurice McGreal, A History of Civil Aviation in New Zealand (David Bateman, 2003). 39 New Zealand Meteorological Service, 'Conference of Representatives of the Commonwealth and New Zealand Governments, (12 December, 1939), Archives New Zealand / Keywords: auckland; australia; authority; aviation; expertise; forecasting; history; larson; meteorological; meteorologists; meteorology; networks; new zealand; pilots; relationships; science; sea; tasman; trans; weather
• Scientific forecasting? Performing objectivity at the UK’s Meteorological Office, 1960s-1970s by Martin-Nielsen, Janet (2017) - Still, in the following years, from 1961 to 1965, numerical methods were gradually integrated into daily operations and Meteorological Office scientists began to warm up to the technology: in late 1961, researchers described the 24-hour numerical forecasts as “encouraging”, and by early 1965 the Meteorological Research Committee reported that the Meteorological Office’s scientific staff had developed and run trials demonstrating “not only that the mathematical forecast charts were superior to those produced by mind and hand, but also that the process could be used as part of the routine forecasting operations of the Central Forecasting Office”.30 With a mandate to oversee the Meteorological Office and advise the Secretary of State for Air on matters pertaining to the national weather service, the Meteorological Research Committee was a powerful and influential force.31 With this slow yet sure change in attitudes, coupled with Mason’s firm belief that “traditional techniques have been pushed nearly as far as seems profitable” and that computers offered the only potential for “dramatic improvements in the quality and range of the weather forecast”, Mason decided to make numerical weather prediction operational.32 Numerical weather forecasts were inaugurated at the Meteorological Office on November 2, 1965, just a month after Mason took over as director. 64 Meteorological Committee: Meteorological Office Services to the Public – Report by Management Consultants Messrs Peter Ward Associates (Document MC/P89, File BJ5/302, Meteorological Office: Administrative Records, KEW), p. 1. Keywords: air; authority; committee; computer; file; forecasting; history; john; john mason; kew; mason; meteorology; new; numerical; office; press; public; research; service; weather
• Trajectories and reconversions of the Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies (CPTEC): Forming the meteorological science elite in Brazil by de Andrade, Thales; Escada, Paulo (2021) - History of Meteorology 10 (2021) 12 According to Jeorges & Shinn, transversalist science operates in the exchange of experiences between universities, research centers, intergovernmental arenas, and companies.33 Since the 1970s, strategies for assessing scientific research in central countries have considered the interaction flows between these differentiated arenas. This could be observed in the 1990s, when researchers at CPTEC with works focused on deforestation and impacts on climatic and biogeochemical cycles in the Amazon rainforest, and who occupied a privileged position in the institutional hierarchy and scientific field got involved in research associated with climate change. Keywords: area; capital; centers; climate; cptec; field; filho; history; inpe; institutions; international; meira; meteorology; new; paulo; research; researchers; science; scientists; space; studies; university
• The 200-year Cycle: An Early Climate-based Reaction to the Crisis in the Sahel and its Uptake in 1973 by Naylor, Robert; Shaw, Eleanor (2022) - Western Sahel was formally colonised by France after the Berlin conference of 1884-1885, so there are substantial rainfall statistics for this region only since the beginning of the twentieth century (Fig. 1). Papers were distributed one week before the meeting, and Winstanley’s symposium paper at the time of submission did not include any explicit mention of the 200-year figure.56 However, the day before the conference began a version of Winstanley’s symposium paper was received by the journal Nature and was published in September, now including the 200-year figure prominently.57 According to Winstanley, the climate paper was fast tracked by Nature staff writer John Gribbin, who later released his own series of popular books on climate catastrophe.58 In the article, Winstanley intervened in the debates discussed at the symposium about the habitability of the Sahel, explicitly saying “massive international aid could be injected into Sahel states but this would destroy the nomadic way of life […] the natural solution would be for nomads to shift southwards with the rains but this would raise serious political problems”.59 Winstanley here made an implied prognosis about future rainfall in the region based on historical data. Keywords: africa; change; church; climate; crisis; development; drought; environment; famine; harrison; history; lamb; meteorology; paper; people; report; sahel; symposium; winstanley; world; year
• Health and Weather in Unfavourable Environments: Exploring the Historical Dynamics of Colonial Medical Meteorology in nineteenth-century Tropical Asia by Williamson, Fiona (2025) - This article considers the tradition of medical meteorology that was favoured by Western doctors in the nineteenth century, which was often applied within colonial contexts to the understanding of new climates and how these climates might impact on human health. Looking at British-held tropical and sub-tropical colonies of the Straits Settlements and Hong Kong respectively, this article explores how medical meteorology was stimulated by the new pathological and atmospheric conditions that Western settlers now inhabited in the name of the British Empire. Keywords: british; century; cholera; climate; colonial; disease; example; health; history; hong; india; kong; medical; meteorological; meteorology; press; report; singapore; straits; tropical; water; weather
• An Enduring Vision: Qingdao Observatory and the Transnational Meteorology in Modern China, 1898–1937 by Xue, Xiaoping (2025) - An Enduring Vision: Qingdao Observatory and the Transnational Meteorology in Modern China, 1898–1937 Xiaoping Xue Introduction In 1898, German geologist Ferdinand von Richthofen (1833–1905), on behalf of the German Empire (1871–1918), proposed a blueprint for the northern Chinese coastal city of Qingdao, emphasizing the need for an observatory dedicated to meteorological, geomagnetic, and astronomical observations. Instead, it critically employs a transnational perspective and integrates Actor Network Theory (ANT) to examine how meteorological materials, scientists, and various local practices, such as observational techniques and data exchange, manifested and evolved across both spatial and temporal dimensions.5 The transnational meteorology of Qingdao engages with the regional context of China’s national formation, highlighting the co-contributions of multiple states, such as China, Japan, and Korea.6 Furthermore, to move beyond the limitations of the transnational perspective that “see nation-states – homogeneous, simple, and rigid – as the only actors,”7 and to address the unexpected moments of internal power inconsistencies during the Sino-Japanese co- management of Qingdao Observatory, as well as the sustained scientific collaborations across three regimes, this paper applies network as an alternative approach.8 By foregrounding the agency of local scientists and scientific practices, this study responds to the calls by historians of science to relocate meteorology.9 Building on scholarly reflections on network theories,10 it also brings back discourses and unequal power relations into the analysis while focusing on the role of shifting peripheries and centers in shaping multiple scientific networks.11 Importantly, writing this connected story does not imply that science is independent of imperialism, colonialism, or nationalism. Keywords: asia; china; chinese; colonial; development; documents; east; german; history; japanese; marine; meteorological; meteorology; network; observatory; press; qingdao; qingdao observatory; qma; richthofen; science; scientists; time; university
• The Development and Application of Marine Meteorology in China: A Case Study of Dinghai Meteorological Station, 1930s-1940s by Liu, Xiao (2025) - Corresponding author(s) Xiao Liu, Tsinghua University, xl128@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn The Development and Application of Marine Meteorology in China: A Case Study of Dinghai Meteorological Station, 1930s- 1940s Xiao Liu Introduction To understand the history of meteorology during the era of the Republic of China (1912-1949), the significance of meteorological stations cannot be ignored, as they formed the indispensable infrastructure for meteorological progress. Through harnessing insights garnered from meteorological observations to acquire marine knowledge, meteorological stations could bolster the advancement of fisheries and shipping industries. Keywords: aimhas; china; chinese; development; dinghai; dms; establishment; fisheries; fishing; history; imas; marine; meteorology; national; observatory; province; research; station; weather; zhejiang
• Climate Regionalization in China: A Historical Perspective on Scientific Development and National Building by Guo, Qing (2025) - In Zhu Kezhen’s climate classification map, northern China is largely within a single climatic region, while southern China is also characterized by a relatively unified climatic region.28 Zhu Kezhen did not attempt to challenge the Köppen classification method, but rather its outcomes. For other boundaries, the scheme made adjustments where Köppen’s system clashed with China’s geography, most notably shifting the cool (D) climate zone—originally extending deep into North China—to the Rehe region. Keywords: china; chinese; classification; climate; history; kezhen; köppen; meteorology; national; regionalization; regions; research; science; scientific; soviet; zhongguo; zhu; zhu kezhen

• Weather and the Public: A Study of Weather Forecast Information in The Eastern Times by Yu, Jing; Li, Beibei (2025) - By comparing the weather forecast information from these two periods, we can trace the evolution of public understanding of meteorological knowledge through newspaper media in modern China, summarize the impact of weather forecasts on the public, gain deeper insights into the dissemination of weather forecast knowledge among the public, and further examine the Chinese public’s attitude and level of understanding of Western meteorological knowledge. During this period, the content included in Chinese weather forecasts also evolved, though the specific reasons for these changes remain unclear. Keywords: china; chinese; eastern; eastern times; forecasts; knowledge; meteorology; newspaper; observatory; period; public; shanghai; times; weather; weather forecasts; western; zikawei
• Cleveland Abbe and the Birth of the National Weather Service, 1870-1891 by Willis, Edmund P.; Hooke, William H. (2004) - cit., p. 72, note 38; Albert J. Myer to Cleveland Abbe, Dec. 10 & 27, 1870, Abbe Papers, Container No. 6; Clevland Abbe to William A. Eddy, Aug. 21, 1888, Abbe Papers, Container No. 8. 13 C. Abbe, “Meteorological Work of the U. S. Signal Service”, op. 2 Alan H. Batten, Resolute and Undertaking Characters: The Lives of Wilhelm and Otto Struve, Dordrecht, Neth.: D. Reidel, 1988, p. 105; William J. Humphreys, “Biographical Memoir of Cleveland Abbe”, National Academy of Sciences, Biographical Memoirs, VIII (1919), 469- 508, pp. 469-470, 472; Cleveland Abbe, “What I Remember About My Friends and Myself”, U.S. Library of Congress, Cleveland Abbe Papers, Container 32, typescript, pp. 48-49. Keywords: abbe; chief; cit; service; signal; weather
• Sverre Petterssen, the Bergen School, and the Forecasts for D-Day by Fleming, James R. (2004) - The Petterssen manuscript, written in English and published in Norwegian translation in 1974, has now been published (2001) in an English-language edition that is becoming the third standard account.1 Introducing Petterssen Sverre Petterssen (1898-1974) came from the traditional fishing area of Hadsel in northern Norway and worked his way through school by working at the telegraph office and by means of a scholarship provided to military recruits. Sverre Petterssen and the Forecasts for D-Day 78 During this period Petterssen identified strong upper level winds later known as the jet stream and investigated linkages between upper level and surface conditions. Keywords: day; forecasts; invasion; june; krick; petterssen; storm; weather
• Choosing the Right Axis: An institutional history of the Belgrade Eta forecast model by Jankovic´, Vladimir (2004) - If regional models – in a numerical sense – served the needs of specific regional weather services in a concrete geographic and geopolitical sense, it is worth asking what these needs were and whether they translated in the model design. During the 1960s, he had spent one year at the Department of Meteorology in Darmstadt, two years in Boulder at NCAR, half a year in Paris, and from 1967 to 1970 at UCLA working with the renown numerical meteorologists Akira Arakawa and Yule Mintz, whose style of research would remain a major factor in the history of Yugoslav model. Keywords: belgrade; eta; janjic; mesinger; model; numerical; research; time; weather
• British Naval Logbooks from the Late Seventeenth Century: New climatic information from old sources by Wheeler, Dennis (2005) - Finally, logbook data provide an unrivalled scale of temporal resolution, with observations being made at least daily, often more frequently. Fortunately most of the archaic wind force terms could be expressed in present-day Beaufort equivalent descriptors, leaving only some 1 per cent of wind force entries that could not be translated. Keywords: century; data; force; logbooks; observations; period; table; weather; wind
• Half a century of change in the “meteorological scene” by Bjerknes, Jacob (2014) - The people on the scene of theoretical meteorology” were becoming aware of the interesting three-dimensional structure of the atmosphere, and began to look for tools from the science of hydrodynamics that could put weather forecasting on a scientific foundation. A frequently heard theme is: when we get space platforms the problems of weather forecasting on earth will be trivial and easy to solve. Keywords: arctic; balloon; century; forecasting; space; weather
• Fifty Years Later by Persson, Anders (2014) - The future of weather forecasters At the NMM9 in 1974 all this progress was not even dreamt of when we gathered one afternoon to discuss the future of human weather forecasters in the light of computer forecasts. The “User guide to ECMWF forecast products” (2011), which I became in charge of, tried to remedy this want. Keywords: 4dvar; bjerknes; ecmwf; forecast; jack; meteorology; nwp; predictability; weather
• Deliberate Confusions by O’Brien, Chris (2014) - Perhaps the most accessible account of Indigenous Australian seasons for northern hemisphere readers appears in Ben Orlove’s chapter ‘How People Name Seasons’, in his 2003 collection edited with Sarah Strauss, Weather, Climate, Culture. Second, seasons are a recurrence of particular sequences in which constellations of certain kinds of weather and related ecological phenomena occur.10 This account, however, evinces a widespread problem in Western discussion of Indigenous seasons and the calendars they relate to. Keywords: australia; batavia; climate; darwin; data; drought; india; knowledge; meteorology; rainfall; seasons; time; variability; weather; year
• Media, Typhoons, and Contests over Meteorological Sovereignty in Nineteenth-Century East Asia by Zhu, Marlon (2020) - To be more specific, the Hong Kong observatory was built on Mount Elgin in Kowloon, not on Hong Kong Island; hence, the name “Kowloon Observatory” was used by Doberck’s opponents and critics to disparage him and the observatory. Directors of the Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Manila observatories from their inauguration to the 1920s. Keywords: british; china; doberck; hong kong; kong observatory; manila; meteorological; meteorology; observatory; press; shanghai; typhoon; warnings; weather
• The Making of NOAA, 1963-2005 by White, Robert M. (2006) - For example, NOAA Weather Radio expanded to 300 stations. In 1870 the U.S. Weather Bureau was formally founded after a series of storms on the Great Lakes with major consequences. Keywords: bureau; commission; environmental; meteorology; national; noaa; ocean; states; united; weather; white

• Reconstruction of Late-18th Century Upper-air Circulation Using Forensic Synoptic Analysis by McNally III, Louis K. (2005) - The tropics and areas affected directly by the El Niño appear to behave independently of the high latitude westerlies and cross-polar flow, exhibiting the hallmarks of a cooler climatic regime resembling the Little Ice Age. In 1785, increased zonal flow and eastward migration of regular pressure patterns, including the displaced monsoonal flow over India, is already assumed. Keywords: air; america; canada; circulation; climate; data; eastern; flow; high; north; northern; reconstruction; summer; year
• Argument, Authority and Anxiety in the Atmospheric Sciences by Morgan , Ruth A. (2014) - The first concerns the cacophony of voices that seek to dominate discussions about climate, climate science, climate policy, and the environmental conditions of the future. Among them were twenty members of the International Commission on the History of Meteorology (ICHM), who shared their research in a day-long symposium on the theme of ‘Gaining It / Losing It / Regaining It (?): Knowledge production in climate science – status anxiety and authority across disciplines’. Keywords: authority; climate; knowledge; science
• Balancing Scientific Credibility and Political Legitimacy: The IPCC’s first assessment cycle, 1988-1990 by Hirst , David G. (2014) - So that by the time IPCC Panel members met for the IPCC’s Second Session at UNEP’s headquarters in Nairobi (28-30 June 1989), the three WGs had all taken similar steps 22 W.J. McG Tegart, “WMO-UNEP Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Second Session: Australian Delegation Report,” (11th July 1989), Zillman Papers. Conclusions In this article I have focussed on the eighteen months of activities of IPCC WGI, culminating in the publication of the Scientific Assessment of Climate Change in 1990 and the accompanying Summary for Policymakers. Keywords: assessment; change; climate; climate change; intergovernmental; ipcc; panel; report; review; scientists; session; wgi
• Book Launch: Climate History: Historical Perspectives and the Current Debate by Hughes, Kent; Fleming, James Rodger; Launius, Roger D.; MacCracken, Michael (2006) - Microsoft Word - 5._Book Launch.doc History of Meteorology 3 (2006) 65 Book Launch Climate History: Historical Perspectives and the Current Debate Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars December 11, 2006 Commentators James Rodger Fleming, Colby College and Wilson Center Roger D. Launius, National Air and Space Museum Michael MacCracken, The Climate Institute Moderator Kent Hughes, Wilson Center Link to the streaming video from the Wilson Center: http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=events.event&event_id=209021 Links to the books discussed: Guy Stewart Callendar discovered that global warming could be brought about by increases in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide due to human activities, primarily through burning fossil fuels. Keywords: climate
• James Croll in Context: The Encounter between Climate Dynamics and Geology in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century by Fleming, James R. (2006) - Introduction This paper provides historical context and illuminates the roots of the work of Milutin Milankovic’ by examining early contributions to climate dynamics by James Croll (1821-1890), the leading proponent of an astronomical theory of climate change in the nineteenth century.1 Inspired by Joseph Adhémar’s work, Révolutions de la mer (1842), and taking into account precession of the equinoxes, variations in the eccentricity of the orbit, and tilt of the axis, Croll proposed that the “true cosmical cause” of climate change “must be sought for in relations of our earth to the sun,” that “geological and cosmical phenomena are physically related by a bond of causation,” and that changes in the earth’s orbital elements, combined with physical feedbacks, were “sufficiently great to account for every extreme of climatic change evidenced by geology. Quoting Lyell: “Mr. Croll's suggestion as to the probable effects of a large excentricity in producing glacial epochs is fully discussed, and the James Croll in Context 50 question is entertained whether geological dates may be obtained, by reference to the combined effect of astronomical and geographical causes”—with the latter dominant.27 Theory Emergence, Eclipse, and Reemergence Keywords: change; climate; croll; earth; ice; irons; james; lyell; milankovic; theory
• The ‘Winter’ Analogy Fallacy: From superbombs to supervolcanoes by Dörries, Matthias (2008) - Modeling of the atmosphere and climate had picked up during the 1970s, and climate modification due to volcanic eruptions had become the test case for modelers. Volcanic eruptions as threats to civilization figured prominently in the five-day program, attended by most of the leading scientists in the field. Keywords: analogy; climate; consequences; earth; effects; eruptions; human; ibid; rampino; scientists; self; super; toba; volcanic; volcanologists; winter; years
• In the Year 2017 – A Soviet Fantasy of the Future by Fleming, James R. (2017) - His goal was to remove a 200-foot layer of cold surface water, which would be replaced by warmer, saltier water that would not freeze. To liquidate Arctic sea ice, Borisov wanted to pump cold seawater out of the Arctic Ocean, across the dam, and into the Bering Sea and the North Pacific. Keywords: arctic; climate; dam; soviet

• Enclave Vision: Foreign networks in Peru and the internationalization of El Niño research during the 1920s by Cushman, Gregory T. (2004) - Enclave Vision: Foreign networks in Peru and the internationalization of El Niño research during the 1920s Gregory T. Cushman University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas, USA Environmental scientists in Peru first attached the moniker ‘El Niño’ in 1891 to a warm current running counter to the highly variable, but generally north-flowing Peru Current. But I think this story of the internationalization of El Niño research says something more about the creation and transfer--or production and trade--of scientific knowledge. Keywords: el niño; murphy; network; niño; pacific; papers; peru; research; science; sio; south; u.s; vaughan

• The First International Polar Year (1882-83): A big science experiment with small science equipment by Lüdecke, Cornelia (2004) - The aim of International Polar Year (IPY), as it was called by then, laid in the extension of synchronous meteorological investigations in the Arctic for development of weather and storm prediction in Europe and the United States. 1: Circumpolar stations in the Arctic during the first International Polar Year 1882- 83.22 The First International Polar Year 60 Big Science – Experiment – Internationality Big science can be defined by a big scale of investments and operations, and the logistics of which are budget consuming and research is manpower intensive. Keywords: arctic; cit; commission; international; meteorological; neumayer; year
• Chugugi, Supyo, and Punggi: Meteorological instruments of the 15th century in Korea by Chun, Youngsin; Jeon, Sang-woon (2005) - The Chugugi and Chugudae preserved in Korea Chugugi Chugudae Photograph Original Location Location (at present) CE 15 th century Missing Granite 61x92x58 cm (without inscription) Seoul, Korea KMA, Seoul, Korea CE 1770 Missing Granite 46x37x37 cm (inscription on two sides) Taegu, Korea KMA, Seoul, Korea CE 1782 Missing Marble 30.3x45.3x45.5cm (inscription on four sides) Seoul, Korea National Palace Museum of Korea, Seoul Korea CE 1811 Missing Granite 44x43.8x43.8 cm (inscription on one side) Sci., Japan, 66 (1963): 49-58 (In Japanese); Sang-woon Jeon, Science and Technology in Korea (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1974), 112-19; Sung-sam Kim, “Comments on the Chinese claim for the invention of rain gauges,” Korea J. (July 1990): 22-32. Keywords: century; chugugi; korea; meteorological; rain; seoul
• Hadley’s Principle: Understanding and Misunderstanding the Trade Winds by Persson, Anders O. (2006) - Kant’s texts on meteorological problems, in particular on winds, are found mainly in three sources: (A) ”Neue Anmerkungen zur Erläuterung der Theorie der Winde” (New Comments to clarify the Theory of Winds), a pamphlet of about 15-20 pages published in Königsberg in April 1756, consisting of five “Comments” with the following headings: (1) Differential heating drives the wind as long as the heating persists; (2) The heated air replaces the cold air; (3) The wind from the equator to the pole becomes increasingly westerly due to the rotation of the earth; (4) The easterly trade winds for the same reason; (5) The monsoon is also Hadley’s Principle 22 explained by the 3rd cause. A Dr Garden enthusiastically promoted Galileo’s idea that trade winds “lagged behind” because the air due to the sun’s heating became lighter, rose and lost touch with the earth’s surface7. Keywords: air; atmosphere; cause; century; circulation; der; dove; earth; east; effect; explanation; hadley; kant; law; meteorological; meteorology; motion; north; principle; rotation; south; theory; trade; trade winds; velocity; winds; years
• William Doberck and the Chinese Maritime Customs Meteorological Standards Germination by Chen, Qian (2025) - Failure of Candidates In 1873, to advance the cause of Customs meteorological observations, Hart issued instructions regarding meteorological instruments, registers for meteorological records, and other related materials. Hart, the Inspectorate General of Customs, fostered meteorological cooperation with the Xujiahui Observatory and the Hong Kong Observatory, resulting in expert guidance for Customs meteorological work. Keywords: china; customs; doberck; general; hart; hong; instruments; kong; lighthouse; meteorological; meteorology; observations; observatory; work

• Data Collection and the Ozone Hole: Too much of a good thing? by Christie, Maureen (2004) - It is all very well for NASA to investigate when low ozone is continually flagged in 1983. Anomalouly low ozone levels were not rejected, but flagged. Keywords: antarctic; article; data; nasa; ozone
• East Meets West: Meteorological observations of the Moravians in Greenland and Labrador since the 18th century by Lüdecke, Cornelia (2005) - (Barby, Heinrich Detlef Ebers, 1765), 1132 p. 9 Anon., “Auszüge aus den Witterungsbeobachtungen auf der Küste von Labrador Oktober 1771 – Oktober 1772,” Wittenberger Wochenblatt VII (1774): 202; Anon., “Wetterbeobachtungen aus Labrador Sept. 1775-1781,” Wittenberger Wochenblatt XVI (1783): 281; Anon., “Wetterbeobachtungen aus Labrador 1781-1782,” Wittenberger Wochenblatt XVIII (1785): 129; Anon., “Wetterbeobachtungen aus Labrador 1783,” Wittenberger Wochenblatt XIX (1786): 153. 10 Andreas Ginge, “Observationes Gotthaabenenses,” Ephemerides Societatis Meteorologicae Palatinae. Period Greenland Labrador 1841-1865 Nain 1842-48, 1856-66, 1871-72 Hebron 1843-1844 Godthaab 1843-1851 Lichtenau 1843-60 / 1862-65 Neu-Herrnhut / Umanak 1843-1866 Okak 1846-1852 Lichtenfels 1852-1872 Hoffenthal Fig. Keywords: data; der; greenland; labrador; lamont; mean; missions; moravians; stations; temperature; und
• Simulated and Reconstructed Temperature in China since 1550 AD by Liu, Jian; von Storch, Hans; Zorita, Eduardo; Chen, Xing; Wang, Sumin (2005) - (1998a) analysis of twentieth century temperature variations and Jones et al.’s It is unclear if this greater spatial variability (or, in other words, the larger degrees of freedom) is reflecting real temperature variations, or if it is due to the insufficiencies of the reconstruction process. Keywords: china; data; et al; mean; model; temperature; time; variations; wang
• Reconstruction of Storm Frequency in the North Sea Area during the Pre-industrial Period, 1400 to 1700 and the Connection with Reconstructed Time Series of Temperatures by de Kraker, Adriaan M.J. (2005) - This implies for instance that storm events need to be observed and registered in the same way and at the same location. Town accounts give special information about the maintenance of quays and wharfs and all kinds of public buildings that are vulnerable to storm events. Keywords: accounts; damage; data; events; frequency; information; period; series; storm; tides; time; town

• Johann Wolfgang von Goethes Beziehungen zu Luke Howard und sein Wirken auf dem Gebiet der Meteorologie by none (2004) - Bislang wird in den Darstellungen zur Geschichte der Wolkenklassifikation der eigenständige Beitrag Goethes ignoriert und die Einführung der Gattung Stratocumulus Kämtz zugeschrieben und auf 1840 oder 1845 datiert. Stationsnetz im Großherzogtum Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach ausarbeitete, von der bisher erst eine erweiterte Fassung aus dem Jahre 1821 (fälschlich auf 1817 datiert) veröffentlicht ist.7 Die Instruktion von 1821 enthält eine ausführliche Beschreibung von Howards Wolkenformen in der von Goethe bereits modifizierten Terminologie und Reihenfolge Stratus, Strato-cumulus, Cumulus, Cirro-cumulus, Cirrus, Strato-cirrus, Nimbus. Keywords: aber; als; auch; auf; ausgabe; bis; cirrus; cit; cumulus; das; daß; dem; den; der; des; die; durch; einer; für; goethe; hatte; howard; i/11; i/8; ibid; ist; leopoldina; luke; meteorologie; mit; modifications; nach; nicht; sich; stratus; und; vom; von; wie; zur; über

• Dmitrii Mendeleev and Russian Meteorology During the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century by Brooks, Nathan M. (2004) - Mendeleev’s preface and footnotes to this volume are reprinted in D. I. Mendeleev, Sochineniia, 7, op. In several speeches and articles, Mendeleev proposed that water vapor in Dmitrii Mendeleev and Russian Meteorology 44 the air was simultaneously heated by both sunlight from above as well as sunlight reflected off the earth’s surface.13 Mendeleev believed that research on this topic would bring him much closer to elucidating the nature of the boundary of the upper atmosphere with the ether. Keywords: ether; gases; mendeleev; meteorology; observatory; phenomena; work

• The Scandinavian Tag-Team: Providers of atmospheric reality to numerical weather prediction efforts in the United States (1948-1955) by Harper, Kristine C. (2004) - 30 Progress Report, Meteorology Group, July 1, 1951 to September 30, 1951 (Charney Papers, Box 9, F 304) 31 Letter to Jule Charney from C.-G. Rossby of April 10, 1952 (Charney Papers, Box 14, F 459) 32 Letter to John von Neumann from Jule Charney of November 17, 1952 (Charney Papers, Box 14, F 517) 33 Letter to Anders Angström from J. von Neumann of November 14, 1952 (Charney Papers, Box 16, F 517) 34 Letter to Anders Angström from J. von Neumann of February 3, 1953 (Charney Papers, Box 16, F 517) 35 Letter to Bert Bolin from Jule Charney of February 3, 1953 (Charney Papers, Box 4, F 121) In their brief accounts of the development of numerical weather prediction, William Aspray’s John von Neumann and the Origins of Modern Computing and Frederik Nebeker’s Calculating the Weather: Meteorology in the 20th Century give von Neumann primary credit for starting and leading the Meteorology Project at the Institute for Advanced Study. Keywords: box; charney; letter; neumann; papers; rossby; von

• Los Inicios de la meteorología en el Perú y la labor del Cosmografiato: 1753-1856 by Seiner Lizárraga, Lizardo (2004) - Tal exactitud se logró en base al empleo de un instrumental idóneo; telescopios, termómetros, barómetros y otros se usaron ventajosamente para observar sistemáticamente el comportamiento de la naturaleza. En el análisis que consignó sobre el comportamiento de la temperatura del aire durante el verano de 1754, decía Rehr: ìse infiere haver sido mas caliente el estio que el del antecedente de 1753. Keywords: año; años; bueno; cada; cargo; ciencia; científicos; como; comportamiento; con; conocimiento; cosmografiato; cosmógrafos; de los; del; desde; durante; el perú; en el; entre; fue; fueron; grados; hasta; información; juan; las; lima; los; mas; mayor; meteorología; moreno; más; máxima; mínima; niño; observaciones; observación; otros; para; perú; por; que; registros; rehr; serie; siglo; sobre; sus; tambièn; temperatura; tiempos; todo; una; xviii

• A Note on a Possible Optic–Atmospheric Phenomenon in the Iberian Peninsula in the 13th Century by Vaquero, J. M.; Gallego, M. C.; García, J. A. (2009) - Flos Sanctorum o libro de las vidas de los Santos. Another interesting aspect is related to the impact that meteorological phenomena caused in great historical events. Keywords: camuffo; day; phenomenon; sun

• Outline of Weather Proposal October 1945: with historical introduction by James Fleming by Zworykin, Vladimir K. (2008) - Zworykin’s proposal also contained a long endorsement by the noted oceanographer Athelstan Spilhaus, then a U.S. Army major, who ended his letter of 6 November 1945, with these words: “In weather control, meteorology has a new goal worthy of its greatest efforts.” According to Zworykin: The eventual goal to be attained is the international organization of means to study weather phenomena as global phenomena and to channel the world’s weather, as far as possible, in such a way as to minimize the damage from catastrophic disturbances, and otherwise to benefit the world to the greatest extent by improved climatic conditions where possible. Keywords: box; hom; text

• Benjamin Franklin and the First Lightning Conductors by Krider, E. Philip (2004) - Conclusion Today most authorities agree that the main functions of lightning rods and the associated conductors are to define and control the points where lightning will attach to a structure and then to provide safe paths for the current to flow to ground.25 In his reply to Kinnersley in 1762, Franklin noted that “Indeed, in the construction of an instrument so new, and of which we could have so little experience, it is rather lucky that we should at first be so near the truth as we seem to be, and commit so few errors.” Here, we will trace how Franklin’s ideas evolved and the design of the first protective rods, and then we will describe some key improvements that Franklin made to his design, after experience was gained through practice in the years from 1752 to 1762. Experiments and Observations in Philadelphia Benjamin Franklin and his colleagues6 began experimenting with static electricity in about 1746, after they saw some electrical demonstrations and parlor tricks that were then popular in Europe. Keywords: benjamin; conductors; electricity; experiments; franklin; ground; lightning; points; rod; rods

Epilogue

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Created: 2025-12-23